Langley v. Guiding Hands School, Inc. ( 2021 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 STACIA LANGLEY, et al., No. 2:20-cv-00635-TLN-KJN 12 Plaintiffs, 13 v. ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT BRUCE CHAPMAN’S MOTION TO 14 GUIDING HANDS SCHOOL, INC., et al., DISMISS 15 Defendants. 16 17 This matter is before the Court on Defendant Bruce Chapman’s (“Defendant”) Motion to 18 Dismiss.1 (ECF No. 39.) Plaintiffs Stacia Langley, David Benson, Michael Turelli (personal 19 representative of M.B.), Laura Kinser (individually and as guardian ad litem for D.Z.), Melanie 20 Stark (individually and as guardian ad litem for M.S.), Cherilyn Caler (individually and as 21 guardian ad litem for J.P.), Timothy Peterson (individually and as guardian ad litem for A.P.), 22 Suzanne Brent-Petersen (individually and as guardian ad litem for A.P.), Robert Darrough 23 (individually and as guardian ad litem for E.D.), Kristen Coughlin (individually and as guardian 24 ad litem for E.D.), Susan Muller (individually and as guardian ad litem for H.K.), Christian Davis 25 (individually and as guardian ad litem for S.D.), Deborah Marques (individually and as guardian 26 27 1 This action involves multiple Defendants, many of which brought separate motions to dismiss. Orders on those pending motions are forthcoming. The instant motion is brought only 28 by Defendant Bruce Chapman. 1 ad litem for L.M.), and Louis Marques (individually and as guardian ad litem for L.M.) 2 (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed an opposition. (ECF No. 70.) Defendant filed a reply. (ECF No. 3 111.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion. 4 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 5 This case involves the use of restraints on students with disability-related behavioral 6 issues. Plaintiffs include nine children with disabilities, including developmental, social, and 7 emotional disabilities. (ECF No. 12 at ¶¶ 18–32.) Plaintiffs’ local education agencies (“LEAs”) 8 placed the students at Guiding Hands School, Inc. (“GHS”). (Id. at ¶ 2.) GHS was a nonpublic 9 school certified by the California Department of Education (“CDE”) to provide education and 10 specialized services to public school children with disabilities. (Id. at ¶¶ 75–78.) GHS contracted 11 with LEAs to provide special education services on behalf of those entities. (Id. at ¶ 45.) 12 At issue is a restraint system developed by Defendant and marketed by his company, 13 Handle with Care Behavior Management System, Inc. (“HWC”). (Id. at ¶¶ 70–71.) On 14 November 28, 2018, GHS staff placed M.B., a 13-year-old student with autism and other 15 disabilities, in a prone, face-down restraint for approximately one hour and forty-five minutes. 16 (Id. at ¶¶ 239–276.) During the restraint, M.B. showed increasing and obvious signs of distress, 17 including kicking the wall with his feet, urinating on himself, biting his lip until it bled, and 18 vomiting. (Id. at ¶¶ 246, 248–251, 258, 260-263, 265–272, 274.) M.B. finally went into cardiac 19 arrest and passed out. (Id. at ¶¶ 263, 266–272.) He was transported to a medical center and died 20 on November 30, 2018. (Id. at ¶¶ 323–325.) The CDE subsequently revoked GHS’s nonpublic 21 school credential. (Id. at ¶ 10.) 22 Plaintiffs allege M.B. was not the only student subjected to this type of abuse — GHS 23 engaged in a policy and practice of using restraints as a substitute for positive interventions in 24 response to predictable behavior that did not pose a clear and present danger of serious physical 25 harm to the student or others. (Id. at ¶¶ 48–57, 98–101, 336–337, 346–347, 358–359, 363–364, 26 389–391, 369–397, 401–409, 415–416, 419, 425–426.) Plaintiffs allege GHS used restraints 27 against its students frequently, for periods of time that were longer than necessary, and with 28 excessive force. (Id. at ¶¶ 98–103, 224, 235–237, 306, 422.) 1 On November 7, 2019, Plaintiffs brought this action against Defendant, HWC, GHS, 2 several California school districts, county offices of education and Special Education Local Plan 3 Areas (“SELPA”), the CDE, and various individual employees of these entities in state court. 4 (ECF No. 1 at 5.) Defendant removed the case to this Court on March 23, 2020. (Id. at 1.) 5 Plaintiffs filed the operative Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) on May 3, 2020, alleging 6 various state and federal claims. (See ECF No. 12.) 7 The SAC alleges Defendant developed the restraint system at issue and is the president of 8 HWC, a New York corporation that marketed Defendant’s restraint system and provided training 9 to GHS staff on the restraint techniques. (Id. at ¶¶ 70–71.) On May 26, 2020, Defendant brought 10 the instant Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(2), 11 arguing that although he is an officer of HWC, he does not have sufficient individual contacts 12 with California to subject him to personal jurisdiction in this state. (See generally ECF No. 39.) 13 II. STANDARD OF LAW 14 Rule 12(b)(2) allows a party to file a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. 15 When there is no federal statute authorizing personal jurisdiction, the court applies the law of the 16 state in which it sits. Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Techs., Inc., 647 F.3d 1218, 1223 (9th Cir. 17 2011). California’s long-arm statute is coextensive with federal due process requirements. Cal. 18 Code Civ. Proc. § 410.10. Accordingly, the “jurisdictional analyses under state law and federal 19 due process are the same.” Mavrix Photo, Inc., 647 F.3d at 1223 (citing Schwarzenegger v. Fred 20 Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 800–01 (9th Cir. 2004)). “For a court to exercise personal 21 jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant, that defendant must have at least ‘minimum contacts’ 22 with the relevant forum such that the exercise of jurisdiction ‘does not offend traditional notions 23 of fair play and substantial justice.’” Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 801 (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. 24 Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)). Under the minimum contacts test, there are two 25 categories of personal jurisdiction: general jurisdiction and specific jurisdiction. Daimler AG v. 26 Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 126–27 (2014). 27 /// 28 /// 1 “If the defendant’s activities in the state are ‘substantial’ or ‘continuous and systematic,’ 2 general jurisdiction may be asserted even if the cause of action is unrelated to those activities.” 3 Doe v. Am. Nat. Red Cross, 112 F.3d 1048, 1050 (9th Cir. 1997). Specific jurisdiction, on the 4 other hand, is satisfied when the defendant’s activities are directed toward the forum state and the 5 defendant’s liability arises out of or relates to those activities. Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802. 6 The Ninth Circuit employs a three-part test to determine whether a defendant’s contacts suffice to 7 establish specific jurisdiction: “(1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his 8 activities or consummate some transaction with the forum or resident thereof; or perform some 9 act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum, 10 thereby invoking the benefits and protections of its laws; (2) the claim must be one which arises 11 out of or relates to the defendant’s forum-related activities; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction 12 must comport with fair play and substantial justice, i.e. it must be reasonable.” Id. The burden is 13 on plaintiff to satisfy the first two prongs. Id. 14 In opposing a defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff 15 bears the burden of establishing the court’s jurisdiction over the defendant. Wash. Shoe Co. v. A– 16 Z Sporting Goods Inc., 704 F.3d 668, 671–72 (9th Cir. 2012). However, when the defendant’s 17 motion is based on written materials rather than an evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff need only 18 make a “prima facie showing of jurisdictional facts to withstand the motion to dismiss.” Id. 19 (quoting Pebble Beach Co. v. Caddy, 453 F.3d 1151, 1154 (9th Cir. 2006)). The court resolves 20 all disputed facts in favor of the plaintiff. Id. at 672. 21 III. ANALYSIS 22 Defendant moves to dismiss all Plaintiffs’ claims against him based on lack of personal 23 jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2). (ECF No. 39 at 2.) In opposition, Plaintiffs make two 24 distinct arguments: (1) Defendant had sufficient individual contacts with California; and (2) 25 Defendant is the alter ego of HWC. (See generally ECF No. 70.) 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 A. Minimum Contacts 2 The parties do not dispute the Court can exercise personal jurisdiction over HWC.2 The 3 dispute lies in whether this Court can exercise personal jurisdiction over Defendant as an 4 individual, independent of his status as an officer of HWC. 5 “[T]he fact that a corporation is subject to personal jurisdiction does not necessarily mean 6 that the corporation’s nonresident officers, directors, agents, and employees are as well.” Barkett 7 v. Sentosa Properties LLC, No. 1:14-CV-01698-LJO, 2015 WL 502319, at *13 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 5, 8 2015); see also Glob. Commodities Trading Grp., Inc. v. Beneficio de Arroz Choloma, S.A., 972 9 F.3d 1101, 1109 (9th Cir. 2020). “For a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over an individual 10 corporate officer, the requirements of the applicable long-arm statute and due process must still 11 be met.” Barkett, 2015 WL 502319, at *12. “To satisfy due process, an individual defendant 12 must have sufficient ‘minimum contacts,’ in his or her individual capacity, with the litigation 13 forum.” Id. (citation and emphasis omitted); see also Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 14 770, 781 n.13 (1984). “Absent sufficient individual contacts, there must be a compelling reason 15 for the court to exercise its equitable powers to ‘pierce the corporate veil’ and attribute the 16 corporation’s contacts to its officers in order for a court to assert jurisdiction over nonresident 17 corporate officers.” Barkett, 2015 WL 502319, at *12. 18 Defendant argues this Court cannot exercise general jurisdiction over him because he is 19 not and has never been a California resident, he does not own any property in California, he has 20 not traveled to California in over 10 years, and he was not served in California. (ECF No. 39 at 21 4–5; see also ECF No. 39-1 at 1–2.) Defendant also argues this Court cannot exercise specific 22 jurisdiction over him because he was not involved in nor did he perform any of the alleged 23 restraints identified in the SAC, he has never been to GHS, he was not involved in the training 24 performed at GHS, and he has never met or had any contact with any of the named Plaintiffs. 25 (ECF No. 39 at 5; see also ECF No. 39-1 at 1–2.) 26 /// 27 28 2 HWC filed a separate motion to dismiss based solely on Rule 12(b)(6). (See ECF No. 40.) 1 In opposition, Plaintiffs provide various pieces of evidence — to which Defendant objects 2 — in an attempt to demonstrate Defendant’s individual contacts with California. (See ECF Nos. 3 69, 70.) Plaintiffs circuitously detail Defendant’s “long history of involvement with California” 4 as follows: (1) Defendant runs a website entitled “thetruthaboutpronerestraint.com,” in which he 5 claims to have testified as an expert throughout the United States and cites to various articles 6 about school violence in California; (2) Defendant is the registrant of another website, 7 “handlewithcare.com,” which he uses to promote himself as an expert witness across the United 8 States; (3) in 2011, Defendant responded to an article written in a San Francisco newspaper — 9 The Bay Citizen — about the use of Defendant’s restraint techniques in California schools and 10 offered to travel to California to meet with the San Francisco Unified School District about his 11 restraint system; (4) in 2012, Defendant wrote a letter to Congress about California Congressman 12 George Miller’s alleged retaliatory conduct and abuse of power relating to anti-restraint 13 legislation; (5) Defendant posted an undated letter on his website in which he referenced his 14 efforts to derail anti-restraint legislation in multiple states and indicated that he cited “the laws of 15 all fifty States, including California” in his submissions to Congress; (6) Defendant authored an 16 article about restraints which can be found on a California database; (7) on HWC’s website, 17 Defendant offers clients direct access to him; and (8) on a former version of HWC’s website, 18 Defendant asserted he personally credentialed “Master Instructors” who taught his program. (Id.) 19 As a whole, Plaintiffs’ opposition lacks clarity. For example, Plaintiffs do not indicate 20 whether they are asserting a theory of general or specific jurisdiction. Instead, Plaintiffs provide 21 sparse, scattershot evidence that is not sufficient to constitute “minimum contacts” required for 22 specific jurisdiction — and certainly not sufficient to constitute “continuous and systematic” 23 contacts required for general jurisdiction. To the extent Defendant marketed his restraint system 24 and expert testimony services on various websites, he apparently did so on a nationwide scale. 25 Nothing about Defendant’s representations were California-specific. Similarly, citing to articles 26 about California events or authoring an article that can be found on a California database do not 27 show Defendant targeted California. Although Plaintiffs emphasize Defendant posted a letter on 28 his website about his efforts to derail anti-restraint legislation in multiple states and had some 1 type of conflict with a former California Congressman, it appears Defendant contacted Congress 2 about those issues, not California.3 The only evidence Plaintiffs provide that even resembles 3 individual contacts with California are Defendant’s online responses to The Bay Citizen article in 4 2011. However, Plaintiffs fail to persuade the Court that by responding to the article via posts on 5 his own website, Defendant “purposefully avail[ed] [himself] of the privilege of conducting 6 activities within [California], thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.” Hanson v. 7 Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958). 8 Even if Defendant’s limited contacts with California sufficed, Plaintiffs’ claims do not 9 arise out of or relate to those contacts. Defendant responded to The Bay Citizen article in 2011 10 and the article focused on the use of restraints at schools in the San Francisco area. (See ECF No. 11 69 at 30.) In the instant action, Plaintiffs’ claims stem from the use of restraints at GHS in the 12 Sacramento area between 2016 and 2018. (See ECF No. 12.) As mentioned, Defendant filed a 13 declaration asserting he was not involved in and did not perform any of the alleged restraints 14 identified in the SAC, he has never been to GHS, he was not involved in the training performed at 15 GHS, he has never met or had any contact with any of the named Plaintiffs, and he has not 16 traveled to California in over 10 years. (ECF No. 39-1.) Plaintiffs fail to rebut Defendant’s 17 assertions or create any genuine factual dispute on the issue. 18 For these reasons, the Court finds Plaintiffs have not established the requisite minimum 19 contacts between Defendant and California, nor have Plaintiffs established that their claims arise 20 out of any such contacts. Therefore, even if the Court considers Plaintiffs’ evidence over 21 Defendant’s objections, Plaintiffs have failed to satisfy either the first or second prong of the 22 specific jurisdiction test. 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 3 Defendant addressed the letter to “All House and Senate Education Committee Members.” 28 (ECF No. 69 at 42.) 1 B. Alter Ego 2 Plaintiffs next argue this Court can exercise personal jurisdiction over Defendant because 3 he used HWC as his alter ego. (ECF No. 70 at 19.) 4 “The alter ego exception allows for ‘imputed’ general jurisdiction, in which the corporate 5 entity’s contacts with the forum state can be ‘fairly attributed’ to its owners.” Uhlig v. Fairn & 6 Swanson Holdings, Inc., No. 20-CV-00887-DMS-MSB, 2020 WL 6872881, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 7 23, 2020) (citing Ranza v. Nike, Inc., 793 F.3d 1059, 1071 (9th Cir. 2015)). In order to establish 8 alter ego liability, a plaintiff “must make out a prima facie case (1) that there is such unity of 9 interest and ownership that the separate personalities of the two entities no longer exist and (2) 10 that failure to disregard their separate identities would result in fraud or injustice.” Ranza, 793 11 F.3d at 1073 (internal quotation marks, alterations, and citations omitted). In making this 12 determination, a court may consider “the commingling of funds and assets of the two entities, 13 identical equitable ownership in the two entities, use of the same offices and employees, disregard 14 of corporate formalities, identical directors and officers, and use of one as a mere shell or conduit 15 for the affairs of the other.” Troyk v. Farmers Group, Inc., 171 Cal. App. 4th 1305, 1342 (2009). 16 “Disregarding the corporate entity is recognized as an extreme remedy, and [c]ourts will pierce 17 the corporate veil only in exceptional circumstances.” Calvert v. Huckins, 875 F. Supp. 674, 678 18 (E.D. Cal. 1995) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “Reflecting this reluctance, 19 courts hold plaintiffs who invoke the alter ego theory of personal jurisdiction to a slightly higher 20 burden: There is a presumption of corporate separateness that must be overcome by clear 21 evidence that the parent in fact controls the activities of the subsidiary.” Id. (citation and internal 22 quotation marks omitted). 23 Plaintiffs again rely on scattershot evidence. Plaintiffs argue Defendant started HWC as a 24 “dba” in 1984, and HWC filed for the restraint trademark in 2006. (ECF No. 70 at 20.) Plaintiffs 25 further argue that the New York Department of State shows that the CEOs of HWC are 26 Defendant and Hilary Adler (“Adler”) and that the principal executive office is a single-family 27 residence in rural update New York. (Id. at 21.) Plaintiffs argue that the value of the residence 28 and adjacent land is approximately $614,000. (Id.) Plaintiffs argue Defendant and Adler filed 1 lawsuits to recover monetary damages on behalf of Defendant as an individual and referred to 2 Defendant and HWC as “one and the same entity.” (Id. at 22.) Lastly, Plaintiffs argue that 3 Defendant’s posts on his personal website show that Defendant “conducted his affairs as if he and 4 [HWC] were the same entity.” (Id. at 23.) 5 In reply, Defendant argues Plaintiffs have not met their burden as to either prong of the 6 alter ego test. (ECF No. 111.) The Court agrees. As to the unity of interest prong, Plaintiffs fail 7 to provide evidence that Defendant controls HWC “to such a degree as to render the latter the 8 mere instrumentality of the former.” Ranza, 793 F.3d at 1073 (explaining that the unity of 9 interest “envisions pervasive control . . . such as when a parent corporation dictates every facet of 10 the subsidiary’s business — from broad policy decisions to routine matters of day-to-day 11 operation.”). Plaintiffs’ evidence does not suggest Defendant exercised “pervasive control” over 12 HWC, and Plaintiffs’ conclusory assertions to that effect are insufficient. See id. 13 Plaintiffs also fail to satisfy the second prong of the alter ego test. “[U]nder California 14 law the kind of inequitable result that makes alter ego liability appropriate is an abuse of the 15 corporate form, such as under-capitalization or misrepresentation of the corporate form to 16 creditors.” Firstmark Capital Corp. v. Hempel Financial Corp., 859 F.2d 92, 94 (9th Cir. 1988) 17 (internal quotations omitted). Plaintiffs baldly allege HWC “doesn’t hold much by way of assets” 18 based on the supposed value of its office and 200 shares of no par value stock. (ECF No. 70 at 19 21.) Plaintiffs’ evidence is insufficient to show HWC is undercapitalized, committed fraud, or 20 exists for any other improper purpose, such as to avoid liability. See Sonora Diamond Corp. v. 21 Superior Court, 83 Cal. App. 4th 523, 538 (2000) (stating courts invoke alter ego liability “when 22 the corporate form is used to perpetrate a fraud, circumvent a statute, or accomplish some other 23 wrongful or inequitable purpose”). Therefore, Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that failure to 24 exercise personal jurisdiction over Defendant would result in a fraud or injustice. See Ranza, 793 25 F.3d at 1073. 26 Because there is no basis for this Court to exercise personal jurisdiction over Defendant, 27 Plaintiffs’ claims against Defendant are DISMISSED. Dismissal is without prejudice to the 28 extent Plaintiffs’ claims against Defendant may be brought in a court with proper jurisdiction. 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. (ECF No. 39.) 3 Plaintiffs’ claims against Defendant are DISMISSED without prejudice. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 DATED: March 15, 2021 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28