(SS) Linan v. Commissioner of Social Security ( 2021 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 3 4 JOANN LINAN, No. 1:20-cv-00525-GSA 5 Plaintiff, 6 v. ORDER DIRECTING ENTRY OF 7 JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF DEFENDANT ANDREW SAUL, Commissioner of Social COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY 8 Security, AND AGAINST PLAINTIFF 9 (Doc. 16, 19) Defendant. 10 11 I. Introduction 12 Plaintiff Joann Linan (“Plaintiff”) seeks judicial review of a final decision of the 13 Commissioner of Social Security (“Commissioner” or “Defendant”) denying her application for 14 disability insurance benefits pursuant to Title II of the Social Security Act. The matter is before 15 the Court on the parties’ briefs which were submitted without oral argument to the Honorable Gary 16 S. Austin, United States Magistrate Judge.1 See Docs. 16, 19, 20. After reviewing the record the 17 Court finds that substantial evidence and applicable law support the ALJ’s decision. Plaintiff’s 18 appeal is therefore denied. 19 II. Procedural Background 20 On March 10, 2017 Plaintiff applied for disability insurance benefits alleging disability as 21 of April 1, 2016 due to neck nerve damage, bilateral shoulder nerve damage, bilateral hip problems, 22 bilateral elbow problems and spine problems. AR 178–79; 238. The Commissioner denied the 23 application initially on July 26, 2017, and on reconsideration on December 14, 2017. AR 107–12; 24 114–20. 25 Plaintiff requested a hearing which was held before an Administrative Law Judge (the 26 27 28 1 The parties consented to the jurisdiction of the United States Magistrate Judge. See Docs. 8 and 9. “ALJ”) on September 11, 2018. AR 38–69. Plaintiff was represented by counsel at the hearing. 2 AR 38. On February 21, 2019 the ALJ issued a decision denying Plaintiff’s application. AR 14– 3 36. The Appeals Council denied review on February 19, 2020. AR 1–6. On April 13, 2020 4 Plaintiff filed a complaint in this Court. Doc. 1. 5 III. Factual Background 6 A. Plaintiff’s Testimony 7 Plaintiff previously worked part-time at Lowe’s counting money, reconciling the tills and 8 entering data on a computer. AR 43–45. She lifted 10 to 20 pounds, sat 70 percent of the workday, 9 and stood or walked 30 percent of the workday. AR 44. Prior to Lowe’s she worked at Foster 10 Farms for 20 years. She initially worked as a poultry inspector where she lifted more than 50 11 pounds, pushed/pulled more than 100 pounds, and stood 95 percent of the workday. AR 45, 47, 12 54. She was injured on the job and transferred to a quality assurance role involving data entry, 13 filing, ordering supplies and printing reports. AR 49–51, 54. She lifted more than 20 pounds but 14 less than 50 and worked mostly in a seated position. AR 51–52. 15 She struggled with impairments in both knees, shoulders, cervical spine and lumbar spine. 16 She underwent two arthroscopic knee surgeries and was scheduled for knee replacement surgery. 17 AR 55. She tore her right rotator cuff twice and underwent metal anchor implantation surgery. AR 18 55–56. She had left shoulder bursitis and struggled reaching out or up. AR 56. She had difficulty 19 dressing, reaching overhead, and she had to sit to shower. AR 56–57. She did minimal chores 20 around the house. She had difficulty ringing out a towel or stirring soup. AR 58. She used an 21 electric cart at the grocery store or left the shopping to her daughter. AR 58–59. She could drive 22 for 30 minutes before changing positions. AR 59. She used a cane and walker daily. AR 58. 23 B. Vocational Expert 24 The VE classified Plaintiff’s past employment as a quality control technician, 25 administrative assistant and cashier II at the heavy, medium and light exertional levels, respectively 26 (as performed). AR 62. All three jobs were classified at the light exertional level as generally 27 performed. The ALJ questioned the VE regarding a hypothetical individual with Plaintiff’s 28 vocational profile who could perform work at the light exertional level with various postural and manipulative limitations, most notably a limitation to frequent handling with the left/non-dominant 2 extremity. AR 62. The VE testified that such an individual could perform all three of Plaintiff’s 3 past jobs as generally performed, and could perform the job of cashier II as actually performed. 4 AR 62. The ALJ posed a second hypothetical with slightly different postural limitations and 5 removed the limitation to frequent handling with the left/non-dominant extremity. AR 63. The VE 6 testified that his answers would not change. AR 63. As a third hypothetical, if the individual had 7 to wear an Aspen (cervical) collar, all work would be precluded. AR 64. As a fourth hypothetical, 8 if the Aspen collar limitation were removed but the individual also required a cane for balance 9 when ambulating over 50 yards or on uneven terrain, no past work would be available but other 10 jobs existing in significant numbers in the national economy would be. AR 65. Specifically, 11 Plaintiff’s skills in office work, computer work and data entry would be transferrable to the 12 sedentary jobs of receptionist, order taker and typist clerk. AR 65. As a fifth hypothetical, if the 13 limitation to frequent handling with the left/non-dominant extremity were added back in, the same 14 jobs would be available. AR 66. If the individual were off task more than 10% of the day, no work 15 would be available. AR 66. If the limitation to frequent handling was reduced to occasional 16 handling, no work would be available. AR 67. The VE testified that none of his answers conflicted 17 with the DOT. AR 66. 18 C. Medical Records 19 Plaintiff’s claims of error involve only a select few medical records. An Agreed Upon 20 Medical Examiner’s report relating to Plaintiff’s workplace injury states that her “dominant arm is 21 the left one.” AR 661. November 18, 2016 emergency room notes reflect that Plaintiff was left- 22 handed. AR 346. In contrast, a March 28, 2017 physician’s treatment note refers to Plaintiff as 23 right-handed. AR 523. 24 Plaintiff underwent left elbow surgery on January 14, 2017 for left medial epicondylitis and 25 left cubital tunnel syndrome. AR 391–405, 438–439. Post-surgical medical records reflect 26 continued complaints of elbow pain, reduced shoulder range of motion, and an incomplete MRI 27 report revealed abnormalities of the acromioclavicular joint compressing the rotator cuff, bone-to- 28 bone contact of the acromioclavicular joint, tendinopathy of the rotator cuff and degenerative changes in the ligaments attaching the shoulder to the biceps tendons. AR 1139, 1141, 1145, 1147, 2 1166. 3 D. Medical Opinions and Administrative Findings 4 Non-examining state agency medical consultants J. Desai, M.D., and E. Wong, M.D., 5 reviewed Plaintiff’s medical file at the initial and reconsideration levels, respectively. Both 6 concluded that Plaintiff could perform light exertional work with limited pushing and pulling with 7 bilateral upper and lower extremities as well as other postural and manipulative limitations. AR 8 80–81; 95. The ALJ accorded these opinions partial weight except insofar as they failed to include 9 handling limitations to account for Plaintiff’s elbow impairment. AR 24. 10 The agency did not obtain a consultative examination. Plaintiff did not submit opinion 11 evidence from a physician or other source. 12 IV. Standard of Review, Generally 13 Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §405(g), this court has the authority to review a decision by the 14 15 Commissioner denying a claimant disability benefits. “This court may set aside the 16 Commissioner’s denial of disability insurance benefits when the ALJ’s findings are based on legal 17 error or are not supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole.” Tackett v. Apfel, 180 18 F.3d 1094, 1097 (9th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). Substantial evidence is evidence within the 19 record that could lead a reasonable mind to accept a conclusion regarding disability status. See 20 Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). It is more than a scintilla, but less than a 21 preponderance. See Saelee v. Chater, 94 F.3d 520, 522 (9th Cir. 1996) (internal citation omitted). 22 23 When performing this analysis, the court must “consider the entire record as a whole and may not 24 affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.” Robbins v. Social Security 25 Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 26 If the evidence could reasonably support two conclusions, the court “may not substitute its 27 judgment for that of the Commissioner” and must affirm the decision. Jamerson v. Chater, 112 28 F.3d 1064, 1066 (9th Cir. 1997) (citation omitted). “[T]he court will not reverse an ALJ’s decision 2 for harmless error, which exists when it is clear from the record that the ALJ’s error was 3 inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 4 5 1038 (9th Cir. 2008) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 6 V. The Disability Standard 7 To qualify for benefits under the Social Security Act, a plaintiff must establish that he or she is unable to engage in substantial gainful activity due to a medically 8 determinable physical or mental impairment that has lasted or can be expected to 9 last for a continuous period of not less than twe lve months. 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A). An individual shall be considered to have a disability only if . . . 10 his physical or mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable to do his previous work, but cannot, considering his age, education, and 11 work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy, regardless of whether such work exists in the immediate 12 area in which he lives, or whether a specific job vacancy exists for him, or whether 13 he would be hired if he applied for work. 42 U.S.C. §1382c(a)(3)(B). 14 To achieve uniformity in the decision-making process, the Commissioner has established a 15 sequential five-step process for evaluating a claimant’s alleged disability. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(a)- 16 (f). The ALJ proceeds through the steps and stops upon reaching a dispositive finding that the 17 claimant is or is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.927, 416.929. 18 Specifically, the ALJ is required to determine: (1) whether a claimant engaged in substantial 19 gainful activity during the period of alleged disability, (2) whether the claimant had medically 20 determinable “severe impairments,” (3) whether these impairments meet or are medically 21 equivalent to one of the listed impairments set forth in 20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1, (4) 22 whether the claimant retained the residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform his past relevant 23 work, and (5) whether the claimant had the ability to perform other jobs existing in significant 24 numbers at the national and regional level. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)-(f). While the Plaintiff bears 25 the burden of proof at steps one through four, the burden shifts to the commissioner at step five to 26 prove that Plaintiff can perform other work in the national economy, given her RFC, age, education 27 and work experience. Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1011 (9th Cir. 2014). 28 VI. The ALJ’s Decision 2 At step one the ALJ found that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since 3 her alleged disability onset date of April 1, 2016. AR 19. At step two the ALJ found that Plaintiff 4 had the following severe impairments: degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine; arthritis of 5 the lumbar spine; chondromalacia and meniscal tears of bilateral knees, status post arthroscopic 6 repairs of both knees; left shoulder bursitis, status post arthroscopic repair; right shoulder 7 osteoarthritis; epicondylitis and cubital tunnel syndrome of the left elbow, status post-surgical 8 repair; trochanteric bursitis of the bilateral hips; and osteoarthritis. AR 19. The ALJ found that 9 Plaintiff’s gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), diabetes, hypertension, obesity, nodular goiter, 10 depression and anxiety were non-severe. AR 19. At step three the ALJ found that Plaintiff did not 11 have an impairment or combination of impairments that met or medically equaled the severity of 12 one of the impairments listed in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. AR 21. 13 Prior to step four the ALJ evaluated Plaintiff’s residual functional capacity (RFC) and 14 concluded that, prior to October 26, 2017, Plaintiff had the RFC to perform light work as defined 15 in 20 C.F.R. 404.1567(b) and 20 C.F.R. 416.967(b), with some postural and manipulative 16 limitations, most notably a limitation to frequent handling with her left/non-dominant hand. AR 17 25. The ALJ also found that, beginning on October 26, 2017, Plaintiff had the RFC to perform 18 light work with some postural and manipulative limitations, no limitation to frequent handling with 19 the left hand, but a requirement that she use a cane for balance whenever ambulating over 50 yards 20 or on uneven terrain. AR 25. At step four the ALJ found that Plaintiff could perform her past 21 relevant work prior to October 26, 2017 but not thereafter. AR 27. At step five the ALJ found that, 22 beginning October 26, 2017, Plaintiff could perform other jobs existing in significant numbers in 23 the national economy, namely: receptionist, order taker and typist clerk. AR 28. Accordingly, the 24 ALJ found that Plaintiff had not been under a disability since her alleged disability onset date of 25 April 1, 2016. AR 29. 26 VII. Issues Presented 27 Plaintiff contends that the RFC for the period prior to October 26, 2017 was not supported 28 by substantial evidence because the ALJ overlooked evidence that Plaintiff’s left hand was her dominant hand (an error which undermined her hypothetical to the VE). Second, Plaintiff contends 2 the RFC was not supported for the period beginning October 26, 2017 because the ALJ overlooked 3 evidence of continued elbow limitations following her surgery--that the evidence may have 4 warranted a limitation to occasional handling, and that such a limitation would have eliminated 5 available work according to the VE. Br. at 23–25, Doc. 16. 6 A. Applicable Law 7 Before proceeding to step four, the ALJ must first determine the claimant’s residual 8 functional capacity. Nowden v. Berryhill, No. EDCV 17-00584-JEM, 2018 WL 1155971, at *2 9 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2018). The RFC is “the most [one] can still do despite [his or her] limitations” 10 and represents an assessment “based on all the relevant evidence.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(a)(1), 11 416.945(a)(1). The RFC must consider all of the claimant’s impairments, including those that are 12 not severe. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(e), 416.945(a)(2); Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 96–8p. 13 A determination of residual functional capacity is not a medical opinion, but a legal decision 14 that is expressly reserved for the Commissioner. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(d)(2) (RFC is not a 15 medical opinion), 404.1546(c) (identifying the ALJ as responsible for determining RFC). “[I]t is 16 the responsibility of the ALJ, not the claimant’s physician, to determine residual functional 17 capacity.” Vertigan v. Halter, 260 F.3d 1044, 1049 (9th Cir. 2001). In doing so, the ALJ must 18 determine credibility, resolve conflicts in medical testimony and resolve evidentiary ambiguities. 19 Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039–40 (9th Cir. 1995). 20 “In determining a claimant’s RFC, an ALJ must consider all relevant evidence in the record 21 such as medical records, lay evidence and the effects of symptoms, including pain, that are 22 23 reasonably attributed to a medically determinable impairment.” Robbins, 466 F.3d at 883. See also 24 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(3) (residual functional capacity determined based on all relevant medical 25 and other evidence). “The ALJ can meet this burden by setting out a detailed and thorough 26 summary of the facts and conflicting evidence, stating his interpretation thereof, and making 27 findings.” Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1989) (quoting Cotton v. Bowen, 799 28 F.2d 1403, 1408 (9th Cir. 1986)). 2 Pursuant to SSR 00-4p: 3 Occupational evidence provided by a VE or VS generally should be consistent with 4 the occupational information supplied by the DOT. When there is an apparent 5 unresolved conflict between VE or VS evidence and the DOT, the adjudicator must elicit a reasonable explanation for the conflict before relying on the VE or VS 6 evidence to support a determination or decision about whether the claimant is disabled. At the hearings level, as part of the adjudicator's duty to fully develop the 7 record, the adjudicator will inquire, on the record, as to whether or not there is such consistency. 8 9 Neither the DOT nor the VE or VS evidence automati cally “trumps” when there is a conflict. The adjudicator must resolve the conflict by determining if the 10 explanation given by the VE or VS is reasonable and provides a basis for relying on the VE or VS testimony rather than on the DOT information. 11 The conflict must be “obvious or apparent” to trigger the ALJ’s obligation to inquire further. 12 13 Lamear v. Berryhill, 865 F.3d 1201, 1205 (9th Cir. 2017). 14 B. Analysis 15 1. RFC for the Period Before October 26, 2017 16 Plaintiff cites two medical records noting she is left-handed and one record noting she is 17 right-handed. Br. at 23 (citing AR 661, 346, 523). Plaintiff therefore contends the ALJ should 18 have conducted an appropriate inquiry to resolve the ambiguity. Id. (citing Smolen v. Chater, 80 19 F.3d 1273, 1288 (9th Cir. 1996)). Plaintiff contends the ALJ’s failure to resolve the ambiguity 20 rendered her hypothetical to the VE improper insofar as the hypothetical involved a limitation to 21 frequent handling with the left/non-dominant hand, when the record is ambiguous as to handedness. 22 Plaintiff’s first argument concludes after one page with no attempt to explain how a different 23 finding as to handedness would have affected her ability to perform her past relevant work or other 24 work existing in the national economy, all of which require no more than frequent handling (without 25 explicit regard to handedness) consistent with Plaintiff’s RFC. 26 Defendant appropriately argues in response that Plaintiff did not meet her burden to 27 establish harmful error. See Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012) (“The burden 28 of showing that an error is harmful normally falls upon the party attacking the agency’s 2 determination.”); Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005) (“A decision of the ALJ 3 will not be reversed for errors that are harmless”); Greenwood v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 28 F.3d 4 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994) (“We will not manufacture arguments for an appellant, and a bare assertion 5 does not preserve a claim . . .”) (citation omitted). 6 Defendant also argues that handedness would not in fact impact Plaintiff’s ability to perform 7 the identified jobs under the DOT because “[e]ach of Plaintiff’s three past relevant occupations . . 8 . require only frequent handling with either hand, regardless of handedness.” Resp. at 10 (citing 9 DOT 529.387-030 (quality control technician); 219.362-010 (administrative clerk); 211.462-010 10 (cashier II)). In reply, Plaintiff cites Lamear, arguing that Defendant offered an inaccurate 11 statement of law, namely that the identified jobs require “frequent handling with either hand, 12 regardless of handedness.” The first half of Defendant’s statement does run contrary to Lamear. 13 However, that does not address the validity of Plaintiff’s claim of error, a claim which centers 14 around the issue of handedness, not on the distinction between unilateral and bilateral handling (the 15 issue in Lamear). 16 Lamear does not support Plaintiff’s argument because it had nothing to do with handedness. 17 In Lamear, the plaintiff was limited to occasional handling with his left, non-dominant hand, but 18 the VE testified he could perform jobs requiring frequent handling. Lamear v. Berryhill, 865 F.3d 19 1201, 1204 (9th Cir. 2017). The court found this to be an apparent conflict. Id. The Commissioner 20 argued that the error was harmless because the plaintiff had full use of his right hand and the DOT 21 did not specify that the handling requirement was bilateral. Id. The court rejected the argument 22 finding no basis to presume that the DOT’s handling requirement was unilateral. Id. The court 23 further explained that, based on the DOT’s descriptions of office helper, mail clerk and parking lot 24 cashier, it was likely and foreseeable that frequent bilateral handling would be necessary to perform 25 the jobs. Id. 26 In sum, the jobs in Lamear and in the case at bar both required frequent handling under the 27 DOT’s job descriptions. Lamear instructs that, unless a common sense understanding of a job’s 28 requirements indicates otherwise, a DOT job description requiring frequent handling means frequent on the right and frequent on the left (i.e. frequent bilateral handling). The Plaintiff in 2 Lamear could perform frequent handling on the right, but not on the left. Therefore, he could not 3 perform the identified jobs. Here, Plaintiff could perform frequent handling on the right and 4 frequent handling on the left. Accordingly, she could perform the identified jobs. Nothing in 5 Lamear or the DOT suggests that handedness changes the outcome. Indeed, Lamear strongly 6 suggests the opposite. Thus no conflict existed here between the VE’s testimony and the DOT. 7 2. RFC for the Period Beginning October 26, 2017 8 In the RFC for the period beginning October 26, 20 17, the ALJ omitted any handling 9 10 limitation in Plaintiff’s left hand because “the claimant had already undergone elbow surgery and 11 required no other significant treatment for her left elbow.” AR 27. Plaintiff contends the ALJ 12 overlooked evidence of continued post-surgical elbow limitations including continued reports of 13 pain to her physician, and “objective findings of decreased range of shoulder motion, and an 14 incomplete report of an MRI conducted on August 10, 2018 revealing abnormalities of the 15 acromioclavicular joint compressing the rotator cuff, bone-to-bone contact of the acromioclavicular 16 joint, tendinopathy of the rotator cuff, and degenerative changes in the ligaments attaching the 17 18 shoulder to the biceps tendons.” Br. at 24 (citing AR 1139, 1141, 1145, 1147, 1166). 19 Had the ALJ included a limitation to frequent handling with the left hand for the period 20 beginning October 26, 2017, the outcome would not have changed because the jobs identified by 21 the VE at step five required no more than frequently handling, just like Plaintiff’s past relevant 22 work at step four. See DOT 237.367-038 (receptionist), 249.362-026 (order taker), 203.362-010 23 (typist clerk). 24 25 Plaintiff also suggests that her medical records post elbow surgery warranted a limitation to 26 occasional handling, a limitation which the VE testified would be work preclusive. But Plaintiff 27 offers no support or explanation to bridge the gap between her impairments on the one hand, and a 28 hypothetical work-related limitation on the other. See Matthews v. Shalala, 10 F.3d 678, 680 (9th Cir. 1993) (“The mere existence of an impairment is insufficient proof of a disability” because the 2 “claimant bears the burden of proving that an impairment is disabling”). 3 Nothing on the face of the above-cited medical records supports the notion that Plaintiff 4 5 could perform handling with her left hand for only 1/3 of an 8-hour day (occasional), as opposed 6 to 2/3 of an 8-hour day (frequent). Nor does Plaintiff offer any testimonial or opinion evidence to 7 that effect from a treating physician, other medical source, third party or otherwise. The only 8 opinion evidence of record is from the non-examining state agency physicians who assessed no 9 handling limitations, an opinion which supported the ALJ’s RFC. See Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 10 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 2002) (noting that the opinion of a non-examining physician (such as a state 11 agency physician) may constitute substantial evidence when it is “consistent with independent 12 13 clinical findings or other evidence in the record.”). 14 Moreover, with the exception of elbow pain, the post-surgical medical records cited by 15 Plaintiff (as described above) relate to impairments of the shoulder, A/C joint, and rotator cuff, 16 impairments which seem more logically tethered to weight lifting and reaching capacities (for 17 which the ALJ assessed substantial limitations) than to the finer manipulation capacity of handling. 18 Similarly, Plaintiff’s testimony was more supportive of substantial reaching limitations than 19 handling limitations. She described her torn rotator cuff, shoulder bursitis, difficulty reaching out 20 21 or up, inability to wear items that require overhead reach, and the need to bring her head down to 22 her hands to style her hair. AR 17. She did testify that ringing a towel or stirring soup caused pain, 23 must be done slowly, and took a long time, not that she was unable to perform such activities for 24 more than 1/3 of an 8-hour day. 25 In short, Plaintiff’s one-page argument offers no explanation as to how the above-cited 26 medical records, or any other evidence of record, would support a limitation to occasional handling. 27 28 The possibility that her post-surgical elbow impairments could have been disabling is not dispositive as the Commissioner does not have the burden of disproving disability. Rather, Plaintiff 2 has the burden of proving disability, and she did not meet that burden.2 See Greenwood v. Fed. 3 Aviation Admin., 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994) (“We will not manufacture arguments for an 4 5 appellant, and a bare assertion does not preserve a claim . . .”) (citation omitted). See Ukolov v. 6 Barnhart, 420 F.3d 1002, 1005 (9th Cir. 2005) (“The claimant carries the initial burden of proving 7 a disability.”) (citation omitted). 8 VIII. Order 9 For the reasons stated above, the Court finds that substantial evidence and applicable law 10 support the ALJ’s conclusion that Plaintiff was not disabled. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s appeal from 11 the administrative decision of the Commissioner of Social Security is denied. The Clerk of Court 12 13 is directed to enter judgment in favor of Defendant Andrew Saul, Commissioner of Social Security, 14 and against Plaintiff Joann Linan. 15 16 IT IS SO ORDERED. 17 Dated: June 17, 2021 /s/ Gary S. Austin 18 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 Plaintiff argues for the first time in her reply brief that the ALJ failed to consider Plaintiff’s polyarthritis and chronic osteoarthritic changes when concluding that the post-October 26, 2017 25 RFC required no handling restrictions. Reply at 5, Doc. 20 (citing AR 26). The argument fails for the same reasons discussed above, namely that Plaintiff identifies no evidence supporting the notion 26 that these impairments precluded her from handling more than 1/3 of an 8-hour day. Moreover, this argument was raised for the first time in reply, a reply which contains a more detailed analysis 27 overall than her opening brief. That material should have been included in the opening brief. See 28 Thrasher v. Colvin, 611 F. App’x 915, 918 (9th Cir. 2015) (unpublished) (noting that arguments not raised in the opening brief are waived).