(PC) Flow-Sunkett v. Diaz ( 2021 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 BRITTNEY FLOW-SUNKETT, GLENN No. 2:19-cv-1009 KJM KJN P SUNKETT, 12 Plaintiffs, 13 ORDER AND FINDINGS AND v. RECOMMENDATIONS 14 RALPH DIAZ, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 I. Introduction 18 Plaintiffs, a state prisoner and his wife, both proceeding pro se, filed this civil rights action 19 seeking relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and the wife paid the court’s filing fee. Because the nature 20 of plaintiffs’ allegations concern prison conditions and seek relief from officers of a government 21 entity, this case was deemed to be a prisoner case, and the matter was referred to a United States 22 Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 302. 23 This action proceeds on plaintiffs’ second amended complaint. As discussed below, the 24 undersigned finds that plaintiffs state a potentially cognizable due process claim, but their 25 remaining claims should be dismissed without prejudice. 26 II. Screening Standards 27 A federal court must engage in a preliminary screening of any case in which a prisoner 28 seeks redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 1 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a).1 In its review the court must identify any cognizable claims, and dismiss 2 claims that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seek 3 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). 4 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. 5 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th 6 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous when it is based on an 7 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke, 8 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully 9 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th 10 Cir. 1989), superseded by statute as stated in Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130-31 (9th Cir. 11 2000) (“[A] judge may dismiss [in forma pauperis] claims which are based on indisputably 12 meritless legal theories or whose factual contentions are clearly baseless.”); Franklin, 745 F.2d at 13 1227. 14 Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain 15 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the 16 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atlantic 17 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). 18 In order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than “a 19 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual allegations 20 sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555. 21 However, “[s]pecific facts are not necessary; the statement [of facts] need only ‘give the 22 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Erickson v. 23 Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555, citations and internal 24 quotations marks omitted). In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as 25 1 It is undisputed that plaintiff Glenn Sunkett is a state prisoner, and both plaintiffs challenge the 26 conditions of his confinement at KVSP, where plaintiff Sunkett is housed. It is unclear whether a 27 court may screen a complaint brought jointly by a nonprisoner and where the nonprisoner paid the court’s filing fee. However, a district court may dismiss a complaint for lack of jurisdiction or 28 failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), (6). 1 true the allegations of the complaint in question, Erickson, 551 U.S. at 93, and construe the 2 pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 3 (1974), overruled on other grounds, Davis v. Scherer, 468 U.S. 183 (1984). 4 The Civil Rights Act 5 To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two elements: (1) that a 6 right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated; and (2) that the 7 violation was committed by a person acting under the color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 8 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the 9 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by the plaintiff. See 10 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976). “A 11 person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the meaning of 12 § 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or omits to perform 13 an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.” 14 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). 15 Supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of their 16 employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant holds a 17 supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional violation must 18 be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Mosher v. 19 Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations concerning the 20 involvement of official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See Ivey v. Board of 21 Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). 22 III. Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint2 23 The gravamen of plaintiffs’ pleading is that plaintiffs are wrongfully denied family visits 24 based on a Mendocino County Jail Disciplinary Report improperly issued against plaintiff 25 Sunkett.3 (ECF No. 28 at 8.) Plaintiffs argue that the Mendocino County Superior Court 26 2 Plaintiffs refer to exhibits but no exhibits are appended. Plaintiffs appear to refer to exhibits 27 appended to their original complaint. (ECF No. 1 at 26-185.) 28 3 In the July 30, 2009 incident report, the searching officers noted that the middle window pillar 1 dismissed the attempted escape charges filed against plaintiff Sunkett, based on Mendocino 2 County Jail maintenance records that demonstrated that the damage done to Sunkett’s cell 3 window was done before Sunkett was housed there.4 Thus, plaintiffs contend that the allegedly 4 incomplete Mendocino County Jail Disciplinary Report added to plaintiff Sunkett’s central file by 5 county jail staff upon his transfer to state prison should not be used to preclude family visits under 6 California Code of Regulations, title 15, Section 3177.5 7 Following his transfer to state custody, plaintiff Sunkett was repeatedly informed at 8 various classification hearings that the dismissed escape charge would not impact his ability to 9 have family visits, but that he had to complete the required term of closed custody before he 10 would become eligible for family visits. (ECF No. 28 at 10.) Indeed, plaintiffs contend it was 11 not until plaintiff Sunkett was transferred to Kern Valley State Prison (“KVSP”) that prison 12 officials affixed an escape administrative determinant to his record that foreclosed his ability to 13 avail himself of family visiting with his wife, plaintiff Flow-Sunkett. (ECF No. 28 at 11.) 14 Plaintiffs allege violations of their First (free exercise), Fifth (double jeopardy), Eighth 15 (deliberate indifference and cruel and unusual punishment) and Fourteenth (due process and equal 16 protection) Amendment rights, as well as myriad violations of state law and regulations, and the 17 California Constitution. (ECF No. 28 at 3-4, 19-26.) 18 Plaintiffs name the following individuals as defendants: Ralph Diaz, Secretary of the 19 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”); M. Voong, chief of the 20 was cut about 1/8th of an inch deep. (ECF No. 1 at 46.) Such officers also found a small piece of 21 metal, bearing fine metallic debris, wrapped in toilet paper, which was hidden in a sweatshirt, as well as excessive food, clothing, books and magazines. (ECF No. 1 at 46.) The shift supervisor 22 was called over to plaintiff’s cell, and noted that the base of the single bar contained “a deep cut 23 that was very shiny and no longer had paint on that area.” (ECF No. 1 at 45.) 24 4 Plaintiffs note that on March 22, 2018, the Mendocino County Superior Court ordered the destruction of all records related to this case. (ECF No. 28 at 8, citing Ex. C (ECF No. 1 at 48.) 25 5 Plaintiffs claim that plaintiff Sunkett was found guilty in the 2009 jail disciplinary, but it is 26 unclear whether he challenged the 2009 disciplinary in state or federal court, and plaintiffs do not 27 allege that the 2009 jail disciplinary was set aside or overturned by a state or federal court. In any event, none of the named defendants were involved in the imposition or hearing of the 2009 jail 28 disciplinary. 1 CDCR Office of Appeals; T. Lee, appeals examiner of the CDCR Office of Appeals; Christian 2 Pfeiffer, warden of KVSP; correctional officers D. Stebbins, J. Castro, S. Crammer, C. Gonzalez, 3 T. Redmon, J. Allen, Hammer, and Alcatar; Scott Kernan, Secretary of the CDCR; and Larry 4 Cupler, Ombudsman. 5 Plaintiffs seek money damages, injunctive relief, and the appointment of counsel. 6 IV. Discussion 7 A. Potentially Cognizable Due Process Claim 8 Plaintiffs raise procedural due process claims in connection with subsequent classification 9 procedures that took place after plaintiff Sunkett was transferred to CDCR custody. The 10 undersigned finds that plaintiff states a potentially cognizable due process claim based on the 11 failure to provide plaintiff Sunkett notice or an opportunity to be heard at the December 4, 2015 12 hearing. 13 Plaintiff Sunkett is entitled to basic procedural due process protection, which requires 14 notice and the opportunity to be heard “at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner” prior to 15 deprivation of an established interest. Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 437 16 (1982); see also Barnett v. Centoni, 31 F.3d 813, 815 (9th Cir. 1994) (prisoner only entitled to 17 notice and an opportunity to be heard). 18 On October 27, 2010, the San Quentin ICC committee noted that Mr. “Sunkett no longer 19 poses a threat to the safety and security of the institution.” (ECF No. 28 at 8-9.) Plaintiffs 20 contend that plaintiff Sunkett was informed on multiple occasions at classification hearings that 21 the dismissed escape charge would not impact his ability to have family visits, but that he had to 22 complete the required term of closed custody before he would become eligible for family visits. 23 (ECF No. 28 at 10.) 24 In 2011, plaintiff was endorsed for transfer to Calipatria State Prison. Plaintiff was 25 transferred to KVSP in 2014, and at the initial review hearing on March 7, 2014, the ICC panel 26 noted plaintiff Sunkett’s alleged escape history, stating “Case work follow will be completed 27 upon next available UCC for Escape review.” (ECF No. 28 at 10.) Plaintiffs point out that this 28 was the first time an “Escape Review” was ever mentioned despite nine prior ICC, disciplinary, 1 or endorsement hearings over 3.5 years. 2 However, on December 4, 2015, defendant T. Redmon held plaintiff Sunkett’s third 3 annual ICC hearing at KVSP outside of plaintiff Sunkett’s presence. (ECF No. 28 at 11.) For the 4 first time, Redmon conducted an escape review, and “determined that plaintiff Sunkett was an 5 immediate escape risk and referred plaintiff to CSR for recommendation to affix an escape 6 administrative determinant.” (ECF No. 28 at 11.) Plaintiffs contend that plaintiff Sunkett “was 7 not notified of any changes made to his program, nor of T. Redmond’s CSR recommendation.” 8 (Id.) On March 3, 2016, defendant CSR T. Boerum approved defendant Redmon’s request and 9 affixed the escape administrative determinate to plaintiff Sunkett’s Central File, adding 19 points 10 to Sunkett’s placement score. Plaintiffs contend that such action was taken without notice or an 11 opportunity to be heard. Despite two subsequent annual hearings in 2016 and 2017, plaintiff 12 Sunkett was not informed of such CSR action. It was not until November 28, 2017, that 13 defendant Allen informed plaintiff Sunkett about the administrative determinant, and why Allen 14 was allowed to deny plaintiff’s request for family visiting based on any escape or attempted 15 escape allegation without a conviction. 16 Accordingly, the undersigned finds that plaintiff Sunkett states potentially cognizable due 17 process claims as to defendants Redmon and Boerum in connection with the December 4, 2015 18 hearing and subsequent application of the administrative determinant and increased placement 19 score without notice and an opportunity to be heard. 20 B. Remaining Federal Claims 21 For the following reasons, the undersigned finds that plaintiffs fail to state cognizable 22 federal civil rights claims against the remaining defendants. 23 False Charges 24 Any defendant’s reliance on an invalid jail incident report or jail disciplinary to deny 25 plaintiffs family visits under California Code of Regulations, title 15, Section 31776 does not, 26 27 6 Inmate applications for family visits are evaluated under 15 C.C.R. § 3177. Accord, CDCR Department Operations Manual (“DOM”) § 54020.33.1. Title 15 C.C.R. § 3177 provides in 28 pertinent part: 1 without more, state a cognizable civil rights claim. Prisoners are not protected from false charges 2 or official reliance on such charges. See Buckley v. Gomez, 36 F. Supp. 2d 1216, 1222 (S.D. Cal. 3 1997) (prisoners have no constitutional right to be free from wrongfully issued disciplinary 4 reports), aff’d without opinion, 168 F.3d 498 (9th Cir. 1999). Prisoners do not have a right to be 5 free from false accusations of misconduct, so the mere falsification of a report does not give rise 6 to a claim under § 1983. Sprouse v. Babcock, 870 F.2d 450, 452 (8th Cir. 1989) (“Sprouse’s 7 claims based on the falsity of the charges and the impropriety of Babcock’s involvement in the 8 grievance procedure, standing alone, do not state constitutional claims.”); Freeman v. Rideout, 9 808 F.2d 949, 951 (2nd Cir. 1986) (“The prison inmate has no constitutionally guaranteed 10 immunity from being falsely or wrongly accused of conduct which may result in the deprivation 11 of a protected liberty interest.”); Hanrahan v. Lane, 747 F.2d 1137, 1141 (7th Cir. 1984) (“[A]n 12 allegation that a prison guard planted false evidence which implicates an inmate in a disciplinary 13 infraction fails to state a claim for which relief can be granted where the procedural due process 14 15 (b) Family visiting is a privilege. Eligibility for family visiting shall be limited by the assignment of the inmate to a qualifying 16 work/training incentive group as outlined in section 3044. 17 (1) Family visits shall not be permitted for inmates convicted of a violent offense involving a minor or family member or any sex 18 offense, which includes but is not limited to the following Penal Code sections: 187 (when the victim is a family member as defined 19 in Section 3000 or minor); 192 (when the victim is a family member or minor); 243.4; 261; 261.5, 262; 264.1; 266c; 266j; 273a; 273d; 20 273.5; 273.6; 285; 286; 288; 288a; 288.2; 288.5; 289; 289.5; 311.1; 311.2; 311.3; 311.4; 313.1; 314; or 647.6. 21 (A) Inmates may be prohibited from family visiting where substantial 22 documented evidence or information of the misconduct described in section 3177(b)(1) exists, without a criminal conviction. The 23 evidence or information appropriate for the purpose of this regulation shall include rule violation reports as well as the standard described 24 in section 3173.1. 25 . . . 26 (D) Family visiting shall be restricted as necessary to maintain order, the safety of persons, the security of the institution/facility, and 27 required prison activities and operations, pursuant to section 3170. 28 15 C.C.R. § 3177. 1 protections . . . are provided.”). 2 Moreover, the Supreme Court has emphasized that state prison restrictions and decisions 3 concerning prisoner visitations are “peculiarly within the province and professional expertise of 4 corrections officials, and, in the absence of substantial evidence in the record to indicate that the 5 officials have exaggerated their response to these considerations, courts should ordinarily defer to 6 their expert judgment in such matters.” Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 827 (1974). See also 7 Block v. Rutherford, 468 U.S. 576, 586, 589 (1984) (“[T]he Constitution does not require that 8 detainees be allowed contact visits when responsible, experienced administrators have 9 determined, in their sound discretion, that such visits will jeopardize the security of the facility.”); 10 Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 129-32 (2003) (despite how severely the prison regulations at 11 issue restricted the prisoners’ right to receive visits from family, they were still constitutional 12 “because the challenged regulations bear a rational relation to legitimate penological interests.”) 13 Family Visits 14 “It is well-settled that prisoners have no constitutional right while incarcerated to contact 15 visits or conjugal visits.” Gerber v. Hickman, 291 F.3d 617, 621 (9th Cir. 2002) (en banc) 16 (citing, inter alia, Kentucky v. Department of Corrections v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989) 17 (the Due Process Clause does not guarantee a right of unfettered visitation).) In Gerber, the Ninth 18 Circuit held that “while the basic right to marry survives imprisonment, . . ., most of the attributes 19 of marriage -- cohabitation, physical intimacy, and bearing and raising children -- do not.” 20 Gerber, 291 F.3d at 621; cf. Overton, 539 U.S. at 131-32 (declining to decide whether the right to 21 intimate association survives incarceration because the “challenged regulations bear a rational 22 relation to legitimate penological interests.”). Spouses and family members of prisoners do not 23 have rights or privileges to visitation distinct from those of the inmate to which they are married 24 or related. Hill v. Washington State Dep’t of Corrections, 628 F.Supp.2d 1250, 1263 (W.D. 25 Wash. 2009); Harris v. Murray, 761 F.Supp. 409, 412 (E.D. Va. 1990). Thus, plaintiffs’ 26 contention that they have a constitutional right to family visits is unavailing because the benefits 27 //// 28 //// 1 of marriage do not survive incarceration.7 “The fact that California prison officials may choose to 2 permit some inmates the privilege of conjugal visits is simply irrelevant to whether there is a 3 constitutional right to conjugal visits . . . while in prison.” Gerber, 291 F.3d at 621-22 (emphasis 4 added) (§ 3177(b) states “[f]amily visiting is a privilege.”). 5 Free Exercise 6 The operative pleading fails to state a claim for interference with plaintiffs’ religious 7 practices. The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment provides, “Congress shall make no 8 law . . . prohibiting the free exercise” of religion U.S. Const., Amend. I. Any assertion that 9 § 3177 runs afoul of that clause is defeated by the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Employment 10 Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990). There, the Court held that generally-applicable laws that 11 incidentally burden a religious practice do not violate the Free Exercise Clause. Smith, 494 U.S. 12 at 878; Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 714 (2005). Because section 3177 does not prohibit 13 conjugal visitation on the basis of religion, but rather based on crimes and other penological 14 security concerns, it does not violate the Free Exercise Clause. Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 95 15 (1987) (holding that a prison inmate retains those constitutional rights that are not inconsistent 16 with his status as a prisoner or with the legitimate penological objectives of the correctional 17 system); Noguera v. Rowland, 1991 WL 148766 (9th Cir. July 29, 1991) (holding that a 18 condemned inmate’s claim to a right to conjugal visits under the Free Exercise Clause failed 19 because the inmate could not “show that the prison regulation prohibiting conjugal visits for 20 condemned inmates is not rationally related to a valid penological interest.”) 21 Due Process 22 To the extent plaintiffs attempt to raise procedural due process challenges in connection 23 with the July 30, 2009 incident report, or the 2010 hearing at San Quentin, such challenges appear 24 7 Plaintiff Sunkett retains the First Amendment right to free exercise of his religious faith, but 25 that right “is limited by institutional objectives and by the loss of freedom concomitant with incarceration.” Hartmann v. California Dep’t of Corrections and Rehab., 707 F.3d 1114, 1122 26 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342, 348 (1987)). To state a 27 cognizable claim under the Free Exercise clause of the First Amendment, plaintiff Sunkett must allege facts which show that the challenged regulation is not valid or neutral with respect to 28 religion. 1 to be time-barred. The statute of limitations for a § 1983 claim filed in California is two years, 2 and it may be tolled for up to two years for the disability of imprisonment for certain plaintiffs. 3 See Maldonado v. Harris, 370 F.3d 945, 954 (9th Cir. 2004); Cal. Civ. Proc. Code §§ 335.1, 4 352.1, 357. Plaintiffs filed the instant action on June 3, 2019, over nine years after the 5 Mendocino County Jail incident report issued. 6 Aside from the December 4, 2015 hearing at KVSP, plaintiffs identify no other 7 classification hearing or other hearing in which plaintiff alleges he was denied notice or an 8 opportunity to be heard. 9 Plaintiffs name defendants Voong and Lee, who worked in the CDCR Office of Appeals, 10 and plead that such defendants denied plaintiff Sunkett’s third level appeal. (ECF No. 28 at 14.) 11 However, prisoners do not have a “separate constitutional entitlement to a specific prison 12 grievance procedure.” Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 860 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Mann v. 13 Adams, 855 F.2d 639, 640 (9th Cir.1988)). Even the lack of, or the failure of prison officials to 14 properly implement, an administrative appeals process within the prison does not raise 15 constitutional concerns. Mann, 855 F.2d at 640. 16 Equal Protection 17 Plaintiffs fail to state an equal protection claim. To prevail on an equal protection claim, 18 plaintiffs must show that prison officials intentionally acted in a discriminatory manner. FDIC v. 19 Henderson, 940 F.2d 455, 4711 (9th Cir. 1991). Here, plaintiffs allege that they are denied family 20 visiting due to the false escape charge lodged against plaintiff while housed in the Mendocino 21 County Jail. Such facts fail to establish an equal protection violation. 22 Double Jeopardy 23 Plaintiffs allege that the CDCR and KVSP are “imposing a scheme of double jeopardy,” 24 purportedly in violation of the Fifth Amendment. (ECF No. 28 at 17.) The Double Jeopardy 25 Clause precludes “a second prosecution for the same offense,” and prevents “the State from 26 ‘punishing twice, or attempting a second time to punish criminally, for the same offense.’” 27 Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346, 369 (1997) (quoting Witte v. United States, 515 U.S. 389, 28 396 (1995)). Plaintiffs’ double jeopardy claim is unclear, but does not appear to apply. See 1 Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 528 (1975) (holding that the Double Jeopardy Clause applies only 2 to criminal proceedings). Plaintiffs concede that the subsequent criminal charges for escape were 3 dismissed. Moreover, double jeopardy does not normally apply to prison or jail disciplinary 4 proceedings. U.S. v. Bloom, 165 F. App’x 565, 567 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding that loss of good 5 time and prison discipline for escape did not bar subsequent criminal prosecution for escape); 6 Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 (1974) (prison disciplinary proceedings are not part of 7 criminal prosecution). The Ninth Circuit has held that prison sanctions are not “punishment” as 8 the term is used in double jeopardy because the sanctions are solely remedial. U.S. v. Brown, 59 9 F.3d 102, 104-105 (9th Cir. 1995). The instant case does not involve two criminal trials or two 10 criminal punishments, and therefore double jeopardy does not apply. 11 Deliberate Indifference 12 Finally, plaintiffs raise a “deliberate indifference” claim, ostensibly under the Eighth 13 Amendment, based on their allegations that defendants “compelled” plaintiffs to undertake 14 hunger strikes. However, such allegations are unavailing because hunger strikes were self- 15 imposed, and not conditions that were caused by defendants. 16 For all of the above reasons, plaintiffs fail to state cognizable federal civil rights claims as 17 to the remaining federal claims. 18 C. Potential State Law Claims 19 Plaintiffs allege violations of prison regulations, state law, and the California 20 Constitution,8 and set forth six separate causes of action based thereon. (ECF No. 28 at 23-25.) 21 Supplemental jurisdiction is constitutional so long as the pendent state law claim is part of the same “case or controversy” as the federal 22 claim. See Mendoza v. Zirkle Fruit Co., 301 F.3d 1163, 1174 (9th Cir.2002); 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) (providing “the district courts shall 23 have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to [federal claims] that they form part of the same case or 24 controversy under Article III”). Nonfederal claims are part of the same “case” as federal claims when they “derive from a common 25 nucleus of operative fact and are such that a plaintiff would ordinarily be expected to try them in one judicial proceeding.” 26 27 8 Plaintiffs filed a claim with the State of California Government Claims Board. (ECF No. 28 at 28 17; see also ECF No. 1 at 184-85.) 1 Trustees of Constr. Indus. & Laborers Health & Welfare Tr. v. Desert Valley Landscape & 2 Maint., Inc., 333 F.3d 923, 925 (9th Cir. 2003), quoting Finley v. United States, 490 U.S. 545, 3 549 (1989) (internal quotes and citation omitted). This court has discretion under 28 U.S.C. 4 § 1367(c) whether or not to exercise jurisdiction over state law claims. See Acri v. Varian 5 Assocs., Inc., 114 F.3d 999, 1000 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc) (noting that “a federal district court 6 with power to hear state law claims has discretion to keep, or decline to keep, them under the 7 conditions set out in § 1367(c)”). 8 Here, plaintiffs’ state law claims are solely based on, and related to, their claims 9 concerning the denial of family visiting, rather than the alleged deprivation of due process at the 10 December 4, 2015 hearing at KVSP. While the decision rendered at such hearing impacted 11 plaintiffs’ family visiting claims, the sole inquiry remaining in this court is whether plaintiff 12 received notice and an opportunity be heard. Thus, plaintiffs’ state law family visiting claims 13 substantially predominate over the sole remaining federal due process claim, and do not replicate 14 the discrete federal due process claim that remains viable here. Therefore, the undersigned 15 recommends that the district court decline to exercise jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(2). 16 V. Leave to Amend 17 Plaintiffs have twice amended their pleadings. The undersigned has considered whether 18 plaintiffs should be granted another opportunity to amend in an attempt to pursue federal claims 19 based on the alleged denial of family visiting. “Valid reasons for denying leave to amend include 20 undue delay, bad faith, prejudice, and futility.” California Architectural Bldg. Prod. v. Franciscan 21 Ceramics, 818 F.2d 1466, 1472 (9th Cir. 1988). See also Klamath-Lake Pharm. Ass’n v. Klamath 22 Med. Serv. Bureau, 701 F.2d 1276, 1293 (9th Cir. 1983) (while leave to amend shall be freely 23 given, “futile amendments should not be permitted.”). Because the identified deficiencies cannot 24 be cured in this context, and plaintiffs were provided opportunities to amend the original 25 complaint, the undersigned finds it would be futile to grant plaintiffs leave to amend to allege 26 additional federal claims. 27 Nevertheless, plaintiff Sunkett should be allowed to amend to pursue his due process 28 claim based on the deprivation of his right to notice and an opportunity to be heard as to 1 defendants Redmon and Boerum. Because plaintiff Flow-Sunkett does not have standing to 2 challenge the alleged due process violation, she should also be dismissed from this action. 3 VI. Request for Counsel 4 Plaintiffs request that the court appoint counsel for one or both of them. District courts 5 lack authority to require counsel to represent indigent prisoners in section 1983 cases. Mallard v. 6 United States Dist. Court, 490 U.S. 296, 298 (1989). In exceptional circumstances, the court may 7 request an attorney to voluntarily represent such a plaintiff. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1). Terrell 8 v. Brewer, 935 F.2d 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991); Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1335-36 9 (9th Cir. 1990). When determining whether “exceptional circumstances” exist, the court must 10 consider the plaintiff’s likelihood of success on the merits as well as the ability of the plaintiff to 11 articulate his claims pro se in light of the complexity of the legal issues involved. Palmer v. 12 Valdez, 560 F.3d 965, 970 (9th Cir. 2009) (district court did not abuse discretion in declining to 13 appoint counsel). The burden of demonstrating exceptional circumstances is on the plaintiff. Id. 14 Circumstances common to most prisoners, such as lack of legal education and limited law library 15 access, do not establish exceptional circumstances that warrant a request for voluntary assistance 16 of counsel. 17 Having considered the factors under Palmer, the court finds that plaintiffs have failed to 18 meet their burden of demonstrating exceptional circumstances warranting the appointment of 19 counsel at this time. 20 VII. Conclusion 21 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that plaintiffs’ motion for the appointment of 22 counsel (ECF No. 28) is denied without prejudice. 23 Further, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 24 1. Plaintiff Sunkett be granted thirty days in which to file a third amended complaint 25 solely as to his due process claims against defendants Redmon and Boerum. 26 2. Plaintiffs’ remaining claims against the remaining defendants be dismissed without 27 prejudice. 28 3. Plaintiff Flow-Sunkett be dismissed from this action. 1 4. The court decline to exercise jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ state law claims. 2 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 3 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one days 4 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, plaintiff may file written objections 5 | with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned “Objections 6 | to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Plaintiffs are advised that failure to file 7 | objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. 8 | Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 9 | Dated: March 18, 2021 1 Foci) Aharon 11 KENDALL J. NE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 12 B /sumk08 16.56 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 14