(SS) Alcala v. Commissioner of Social Security ( 2021 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JESSICA ALCALA, No. 2:19-CV-1579-KJM-DMC 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, 15 Defendant. 16 17 18 Plaintiff, who is proceeding with retained counsel, brings this action for judicial 19 review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). 20 Pending before the Court are the parties’ briefs on the merits, ECF Nos. 16 and 18. 21 The Court reviews the Commissioner’s final decision to determine whether it is: 22 (1) based on proper legal standards; and (2) supported by substantial evidence in the record as a 23 whole. See Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1097 (9th Cir. 1999). “Substantial evidence” is 24 more than a mere scintilla, but less than a preponderance. See Saelee v. Chater, 94 F.3d 520, 521 25 (9th Cir. 1996). It is “. . . such evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support 26 a conclusion.” Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 402 (1971). The record as a whole, 27 including both the evidence that supports and detracts from the Commissioner’s conclusion, must 28 be considered and weighed. See Howard v. Heckler, 782 F.2d 1484, 1487 (9th Cir. 1986); Jones 1 v. Heckler, 760 F.2d 993, 995 (9th Cir. 1985). The Court may not affirm the Commissioner’s 2 decision simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence. See Hammock v. 3 Bowen, 879 F.2d 498, 501 (9th Cir. 1989). If substantial evidence supports the administrative 4 findings, or if there is conflicting evidence supporting a particular finding, the finding of the 5 Commissioner is conclusive. See Sprague v. Bowen, 812 F.2d 1226, 1229-30 (9th Cir. 1987). 6 Therefore, where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, one of 7 which supports the Commissioner’s decision, the decision must be affirmed, see Thomas v. 8 Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002), and may be set aside only if an improper legal 9 standard was applied in weighing the evidence, see Burkhart v. Bowen, 856 F.2d 1335, 1338 (9th 10 Cir. 1988). 11 For the reasons discussed below, the Court recommends the matter be remanded 12 for further proceedings. 13 14 I. THE DISABILITY EVALUATION PROCESS 15 To achieve uniformity of decisions, the Commissioner employs a five-step 16 sequential evaluation process to determine whether a claimant is disabled. See 20 C.F.R. 17 §§ 404.1520 (a)-(f) and 416.920(a)-(f). The sequential evaluation proceeds as follows: 18 Step 1 Determination whether the claimant is engaged in substantial gainful activity; if so, the claimant is presumed 19 not disabled and the claim is denied; 20 Step 2 If the claimant is not engaged in substantial gainful activity, determination whether the claimant has a severe 21 impairment; if not, the claimant is presumed not disabled and the claim is denied; 22 Step 3 If the claimant has one or more severe impairments, 23 determination whether any such severe impairment meets or medically equals an impairment listed in the regulations; 24 if the claimant has such an impairment, the claimant is presumed disabled and the claim is granted; 25 Step 4 If the claimant’s impairment is not listed in the regulations, 26 determination whether the impairment prevents the claimant from performing past work in light of the 27 claimant’s residual functional capacity; if not, the claimant is presumed not disabled and the claim is denied; 28 1 Step 5 If the impairment prevents the claimant from performing past work, determination whether, in light of the claimant’s 2 residual functional capacity, the claimant can engage in other types of substantial gainful work that exist in the 3 national economy; if so, the claimant is not disabled and the claim is denied. 4 See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520 (a)-(f) and 416.920(a)-(f). 5 6 To qualify for benefits, the claimant must establish the inability to engage in 7 substantial gainful activity due to a medically determinable physical or mental impairment which 8 has lasted, or can be expected to last, a continuous period of not less than 12 months. See 42 9 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A). The claimant must provide evidence of a physical or mental 10 impairment of such severity the claimant is unable to engage in previous work and cannot, 11 considering the claimant’s age, education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of 12 substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy. See Quang Van Han v. Bower, 13 882 F.2d 1453, 1456 (9th Cir. 1989). The claimant has the initial burden of proving the existence 14 of a disability. See Terry v. Sullivan, 903 F.2d 1273, 1275 (9th Cir. 1990). 15 The claimant establishes a prima facie case by showing that a physical or mental 16 impairment prevents the claimant from engaging in previous work. See Gallant v. Heckler, 753 17 F.2d 1450, 1452 (9th Cir. 1984); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(f) and 416.920(f). If the claimant 18 establishes a prima facie case, the burden then shifts to the Commissioner to show the claimant 19 can perform other work existing in the national economy. See Burkhart v. Bowen, 856 F.2d 20 1335, 1340 (9th Cir. 1988); Hoffman v. Heckler, 785 F.2d 1423, 1425 (9th Cir. 1986); Hammock 21 v. Bowen, 867 F.2d 1209, 1212-1213 (9th Cir. 1989). 22 / / / 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 II. THE COMMISSIONER’S FINDINGS 2 Plaintiff applied for social security benefits on March 26, 2008, and October 27, 3 2008. See CAR 199-2123.1 In the applications, plaintiff claims disability began on October 19, 4 2001. See id. Plaintiff’s claim was initially denied. Following denial of reconsideration, plaintiff 5 requested an administrative hearing, which was held on May 20, 2010. See id. at 71-101. In a 6 September 3, 2010, decision, an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) concluded that Plaintiff is not 7 disabled. See id. at 45-53. The Appeals Council declined review and Plaintiff brought an action 8 for judicial review in this Court. See id. at 4-10. On August 20, 2014, this Court issued a 9 decision remanding the matter to the agency for further administrative proceedings. See id. at 10 843-57. 11 Following remand, the Appeals Counsel directed that a new hearing be held. See 12 id. at 860-62. On September 19, 2016, an ALJ issued a second decision finding Plaintiff not 13 disabled. See id. at 884-900. The Appeals Council granted Plaintiff’s request for review and the 14 matter was remanded again for a new hearing and decision. See id. at 911-16. A hearing was 15 held on January 5, 2018, before Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) Vincent A. Misenti. In a 16 December 5, 2018, decision, the ALJ concluded plaintiff is not disabled based on the following 17 relevant findings: 18 1. The claimant has the following severe impairment(s): lumbar degenerative disc disease, right shoulder strain since 2008, 19 fibromyalgia, and depression since 2008; 20 2. The claimant does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or medically equals an impairment listed in 21 the regulations; 22 3. The claimant has the following residual functional capacity: the claimant can perform light work; she can lift and carry 10 pounds 23 frequently and 20 pounds occasionally; she can sit, stand, and walk six hours each during a normal eight-hour workday; the claimant 24 can never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, but can occasionally climb stairs and ramps, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl; 25 she can occasionally reach overhead with her right upper extremity, frequently in all other directions; she can frequently but 26 not constantly finger and handle with the right upper extremity; the left upper extremity is unlimited; the claimant cannot work at 27 1 Citations are the to the Certified Administrative Record (CAR) lodged on January 28 6, 2020, ECF No. 11. 1 unprotected heights and must avoid concentrated exposure to moving mechanical parts; the claimant is limited to simple, 2 repetitive tasks equivalent to unskilled work at the SVP 2 level, with occasional public contact; 3 4. Considering the claimant’s age, education, work experience, 4 residual functional capacity, and vocational expert testimony, the claimant is capable of performing her past relevant work and there 5 are jobs that exist in significant numbers in the national economy that the claimant can perform. 6 See CAR 704-21. 7 8 After the Appeals Council declined further review on June 5, 2019, this appeal followed. 9 10 III. DISCUSSION 11 In her brief, Plaintiff argues: (1) the ALJ improperly rejected the opinions of Dr. 12 Calvin Pon; (2) the ALJ improperly rejected Plaintiff’s statements and testimony as not credible; 13 (3) the ALJ failed to consider lay witness evidence; and (4) the ALJ’s vocational findings are not 14 supported by substantial evidence. 15 A. Medical Opinions 16 “The ALJ must consider all medical opinion evidence.” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 17 533 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(b)). The ALJ errs by not 18 explicitly rejecting a medical opinion. See Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1012 (9th Cir. 19 2014). The ALJ also errs by failing to set forth sufficient reasons for crediting one medical 20 opinion over another. See id. 21 Under the regulations, only “licensed physicians and certain qualified specialists” 22 are considered acceptable medical sources. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(a); see also Molina v. Astrue, 23 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012). Where the acceptable medical source opinion is based on 24 an examination, the “. . . physician’s opinion alone constitutes substantial evidence, because it 25 rests on his own independent examination of the claimant.” Tonapetyan v. Halter, 242 F.3d 1144, 26 1149 (9th Cir. 2001). The opinions of non-examining professionals may also constitute 27 substantial evidence when the opinions are consistent with independent clinical findings or other 28 evidence in the record. See Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 2002). Social 1 workers are not considered an acceptable medical source. See Turner v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. 2 Admin., 613 F.3d 1217, 1223-24 (9th Cir. 2010). Nurse practitioners and physician assistants 3 also are not acceptable medical sources. See Dale v. Colvin, 823 F.3d 941, 943 (9th Cir. 2016). 4 Opinions from “other sources” such as nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and social 5 workers may be discounted provided the ALJ provides reasons germane to each source for doing 6 so. See Popa v. Berryhill, 872 F.3d 901, 906 (9th Cir. 2017), but see Revels v. Berryhill, 874 7 F.3d 648, 655 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(f)(1) and describing circumstance 8 when opinions from “other sources” may be considered acceptable medical opinions). 9 The weight given to medical opinions depends in part on whether they are 10 proffered by treating, examining, or non-examining professionals. See Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 11 821, 830-31 (9th Cir. 1995). Ordinarily, more weight is given to the opinion of a treating 12 professional, who has a greater opportunity to know and observe the patient as an individual, than 13 the opinion of a non-treating professional. See id.; Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1285 (9th 14 Cir. 1996); Winans v. Bowen, 853 F.2d 643, 647 (9th Cir. 1987). The least weight is given to the 15 opinion of a non-examining professional. See Pitzer v. Sullivan, 908 F.2d 502, 506 & n.4 (9th 16 Cir. 1990). 17 In addition to considering its source, to evaluate whether the Commissioner 18 properly rejected a medical opinion the court considers whether: (1) contradictory opinions are in 19 the record; and (2) clinical findings support the opinions. The Commissioner may reject an 20 uncontradicted opinion of a treating or examining medical professional only for “clear and 21 convincing” reasons supported by substantial evidence in the record. See Lester, 81 F.3d at 831. 22 While a treating professional’s opinion generally is accorded superior weight, if it is contradicted 23 by an examining professional’s opinion which is supported by different independent clinical 24 findings, the Commissioner may resolve the conflict. See Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 25 1041 (9th Cir. 1995). 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 A contradicted opinion of a treating or examining professional may be rejected 2 only for “specific and legitimate” reasons supported by substantial evidence. See Lester, 81 F.3d 3 at 830. This test is met if the Commissioner sets out a detailed and thorough summary of the 4 facts and conflicting clinical evidence, states her interpretation of the evidence, and makes a 5 finding. See Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751-55 (9th Cir. 1989). Absent specific and 6 legitimate reasons, the Commissioner must defer to the opinion of a treating or examining 7 professional. See Lester, 81 F.3d at 830-31. The opinion of a non-examining professional, 8 without other evidence, is insufficient to reject the opinion of a treating or examining 9 professional. See id. at 831. In any event, the Commissioner need not give weight to any 10 conclusory opinion supported by minimal clinical findings. See Meanel v. Apfel, 172 F.3d 1111, 11 1113 (9th Cir. 1999) (rejecting treating physician’s conclusory, minimally supported opinion); see 12 also Magallanes, 881 F.2d at 751. 13 At Step 4, the ALJ discussed the opinions of consultative examining physician, Dr. 14 Calvin Pon. See CAR 714-16. As to Dr. Pon, the ALJ stated: 15 In May 2008, at the request of the State agency, orthopedic consultative examiner Calvin Pon, M.D., examined the claimant [Exhibit 12F]. He 16 reported that he reviewed medical records. The claimant reported right shoulder pain, right scapular pain, right hand numbness, and low back 17 pain. She said that she could sit for 30 minutes, stand for 40 minutes, walk for 20 minutes, and was able to walk up and down stairs. She 18 reported that she was independent for self-care, could cook, grocery shop, and drive, but did no other household chores. On examination, Dr. Pon 19 observed that she had a normal gait, sat comfortably, could rise and stand normally, could squat approximately one-third and come up normally, and 20 was able to get on and off the examination table normally. After completing the examination, Dr. Pon concluded that the claimant could 21 stand and/or walk for 4-6 hours and sit for six hours in an eight-hour workday and occasionally climb ladders, crawl, stoop, crouch, kneel, and 22 squat. The claimant could occasionally to frequently climb stairs. She could frequently push and pull with the right upper extremity and perform 23 gross and fine manipulative tasks. The left upper extremity was unlimited, but the claimant could only occasionally reach with the right upper 24 extremity [Exhibit 12F]. The undersigned generally accepts Dr. Pon’s assessment of the claimant’s functional capability, but does not find 25 adequate support for his suggested limitation to occasional reaching in all directions with the right upper extremity. Dr. Pon vaguely described 26 “right shoulder pain” in the narrative report, possible bursitis and possible rotator cuff tendinitis. However, his physical examination showed that the 27 claimant had full range of motion in the right shoulder and normal neurological testing [Exhibit 12F]. Other medical reports showed 28 diagnosis of right shoulder strain [Exhibit 15F], and there were normal 1 imaging studies and normal strength found in the upper extremities [Exhibit 20F, 21F]. Subsequent examinations noted mostly normal 2 shoulder range of motion and strength [Exhibit 36F, 43F, 4F]. The claimant has never required right shoulder surgery, or received injections, 3 and has had scant medical care for this problem. 4 CAR 714-15. 5 The ALJ then discussed the objective medical evidence between 2008 and 2017, noting that 6 Plaintiff underwent back surgery in 2017. See id. at 714-15. The ALJ added: 7 Thus based on the objective evidence, there may have been slight worsening from 2001 to 2008, and continuing to the present, requiring 8 surgery in 2017, as shown on the MRI scans, resulting in the residual functional capacity determined by Dr. Pon, limiting the claimant to a 9 range of light work, but not accepting his limitation to occasional reaching in all directions, but rather only occasionally overhead reaching, which is 10 slightly more restrictive than found by the worker’s compensation-related evaluators. The objective evidence thereafter indicates no worsening, 11 strongly suggesting that the claimant remained capable of at least light exertional work. 12 Id. at 715. 13 14 Finally, the ALJ stated: 15 The undersigned gives the greatest weight to CE Dr. Pon’s opinion. After reviewing the updated MRI scan in March 2009, the State agency 16 reviewers at the reconsideration level also adopted Dr. Pon’s opinion [Exhibit 24F3]. 17 Id. 18 19 Plaintiff contends: 20 Here, Dr. Calvin Pon examined Alcala on 5/23/08. Dr. Pon noted Alcala had experienced right shoulder pain since October 2001 when she 21 was injured in her housekeeping job. She also had low back pain because of the work injury. (Tr. 527.) Dr. Pon noted Alcala had decreased 22 sensation in the right hand. (Tr. 528.) She has a positive straight leg raise test and decreased sensation in the right foot. Dr. Pon opined Alcala could 23 stand and/or walk for 4 to 6 hours in an 8-hour day and sit for 6 hours. She was limited to occasional stooping, crouching, kneeling, squatting, and 24 climbing. She had no restriction in pushing/pulling with the left arm but was limited to frequent pushing/pulling with the right. She was limited to 25 frequent bilateral use of foot controls. She could lift and carry 10 pounds frequently and 20 pounds occasionally. She was limited to occasional 26 reaching with the right shoulder and frequent handling and fingering with the right hand. (Tr. 529.) 27 28 / / / 1 As an initial matter, Dr. Pon’s opinion regarding Alcala’s limited ability to reach and the first ALJ’s failure to provide legally adequate 2 reasons for rejecting that opinion was the primary reason for this Court’s remand Order on 8/20/14. (Tr. 843-57.) The second ALJ’s failure to 3 adequately address this issue was one of the main reasons for the Appeals Council remand order on 9/18/17. (Tr. 911-16.) ALJ Misenti is the third 4 ALJ given an opportunity to address this issue. The vocational expert testified at the third hearing before ALJ Misenti that in combination with 5 the other restrictions which eventually were adopted as the RFC finding, a limitation to occasional reaching in all directions, as Dr. Pon assessed, 6 would eliminate the ability to perform competitive employment. (Tr. 760- 61.) 7 In the current decision, by the third ALJ decision in this matter, the ALJ purported to assign the greatest weight to Dr. Pon’s opinion (Tr. 716), 8 but made these assertions regarding the limitation to occasional reaching in all directions: 9 The undersigned generally accepts Dr. Pon’s assessment of 10 the claimant’s functional capability, but does not find adequate support for his suggested limitation to occasional 11 reaching in all directions with the right upper extremity. Dr. Pon vaguely described ‘right shoulder pain” in the narrative 12 report, possible bursitis and possible rotator cuff tendinitis. However, his physical examination showed that the 13 claimant had full range of motion in the right shoulder and normal neurological testing [Exhibit 12F]. Other medical 14 reports showed diagnosis of right shoulder strain [Exhibit 15F], and there were normal imaging studies and normal 15 strength found in the upper extremities [Exhibit 20F, 21F]. Subsequent examinations noted mostly normal shoulder 16 range of motion and strength [Exhibit 36F, 43F, 4F]. the claimant has never required right shoulder surgery, or 17 received injections, and has had scant medical care for this problem. 18 (Tr. 714.) 19 The ALJ’s above assertions are inconsistent with the ALJ’s own 20 finding, at step two, that Alcala’s right shoulder strain is a medically determinable, severe impairment. (Tr. 709.) The ALJ has not explained 21 why the RFC finding includes a limitation to occasional overhead reaching, consistent with a severe shoulder impairment, but allows for 22 frequent reaching in all other directions. The ALJ’s above findings appear to dispute the existence of a severe shoulder impairment in the first place, 23 and do not explain why the shoulder impairment, which the ALJ himself found to be severe, would cause limitations in reaching overhead but not 24 in any other direction. Alcala submits that the only reason the ALJ did not include the limitation to occasional reaching in all directions in the RFC 25 finding, despite giving the greatest weight overall to Dr. Pon’s opinion, was that the VE testimony established that including this limitation would 26 eliminate the ability to perform all the jobs identified at step four and step five and all other jobs. (Tr. 760-61.) Had this limitation been included in 27 the RFC, the ALJ would have been forced to find that Alcala is disabled. Alcala submits that the ALJ’s recitation of the examination notes is not a 28 legally adequate explanation for his rejection of this critical aspect of Dr. 1 Pon’s opinion. It does not rise to the level of clear and convincing or even specific and legitimate. It might be specific, but it is not legitimate. 2 ECF No. 16, pgs. 13-15. 3 4 The Court is troubled by the ALJ’s analysis of Dr. Pon’s opinions regarding 5 Plaintiff’s right shoulder limitations. Specifically, the analysis is inconsistent. At one point, the 6 ALJ states that Dr. Pon’s opinions are generally accepted. The ALJ, however, only accepted a 7 portion of Dr. Pon’s opinion – accepting a limitation to overhead reaching with the right 8 extremity, while concurrently rejecting the doctor’s conclusion that Plaintiff’s impairment also 9 limited Plaintiff’s ability to reach in all directions with the right extremity. While the ALJ cited 10 other evidence showing full range of motion in the right shoulder and normal neurological testing, 11 such evidence would seem to apply to both overhead reaching as well as reaching in all 12 directions. The ALJ does not explain why this other objective evidence supports only the 13 doctor’s opinion as to overhead reaching and not the doctor’s opinion as to reaching in all other 14 directions. 15 The ALJ does not explain how the objective observations made by Dr. Pon and 16 other doctors support one opinion but not the other. This omission suggests to the Court that the 17 ALJ elected to reject those portions of Dr. Pon’s opinion that, if accepted, would have resulted in 18 a finding that Plaintiff is disabled. The matter should be remanded to allow the agency to 19 reconsider Dr. Pon’s opinions and provide a rationale explaining why the objective evidence 20 supports only the limitation as to overhead reaching. 21 B. Credibility 22 The Commissioner determines whether a disability applicant is credible, and the 23 Court defers to the Commissioner’s discretion if the Commissioner used the proper process and 24 provided proper reasons. See Saelee v. Chater, 94 F.3d 520, 522 (9th Cir. 1996). An explicit 25 credibility finding must be supported by specific, cogent reasons. See Rashad v. Sullivan, 903 26 F.2d 1229, 1231 (9th Cir. 1990). General findings are insufficient. See Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 27 821, 834 (9th Cir. 1995). Rather, the Commissioner must identify what testimony is not credible 28 and what evidence undermines the testimony. See id. Moreover, unless there is affirmative 1 evidence in the record of malingering, the Commissioner’s reasons for rejecting testimony as not 2 credible must be “clear and convincing.” See id.; see also Carmickle v. Commissioner, 533 F.3d 3 1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Lingenfelter v Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1936 (9th Cir. 2007), 4 and Gregor v. Barnhart, 464 F.3d 968, 972 (9th Cir. 2006)). 5 If there is objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment, the 6 Commissioner may not discredit a claimant’s testimony as to the severity of symptoms merely 7 because they are unsupported by objective medical evidence. See Bunnell v. Sullivan, 947 F.2d 8 341, 347-48 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc). As the Ninth Circuit explained in Smolen v. Chater: 9 The claimant need not produce objective medical evidence of the [symptom] itself, or the severity thereof. Nor must the claimant produce 10 objective medical evidence of the causal relationship between the medically determinable impairment and the symptom. By requiring that 11 the medical impairment “could reasonably be expected to produce” pain or another symptom, the Cotton test requires only that the causal relationship 12 be a reasonable inference, not a medically proven phenomenon. 13 80 F.3d 1273, 1282 (9th Cir. 1996) (referring to the test established in Cotton v. Bowen, 799 F.2d 1403 (9th Cir. 1986)). 14 15 The Commissioner may, however, consider the nature of the symptoms alleged, 16 including aggravating factors, medication, treatment, and functional restrictions. See Bunnell, 17 947 F.2d at 345-47. In weighing credibility, the Commissioner may also consider: (1) the 18 claimant’s reputation for truthfulness, prior inconsistent statements, or other inconsistent 19 testimony; (2) unexplained or inadequately explained failure to seek treatment or to follow a 20 prescribed course of treatment; (3) the claimant’s daily activities; (4) work records; and (5) 21 physician and third-party testimony about the nature, severity, and effect of symptoms. See 22 Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1284 (citations omitted). It is also appropriate to consider whether the 23 claimant cooperated during physical examinations or provided conflicting statements concerning 24 drug and/or alcohol use. See Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 958-59 (9th Cir. 2002). If the 25 claimant testifies as to symptoms greater than would normally be produced by a given 26 impairment, the ALJ may disbelieve that testimony provided specific findings are made. See 27 Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1161 (citing Swenson v. Sullivan, 876 F.2d 683, 687 (9th Cir. 1989)). 28 / / / 1 Regarding reliance on a claimant’s daily activities to find testimony of disabling 2 pain not credible, the Social Security Act does not require that disability claimants be utterly 3 incapacitated. See Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597, 602 (9th Cir. 1989). The Ninth Circuit has 4 repeatedly held that the “. . . mere fact that a plaintiff has carried out certain daily activities . . . 5 does not . . .[necessarily] detract from her credibility as to her overall disability.” See Orn v. 6 Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 639 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Vertigan v. Heller, 260 F.3d 1044, 1050 (9th 7 Cir. 2001)); see also Howard v. Heckler, 782 F.2d 1484, 1488 (9th Cir. 1986) (observing that a 8 claim of pain-induced disability is not necessarily gainsaid by a capacity to engage in periodic 9 restricted travel); Gallant v. Heckler, 753 F.2d 1450, 1453 (9th Cir. 1984) (concluding that the 10 claimant was entitled to benefits based on constant leg and back pain despite the claimant’s 11 ability to cook meals and wash dishes); Fair, 885 F.2d at 603 (observing that “many home 12 activities are not easily transferable to what may be the more grueling environment of the 13 workplace, where it might be impossible to periodically rest or take medication”). Daily 14 activities must be such that they show that the claimant is “. . .able to spend a substantial part of 15 his day engaged in pursuits involving the performance of physical functions that are transferable 16 to a work setting.” Fair, 885 F.2d at 603. The ALJ must make specific findings in this regard 17 before relying on daily activities to find a claimant’s pain testimony not credible. See Burch v. 18 Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 681 (9th Cir. 2005). 19 The ALJ summarized Plaintiff’s statements and testimony as follows: 20 The claimant alleges disability primarily due to an injury to her cervical and lumbar spine, and a right shoulder injury. She alleges that she cannot 21 sit, stand, or walk for any significant amount of time, and requires a walker for ambulation. She lives with her family members and has stated 22 she depends on them to help with day to day activities. The claimant has alleged pain due to fibromyalgia, in addition to pain in her neck, lower 23 back, and pain extending down her left lower extremity. She has migraine headaches several times a week, and cannot lift more than about five 24 pounds. 25 CAR 712. 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Regarding Plaintiff’s pain complaints, the ALJ stated: 2 As for the claimant’s statements about the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of his or her symptoms, they are inconsistent because the 3 medical evidence does not support the severity, intensity, or frequency of pain and other symptoms as alleged. . . . 4 * * * 5 The undersigned find[s] that the claimant’s pain complaints are not 6 consistent with the medical evidence for several reasons. First, when she was injured in 2001, Dr. Fontaine observed that her behavior and the 7 objective evidence was not consistent with her complaints, suggesting exaggeration in order to qualify for worker’s compensation benefits. This 8 observation also was made independently by Dr. Ansel. In addition, her own treating doctor, and the other evaluators, found her capable of work at 9 least consistent with light work (lifting 30 pounds) with no restrictions on sitting, standing, and walking. Further, Agreed Medical Examiner Dr. 10 Baker similarly limited her to no heavy lifting, thus clearing her for at least the level of exertional work described in the residual functional 11 capacity found here. Moreover, the claimant sought no medical care from 2003 until 2008, strongly indicating that she was not limited physically 12 during this time. Beginning in 2008, the claimant again reported severe back and neck pain, along with new shoulder pain. However, her 13 complaints are not supported by objective medical evidence. Instead, the series of MRI scans documents no worsening in her neck and back, as they 14 are termed -stable-. An x-ray of the right shoulder in December 2008 revealed normal pathology. 15 * * * 16 Other factors also suggest that the claimant’s complaints are out of 17 proportion to the medical evidence. At the hearing, she minimized her daily activities, contrary to having two small children and presumably 18 caring for them during this time. She is able to drive her daughter to school four days a week, makes at least simple meals daily, and is able to 19 cook for at least 30 minutes at a time [Exhibit 46F14-17]. She told Dr. Aulakh that she could do light chores, errands, and cook [Exhibit 33F]. 20 She told her physical therapist in June and July 2015 that she had a “busy week and was unable to get much rest,” she “was not able to complete her 21 home exercise program over the last two days because she’s been busy” and that she had “increased pain carrying her new born grandson the past 22 week.” [Exhibit 45F2, 5, 14, 17]. Her reported level of activity suggests greater functional ability than she alleged. The claimant has been 23 prescribed opioids and other strong pain medications, which suggest that her pain complaints were taken seriously by her doctors, with some side 24 effects including daytime drowsiness. But the medical evidence does not contain the type of findings that would mandate the level of medication 25 she received, so her doctors must have been responding to her subjective complaints to prescribe these medications. 26 Id. at 712, 716-17. 27 28 1 Plaintiff argues: 2 Here, Plaintiff’s medically determinable impairments could reasonably be expected to cause the alleged symptoms, and the ALJ made 3 no finding of malingering based on affirmative evidence thereof, nor does the record support such a finding. Accordingly, at the second step of the 4 analysis, the ALJ was required to make specific, clear, and convincing findings to support his rejection of Plaintiff’s testimony. Here, the ALJ 5 asserted the objective evidence was not consistent with the limitations Alcala described. The ALJ asserted Alcala was able to perform activities 6 of daily living, such as caring for her children, and asserted she received primarily conservative and routine treatment for her impairments. (Tr. 7 712, 716-17.) Alcala submits that contrary to the ALJ’s assertions, her ability to 8 perform the above listed activities of daily living is not inconsistent with her testimony about how her impairments affect her ability to function. 9 She explained that her family does most of the household chores and that her mother and adult daughter help her with the childcare. She can drive 10 her children to school, which takes approximately 10 minutes each day, and most of the rest of the day is spent lying down. (Tr. 741-56.) There is 11 no evidence that any of Alcala’s activities take more than a couple of hours each day. The Social Security Act does not require that disability 12 claimants be totally unable to engage in any form of mental or physical activity. Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597 (9th Cir. 1989). In Garrison, supra, 13 the Ninth Circuit noted: 14 The critical differences between activities of daily living and activities in a full-time job are that a person has more 15 flexibility in scheduling the former than the latter, can get help from other persons..., and is not held to a minimum 16 standard of performance, as she would be by an employer. The failure to recognize these differences is a recurrent, and 17 deplorable, feature of opinions by administrative law judges in social security disability cases. 18 Garrison at 1016, citing Bjornson v. Astrue, 671 F.3d 640, 647 (7th Cir. 19 2012). The issue here is whether Alcala can sustain activity for a full 20 workday and work week. The record establishes that she cannot. The activities the ALJ cited are not inconsistent with Alcala’ testimony she 21 cannot sit for more than about an hour or walk for more than about 45 minutes at a time, needs help with bathing and dressing, cannot lift more 22 than 5 pounds, and has great difficulty using her hands for lifting or holding any object without dropping and breaking or spilling it. Alcala 23 explained she cannot even stir food on the stove or wash a dish without aggravating the pain in her right shoulder. (Tr. 786.) 24 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 The ALJ cited the objective medical evidence, generally, as being inconsistent with Plaintiff’s alleged limitations, but identified no particular 2 findings which contradicted any of the specific functional deficits Alcala described. In Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487 (9th Cir. 2015), the 3 Ninth Circuit addressed a similar issue: 4 We hold that an ALJ does not provide specific, clear, and convincing reasons for rejecting a claimant’s testimony by 5 simply reciting the medical evidence in support of his or her residual functional capacity determination. To ensure 6 that our review of the ALJ’s credibility determination is meaningful, and that the claimant’s testimony is not 7 rejected arbitrarily, we require the ALJ to specify which testimony she finds not credible, and then provide clear and 8 convincing reasons, supported by evidence in the record, to support that credibility determination. Here, the ALJ found 9 generally that the claimant’s testimony was not credible, but failed to identify which testimony she found not 10 credible and why. We conclude, therefore, that the ALJ committed legal error. This error was not harmless because 11 it precludes us from conducting a meaningful review of the ALJ’s reasoning. 12 Here, the ALJ has not specified which testimony she found not 13 credible and has not provided clear and convincing reasons supported by evidence in the record to support the determination. The ALJ primarily 14 cited the opinions of the doctors who examined Alcala in conjunction with her Workers Compensation claim supporting the ALJ’s assertion that 15 Alcala could have gone back to work after her injury. (Tr. 714.) This was improper because, first, these doctors examined Alcala to determine 16 financial responsibility for her ongoing care. They had an obvious motive to find she was not limited and could return to work so the insurance 17 company for whom the doctors worked could stop paying for Alcala’s care. And the ALJ ultimately gave the greatest weight to the opinion of 18 Dr. Pon (Tr. 716), and that opinion confirms Alcala’s testimony regarding her difficulty using her right shoulder for activities involving reaching. If 19 Alcala cannot reach in any direction more than occasionally, and this is properly considered in conjunction with the other limitations the ALJ 20 assessed, then Alcala cannot perform her past work or any other work and is disabled. 21 ECF No. 16, pgs. 16-18. 22 23 Here, the ALJ rejected Plaintiff’s statements and testimony as not credible for two 24 reasons – they were not consistent with the objective evidence and they were not consistent with 25 Plaintiff’s daily activities. The Court finds the ALJ’s reliance on Plaintiff’s daily activities is 26 misplaced. While the ALJ notes that Plaintiff states she is able to drive her daughter to school 27 four days a week, make simple meals, do light chores, the ALJ has not explained how these 28 limited activities translate to an ability to engage in competitive work activities. Moreover, 1 Plaintiff’s statements that she had been “busy” from time to time does not necessarily indicate an 2 ability to engage in full-time competitive work given that “busy” is not defined, either by 3 Plaintiff, the doctors to whom Plaintiff made the statements, or the ALJ. Finally, as the ALJ 4 noted, Plaintiff’s doctors have taken Plaintiff’s pain complaints seriously as indicated by 5 prescriptions for strong pain medications. 6 To the extent the ALJ’s reliance on Plaintiff’s daily activities is misplaced, the 7 ALJ’s citation to inconsistency with the objective evidence is insufficient on its own to support an 8 adverse credibility finding. The matter should be remanded to the agency to allow for a new 9 credibility determination. 10 C. Lay Witness Evidence 11 In determining whether a claimant is disabled, an ALJ generally must consider lay 12 witness testimony concerning a claimant's ability to work. See Dodrill v. Shalala, 12 F.3d 915, 13 919 (9th Cir. 1993); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513(d)(4) & (e), 416.913(d)(4) & (e). Indeed, “lay 14 testimony as to a claimant's symptoms or how an impairment affects ability to work is competent 15 evidence . . . and therefore cannot be disregarded without comment.” See Nguyen v. Chater, 100 16 F.3d 1462, 1467 (9th Cir. 1996). Consequently, “[i]f the ALJ wishes to discount the testimony of 17 lay witnesses, he must give reasons that are germane to each witness.” Dodrill, 12 F.3d at 919. 18 When rejecting third party statements which are similar in nature to the statements of plaintiff, the 19 ALJ may cite the same reasons used by the ALJ in rejecting the plaintiff’s statement. See 20 Valentine v. Commissioner Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 694 (9th Cir. 2009) (approving 21 rejection of a third-party family member’s testimony, which was similar to the claimant’s, for the 22 same reasons given for rejection of the claimant’s complaints). 23 The Commissioner’s regulations require the ALJ consider lay witness testimony in 24 certain types of cases. See Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1288 (9th Cir. 1996); SSR 88-13. 25 That ruling requires the ALJ to consider third-party lay witness evidence where the plaintiff 26 alleges pain or other symptoms that are not shown by the medical evidence. See id. Thus, in 27 cases where the plaintiff alleges impairments, such as chronic fatigue or pain (which by their very 28 nature do not always produce clinical medical evidence), it is impossible for the court to conclude 1 that lay witness evidence concerning the plaintiff’s abilities is necessarily controverted such that 2 it may be properly ignored. Therefore, in these types of cases, the ALJ is required by the 3 regulations and case law to consider lay witness evidence. 4 Plaintiff asserts: 5 Here, Alcala’s husband, Harvey Alcala, completed a questionnaire describing Alcala’s limitations. He noted Alcala spends a lot of time lying 6 down. (Tr. 266.) She sleeps poorly at night and needs help with bathing and dressing. (Tr. 267.) She is in too much pain to do most household 7 chores. (Tr. 268.) Alcala no longer socializes outside of her family. The witness checked lifting, squatting, bending, standing, reaching, walking, 8 sitting, kneeling, talking, stair climbing, completing tasks, concentration, and using hands as abilities affected by Alcala’s conditions. (Tr. 271.) He 9 noted Alcala does not handle stress well. (Tr. 272.) Her carpal tunnel symptoms make it hard for her to hold items. (Tr. 273.) 10 The ALJ did not mention the lay witness statement in the decision and gave no reasons for rejecting the limitations Mr. Alcala described. 11 These limitations are consistent with the medical evidence and the limitations assessed by Dr. Pon, as discussed above. 12 The statements of Alcala’s witness establish that, during relevant times, Alcala could not perform full-time work on a regular and 13 continuing basis. There is no reliable evidence to support the ALJ’s contrary conclusion, and the ALJ’s failure to base his rejection of the lay 14 witness statement on the record and to give specific and legitimate reasons (or any reasons at all) germane to each witness is reversible error. . . . 15 ECF No. 16, pg. 19. 16 17 Defendant acknowledges that the ALJ must determine whether law witness 18 evidence is or is not consistent with other evidence: 19 Social Security Ruling (SSR) 06-03p requires a determination as to whether a lay witness’ testimony is “consistent with other evidence,” and 20 whether “any other factors that tend to support or refute the evidence” (AR 1469). Towards this end, the ALJ identification of inconsistencies between 21 lay witness statements and the medical evidence are valid, germane reasons to discount those statements (AR 26). Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 22 F.3d 1211, 1218 (9th Cir. 2005) (“Inconsistency with medical evidence” is a germane reason for discounting lay witness testimony); McTaggart v. 23 Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 480 Fed.Appx. 459, 461 (9th Cir. 2012) (unpublished) (ALJ properly discounted mother’s statements because they 24 “were not fully consistent with the medical and other evidence of record”). 25 ECF No. 18, pg. 19. 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Defendant also concedes that the ALJ erred: 2 In the present case, as set forth above, the ALJ set forth a full and complete discussion of Plaintiff’s assertions of disabling pain and 3 limitations (AR 716-17). Because her husband did not set forth limitations different from Plaintiff’s assertions, the ALJ’s error in not specifically 4 addressing the husband’s statement was harmless, as it would not affect the outcome of the case (AR 266-278). (citation omitted). 5 Id. 6 7 The Ninth Circuit has applied harmless error analysis in social security cases in a 8 number of contexts. For example, in Stout v. Commissioner of Social Security, 454 F.3d 1050 9 (9th Cir. 2006), the court stated that the ALJ’s failure to consider uncontradicted lay witness 10 testimony could only be considered harmless “. . . if no reasonable ALJ, when fully crediting the 11 testimony, could have reached a different disability determination.” Id. at 1056; see also Robbins 12 v. Social Security Administration, 466 F.3d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Stout, 454 F.3d at 13 1056). Similarly, in Batson v. Commissioner of Social Security, 359 F.3d 1190 (9th Cir. 2004), 14 the court applied harmless error analysis to the ALJ’s failure to properly credit the claimant’s 15 testimony. Specifically, the court held: 16 However, in light of all the other reasons given by the ALJ for Batson’s lack of credibility and his residual functional capacity, and in light of the 17 objective medical evidence on which the ALJ relied, there was substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s decision. Any error the ALJ may have 18 committed in assuming that Batson was sitting while watching television, to the extent that this bore on an assessment of ability to work, was in our 19 view harmless and does not negate the validity of the ALJ’s ultimate conclusion that Batson’s testimony was not credible. 20 Id. at 1197 (citing Curry v. Sullivan, 925 F.2d 1127, 1131 (9th Cir. 1990)). 21 22 In Curry, the Ninth Circuit applied the harmless error rule to the ALJ’s error with respect to the 23 claimant’s age and education. The Ninth Circuit also considered harmless error in the context of 24 the ALJ’s failure to provide legally sufficient reasons supported by the record for rejecting a 25 medical opinion. See Widmark v. Barnhart, 454 F.3d 1063, 1069 n.4 (9th Cir. 2006). 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 The harmless error standard was applied in Carmickle v. Commissioner, 533 F.3d 2 1155 (9th Cir. 2008), to the ALJ’s analysis of a claimant’s credibility. Citing Batson, the court 3 stated: “Because we conclude that . . . the ALJ’s reasons supporting his adverse credibility 4 finding are invalid, we must determine whether the ALJ’s reliance on such reasons was harmless 5 error.” See id. at 1162. The court articulated the difference between harmless error standards set 6 forth in Stout and Batson as follows: 7 . . . [T]he relevant inquiry [under the Batson standard] is not whether the ALJ would have made a different decision absent any error. . . it is whether 8 the ALJ’s decision remains legally valid, despite such error. In Batson, we concluded that the ALJ erred in relying on one of several reasons in 9 support of an adverse credibility determination, but that such error did not affect the ALJ’s decision, and therefore was harmless, because the ALJ’s 10 remaining reasons and ultimate credibility determination were adequately supported by substantial evidence in the record. We never considered what 11 the ALJ would do if directed to reassess credibility on remand – we focused on whether the error impacted the validity of the ALJ’s decision. 12 Likewise, in Stout, after surveying our precedent applying harmless error on social security cases, we concluded that “in each case, the ALJ’s error . . 13 . was inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.” 14 Our specific holding in Stout does require the court to consider whether the ALJ would have made a different decision, but significantly, in that case 15 the ALJ failed to provide any reasons for rejecting the evidence at issue. There was simply nothing in the record for the court to review to determine 16 whether the ALJ’s decision was adequately supported. 17 Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1162-63 (emphasis in original; citations omitted). 18 Thus, where the ALJ’s errs in not providing any reasons supporting a particular 19 determination (i.e., by failing to consider lay witness testimony), the Stout standard applies and 20 the error is harmless if no reasonable ALJ could have reached a different conclusion had the error 21 not occurred. Otherwise, where the ALJ provides analysis but some part of that analysis is 22 flawed (i.e., some but not all of the reasons given for rejecting a claimant’s credibility are either 23 legally insufficient or unsupported by the record), the Batson standard applies and any error is 24 harmless if it is inconsequential to the ultimate decision because the ALJ’s disability 25 determination nonetheless remains valid. 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 In this case, the Court does not find that the ALJ’s error in failing to consider lay 2 witness evidence offered by Plaintiff’s husband is harmless under the Stout test. As stated above, 3 the regulations require the ALJ to consider lay witness evidence in cases such as this where the 4 claimant alleges pain not shown by objective medical evidence. See Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1288; see 5 also SSR 88-13. Given this requirement, the Court cannot say that no reasonable ALJ could have 6 reached a different conclusion had Mr. Alcala’s testimony been considered. It is entirely possible 7 that a reasonable ALJ, upon consideration of Mr. Alcala’s testimony, may have found it credible 8 and supportive of Plaintiff’s own allegations. 9 The matter should be remanded to the agency to allow for consideration of Mr. 10 Alcala’s testimony and, if rejected, a statement of reasons for doing so. 11 D. Vocational Findings 12 The Medical-Vocational Guidelines (Grids) provide a uniform conclusion about 13 disability for various combinations of age, education, previous work experience, and residual 14 functional capacity. The Grids allow the Commissioner to streamline the administrative process 15 and encourage uniform treatment of claims based on the number of jobs in the national economy 16 for any given category of residual functioning capacity. See Heckler v. Campbell, 461 U.S. 458, 17 460-62 (1983) (discussing creation and purpose of the Grids). 18 The Commissioner may apply the Grids in lieu of taking the testimony of a 19 vocational expert only when the Grids accurately and completely describe the claimant’s abilities 20 and limitations. See Jones v. Heckler, 760 F.2d 993, 998 (9th Cir. 1985); see also Heckler v. 21 Campbell, 461 U.S. 458, 462 n.5 (1983). Thus, the Commissioner generally may not rely on the 22 Grids if a claimant suffers from non-exertional limitations because the Grids are based on 23 exertional strength factors only.2 See 20 C.F.R., Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 2, § 200.00(b). 24 2 Exertional capabilities are the primary strength activities of sitting, standing, 25 walking, lifting, carrying, pushing, or pulling and are generally defined in terms of ability to perform sedentary, light, medium, heavy, or very heavy work. See 20 C.F.R., Part 404, Subpart 26 P, Appendix 2, § 200.00(a). “Sedentary work” involves lifting no more than 10 pounds at a time and occasionally lifting or carrying articles like docket files, ledgers, and small tools. See 20 27 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(a) and 416.967(a). “Light work” involves lifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 10 pounds. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 28 404.1567(b) and 416.967(b). “Medium work” involves lifting no more than 50 pounds at a time 1 “If a claimant has an impairment that limits his or her ability to work without directly affecting 2 his or her strength, the claimant is said to have non-exertional . . . limitations that are not covered 3 by the Grids.” Penny v. Sulliacvan, 2 F.3d 953, 958 (9th Cir. 1993) (citing 20 C.F.R., Part 404, 4 Subpart P, Appendix 2, § 200.00(d), (e)). The Commissioner may, however, rely on the Grids 5 even when a claimant has combined exertional and non-exertional limitations, if non-exertional 6 limitations do not impact the claimant’s exertional capabilities. See Bates v. Sullivan, 894 F.2d 7 1059, 1063 (9th Cir. 1990); Polny v. Bowen, 864 F.2d 661, 663-64 (9th Cir. 1988). 8 In cases where the Grids are not fully applicable, the ALJ may meet his burden 9 under step five of the sequential analysis by propounding to a vocational expert hypothetical 10 questions based on medical assumptions, supported by substantial evidence, that reflect all the 11 plaintiff’s limitations. See Roberts v. Shalala, 66 F.3d 179, 184 (9th Cir. 1995). Specifically, 12 where the Medical-Vocational Guidelines are inapplicable because the plaintiff has sufficient 13 non-exertional limitations, the ALJ is required to obtain vocational expert testimony. See 14 Burkhart v. Bowen, 587 F.2d 1335, 1341 (9th Cir. 1988). 15 Hypothetical questions posed to a vocational expert must set out all the substantial, 16 supported limitations and restrictions of the particular claimant. See Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 17 F.2d 747, 756 (9th Cir. 1989). If a hypothetical does not reflect all the claimant’s limitations, the 18 expert’s testimony as to jobs in the national economy the claimant can perform has no evidentiary 19 value. See DeLorme v. Sullivan, 924 F.2d 841, 850 (9th Cir. 1991). While the ALJ may pose to 20 the expert a range of hypothetical questions based on alternate interpretations of the evidence, the 21 hypothetical that ultimately serves as the basis for the ALJ’s determination must be supported by 22 substantial evidence in the record as a whole. See Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 418, 422-23 (9th 23 Cir. 1988). 24 with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 25 pounds. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 25 404.1567(c) and 416.967(c). “Heavy work” involves lifting no more than 100 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 50 pounds. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 26 404.1567(d) and 416.967(d). “Very heavy work” involves lifting objects weighing more than 100 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing 50 pounds or more. See 20 27 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(e) and 416.967(e). Non-exertional activities include mental, sensory, postural, manipulative, and environmental matters which do not directly affect the primary 28 strength activities. See 20 C.F.R., Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 2, § 200.00(e). 1 According to Plaintiff: 2 At step four, the ALJ found Alcala’s past work as a housekeeper was performed at the level of substantial gainful activity (SGA) and did qualify as 3 past relevant work. (Tr. 718.) Alcala submits that her work as a housekeeper was a brief stint from September 2001 through October 2001, and that her 4 earnings records show she did not earn SGA wages from this job. Most of her earnings during that time period were from a different job at a hair salon. (Tr. 5 226.) The ALJ acknowledges the record does not show SGA level earnings from a housekeeping job during the relevant period, but speculates that not all 6 of Alcala’s wages were reported and that she must have earned SGA wages based on her description of the job in her disability report. (Tr. 719.) Alcala 7 submits that the ALJ’s step-four finding is not supported by the record. As expressed in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1565, to be classified as past relevant work 8 (PRW), the work must have lasted long enough for the claimant to learn to do the job, and the job must have been substantial gainful activity (SGA). Here, 9 the record does not show Alcala’s job as a housekeeper was ever SGA, thus it cannot be PRW and she cannot be found able to return to it as PRW. 10 Finally, in Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 418, 423 (9th Cir. 1988), the Ninth Circuit stated that hypothetical questions posed to the vocational expert 11 must set out all the limitations and restrictions of the particular claimant. If the vocational expert’s hypothetical assumptions are incomplete or lack 12 support in the record, the opinion based thereon has no evidentiary value. Here, the ALJ improperly omitted from the vocational hypothetical Plaintiff’s 13 credible allegations and the limitations described by the lay witness. The ALJ also improperly omitted the limitations in reaching assessed by Alcala’s 14 examining doctor. Because the VE’s testimony that Plaintiff could perform the occupations identified by the ALJ was based on the ALJ’s failure to 15 accurately pose all of Plaintiff’s limitations, the VE’s testimony that Plaintiff can perform those occupations has no evidentiary value. The ALJ’s decision 16 is based on evidence which has no evidentiary value, and so decision is not based on substantial evidence. 17 ECF No. 16, pg. 20. 18 19 In opposition, Defendant only addresses Plaintiff’s contention concerning the 20 ALJ’s reliance on vocational expert testimony to conclude there are other jobs Plaintiff can 21 perform. Defendant does not address Plaintiff’s argument regarding past relevant work, which is 22 well-taken. As to past relevant work and whether such work was done at the level of substantial 23 gainful activity, the ALJ merely speculates that “earnings from all jobs may not have been 24 accurately reported. . . .” CAR 719. Speculation does not constitute substantial evidence. 25 As to other jobs, the ALJ’s finding is based on flawed analyses of Dr. Pon’s 26 opinions and plaintiff’s testimony, as well the ALJ’s failure to consider lay witness evidence 27 offered by Mr. Alcala. 28 / / / 1 The matter should be remanded for new vocational findings which are based on 2 || evidence, not speculation, and which properly account for Dr. Pon’s opinions, Plaintiffs 3 | testimony, and lay witness evidence. 4 5 IV. CONCLUSION 6 Based on the foregoing, the undersigned recommends that: 7 1. Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment, ECF No. 16, be granted; 8 2. Defendant’s cross-motion for summary judgment, ECF No. 18, be denied; 9 | and 10 3. The Commissioner’s final decision be reversed and this matter be 11 | remanded for further proceedings consistent with these findings and recommendations. 12 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District 13 || Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(). Within 14 days 14 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 15 || objections with the court. Responses to objections shall be filed within 14 days after service of 16 || objections. Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal. See 17 | Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 18 19 | Dated: February 17, 2021 Sx