(PS) Van Den Heuvel v. Dorothy ( 2022 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JEAN MARC VAN DEN HEUVEL, No. 2:21–cv–2176–TLN–CKD PS 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER GRANTING IFP REQUEST & GRANTING LEAVE TO AMEND 14 DOROTHY, et al., (ECF Nos. 1-2) 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, who is proceeding without counsel in this action, seeks leave to proceed in forma 18 pauperis (“IFP”).1 (ECF No. 2.) See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (authorizing the commencement of an 19 action “without prepayment of fees or security” by a person who is unable to pay such fees). 20 Plaintiff’s affidavit makes the required financial showing, so plaintiff’s request is granted. 21 However, the determination that a plaintiff may proceed without payment of fees does not 22 complete the inquiry. Under the IFP statute, federal courts must screen IFP complaints and 23 dismiss any case that is “frivolous or malicious,” “fails to state a claim on which relief may be 24 granted,” or seeks monetary relief against an immune defendant. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); 25 Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126-27 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (“[S]ection 1915(e) not only 26 permits but requires a district court to dismiss an [IFP] complaint that fails to state a claim.”). 27 1 Because plaintiff is self-represented, all pretrial proceedings are referred to the undersigned 28 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Local Rule 302(c)(21). 1 Further, federal courts have an independent duty to ensure that federal subject matter jurisdiction 2 exists. See United Investors Life Ins. Co. v. Waddell & Reed Inc., 360 F.3d 960, 967 (9th Cir. 3 2004). 4 Legal Standards 5 A complaint fails to state a claim if it either lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient 6 facts to allege a cognizable legal theory. Mollett v. Netflix, Inc., 795 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 7 2015). To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than “naked 8 assertions,” “labels and conclusions,” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 9 action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007). In other words, 10 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 11 statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Furthermore, relief 12 cannot be granted for a claim that lacks facial plausibility. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim 13 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 14 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. 15 at 678. 16 When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted, 17 the court must accept the well-pled factual allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 18 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see Papasan v. 19 Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 283 (1986). The court is not, however, required to accept as true 20 “conclusory [factual] allegations that are contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint,” 21 or “legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations.” Paulsen v. 22 CNF Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009). 23 In addition, the court must dismiss a case if, at any time, it determines that it lacks subject 24 matter jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). A federal district court generally has jurisdiction 25 over a civil action when (1) a federal question is presented in an action “arising under the 26 Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States” or (2) there is complete diversity of 27 citizenship between the parties and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. 28 §§ 1331, 1332(a). 1 Pleadings by self-represented litigants are liberally construed. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 2 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972); Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988). 3 Unless it is clear that no amendment can cure the defects of a complaint, a self-represented 4 plaintiff proceeding IFP is ordinarily entitled to notice and an opportunity to amend before 5 dismissal. See Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superseded on other 6 grounds by statute as stated in Lopez, 203 F.3d 1122; Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1230 7 (9th Cir. 1984). Nevertheless, leave to amend need not be granted when further amendment 8 would be futile. See Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 339 (9th Cir. 1996). 9 The Complaint 10 Plaintiff names as defendants three librarians employed by the El Dorado County Public 11 Library, identifying them only by their first names: Dorothy and Krystal, who work at the 12 Placerville Branch, and Carolyn, who is listed as the “head librarian” for the County Library 13 overall, and also as the “enforcer of unethical banishments and exclusions.” (ECF No. 1 at 2.) 14 The complaint is difficult to follow and lists no causes of action, but it appears that plaintiff 15 wishes to assert claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for constitutional deprivations arising from his 16 temporary suspension from all branches of the County Library. (Id. at 4-8.) 17 As best the court can tell, plaintiff and defendant Dorothy had some sort of argument over 18 printing costs at the Placerville Branch, leading to plaintiff receiving a “notice” of a one-week 19 “expul[s]ion” and being escorted out of the library by police. (Id. at 4-5.) The complaint also 20 refers to defendant Carolyn, the head librarian, imposing “extended expul[s]ions” which seem to 21 have applied to all branches of the County Library. (Id. at 6-7.) The extended expulsion may 22 have lasted for several weeks, but it is unclear exactly when it was imposed or for how long. (See 23 id. (stating “#4 weeks,” and “#5 weeks”).) Defendant Krystal is mentioned only in the context of 24 having misinformed plaintiff about when his suspension would end, as it was apparently moved 25 from November 5 to November 9, 2021. (Id. at 7.) 26 The complaint suggests that plaintiff was suspended for violating the County Library’s 27 code of conduct, as it describes the typical suspension appeals processes for various public library 28 systems. Although plaintiff calls the librarian defendants “Nazis” and generally describes the 1 library’s regulations as “extremely harsh” (id. at 4-5, 7), he does not indicate what the stated basis 2 for his suspension was. The complaint does suggest that plaintiff was a regular visitor of various 3 of the branches, sometimes with his emotional support dog. (Id. at 4-7.) 4 Plaintiff alleges that he has certain disabilities, and his IFP application indicates that he 5 lives out of his truck. He accuses the librarian defendants of “ignoring [the] civil rights due for 6 handicapped persons [utilizing] their public libraries” and interfering with his ability to use the 7 library to process his self-represented legal claims in the courts. (Id. at 4-6.) He seeks $100,000 8 in damages for these injuries. (Id. at 4-5.) 9 Analysis 10 Plaintiff’s complaint currently fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 11 However, because he may have at least two colorable legal claims, he will be given an 12 opportunity to amend the complaint to allege the necessary facts to support those claims if he can 13 do so in good faith. 14 1. First Amendment Claim 15 First, the facts suggest that plaintiff may be able to assert a violation of the First 16 Amendment right of access to public libraries. The First Amendment’s protection of the “right to 17 receive information and ideas” has been held to encompass “the right to some level of access to a 18 public library.” Kreimer v. Bureau of Police for Town of Morristown, 958 F.2d 1242, 1255 (3d 19 Cir. 1992). That right, of course, is not without limits. Id.; Doyle v. Clark Cty. Pub. Libr., No. C- 20 3-07-0003, 2007 WL 2407051, at *5 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 20, 2007) (“The right of the public to use 21 the public library . . . is not absolute—it can be lost for engaging in conduct inconsistent with the 22 purpose of public libraries . . . .”). 23 “Most courts addressing this issue have relied on Kreimer to hold that a public library is ‘a 24 limited public forum.’” Grant-Davis v. Bd. of Trustees of Charleston Cty. Pub. Libr., No. 2:15- 25 CV-2676-PMD-MGB, 2017 WL 9360875, at *19 (D.S.C. May 24, 2017) (compiling cases). “As 26 a limited public forum, the Library is obligated only to permit the public to exercise rights that are 27 consistent with the nature of the Library and consistent with the government’s intent in 28 designating the Library as a public forum.” Kreimer, 958 F.2d at 1261 (recognizing library’s 1 purpose “to aid in the acquisition of knowledge through reading, writing and quiet 2 contemplation”). Thus, a library’s enforcement of a rule against (for example) harassing others or 3 noisy activities likely does not violate the First Amendment, provided it is applied reasonably. 4 See id. at 1263 (applying “reasonableness” standard and noting that “[p]rohibiting disruptive 5 behavior is perhaps the clearest and most direct way to achieve maximum library use.”); Grant- 6 Davis, 2017 WL 9360875, at *22-23 (dismissing First Amendment claim where plaintiff was 7 denied access to library for having violated its rules prohibiting “loud unreasonable, and or 8 disturbing actions” and “[t]hreatening behavior toward another person, either verbally or 9 physically”); Brinkmeier v. City of Freeport, No. 93 C 20039, 1993 WL 248201, at *5 (N.D. Ill. 10 July 2, 1993) (“[A] rule which prohibits disruptive behavior in a public library is at least 11 conceptually inoffensive to the First Amendment.”). 12 Here, a First Amendment claim is possible because plaintiff has adequately alleged that 13 “what led to [him] being banned from the library . . . was application or enforcement by library 14 personnel of some library rule or regulation.” See Berry v. Montilla, No. 3:16-CV-530 (AWT), 15 2018 WL 8729591, at *13 (D. Conn. Mar. 28, 2018). But what is missing is an explanation of 16 what conduct or activity plaintiff was engaging in that the library staff sought to punish or 17 prohibit by suspending him. At the screening stage, plaintiff need not identify specifically what 18 rule or regulation was being enforced, but he must provide sufficient facts for the court to 19 plausibly infer that the library was prohibiting conduct protected by the First Amendment and 20 within the scope of the purposes to which a library is dedicated. See Kreimer, 958 F.2d at 1261. 21 The complaint’s references to police involvement suggest that there may have been some 22 level of physical altercation or other extended disturbance that caused his suspension. If so, it 23 will be more difficult for plaintiff to state a First Amendment claim because a library’s 24 enforcement powers are at their peak when protecting the security of its staff or other patrons. 25 See Spreadbury v. Bitterroot Pub. Libr., 862 F. Supp. 2d 1054, 1056 (D. Mont. 2012) (upholding 26 library’s termination of plaintiff’s right to access library after he intimidated both library staff and 27 other patrons with his “disruptive” behavior); Grant-Davis, 2017 WL 9360875, at *22-23. The 28 court does not assume that is necessarily what happened here but mentions this aspect of the law 1 in order to explain to plaintiff why he must provide more detail as to the facts leading up to his 2 suspension(s) in order to proceed with a First Amendment claim. 3 As discussed below, in order to proceed with such a claim against any of the three named 4 defendants, plaintiff will also need to clarify exactly how each defendant personally contributed 5 to the constitutional violation asserted. 6 2. Due Process Claim 7 Next, plaintiff appears to be attempting to assert a procedural due process claim under the 8 Fourteenth Amendment, based on the suspension of his library privileges without proper notice or 9 procedural safeguards. 10 The Due Process Clause provides that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or 11 property without due process of law. In analyzing a procedural due process claim, a court must 12 determine (1) whether the claimant has been deprived of a liberty or property interest protected by 13 the Constitution; and (2) if so, whether the procedures surrounding that deprivation were 14 constitutionally sufficient. Kentucky Dep’t of Corrections v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 15 (1989). A person may be constitutionally deprived of a liberty interest if afforded due process. 16 Pinnacle Armor, Inc. v. United States, 648 F.3d 708, 716 (9th Cir. 2011). Thus, to adequately 17 state a procedural due process claim, the plaintiff must allege facts to plausibly show both that 18 (1) he had a constitutionally protected property or liberty interest, and (2) he was deprived of that 19 interest without the necessary procedural protections. 20 As to the first element, some courts have recognized a protected liberty interest in the use 21 of a public library, grounded in the First Amendment right discussed above. See Doyle v. Clark 22 Cty. Pub. Libr., No. C-3-07-0003, 2007 WL 2407051, at *5 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 20, 2007) (“The 23 right of the public to use the public library is best characterized as a protected liberty interest 24 created directly by the First Amendment.”); Wayfield v. Town of Tisbury, 925 F. Supp. 880, 885 25 (D. Mass. 1996). In Doyle, the court accepted a two-year ban, while in Wayfield the court found 26 a four-month suspension sufficient to implicate a liberty interest protectible under the Fourteenth 27 Amendment. See Doyle, 2007 WL 2407051, at *4-5; Wayfield, 925 F. Supp. at 882, 885. 28 //// 1 Here, it is unclear either how long plaintiff was suspended or how broadly his 2 suspension(s) applied. A one-week suspension from one branch library, when others appear 3 equally accessible to plaintiff, likely would not give rise to a protectible liberty interest. See 4 Grigsby v. City of Oakland, No. C 01-0010 MMC, 2002 WL 1298759, at *2 (N.D. Cal. June 10, 5 2002) (holding that a single-evening suspension was a de minimis interruption of library access 6 and “simply does not implicate a cognizable liberty interest”) (citing Dittman v. State of 7 California, 191 F.3d 1020, 1029 (9th Cir. 1999) for proposition that governmental restrictions 8 causing only “brief interruption” in ability to pursue chosen occupation or profession do not 9 implicate protected liberty interest). On the other hand, a suspension of several weeks to a month, 10 barring plaintiff from any public library in the county, would likely raise a colorable liberty 11 interest sufficient for screening purposes. In amending the complaint, plaintiff must include more 12 facts clarifying the exact nature of the suspension or suspensions he experienced. 13 As to the second element, the complaint contains insufficient facts to determine whether 14 or not plaintiff can plead that he was suspended without the proper procedural safeguards. “Due 15 process is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands.” 16 Armstrong v. Meyers, 964 F.2d 948, 950 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 17 319, 334 (1976)). In determining what amount of process is due before a government actor may 18 deprive a citizen of liberty or property, courts balance three factors: “First, the private interest 19 that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such 20 interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute 21 procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government’s interest.” Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335. “The 22 essential requirements of due process . . . are notice and an opportunity to respond.” Cleveland 23 Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 546 (1985). 24 Thus, in order to satisfy the second element of the analysis, plaintiff must at minimum 25 explain what process he was or was not afforded by the library—either before or after he was 26 suspended. See Okereke v. Foley, No. CV 17-10220-GAO, 2017 WL 2837003, at *1 (D. Mass. 27 June 30, 2017) (dismissing due process claim for failure to allege “sufficient details as to what 28 process occurred or did not occur before the suspension”). 1 The complaint refers to some sort of “notice of exupl[s]ions” but also suggests that 2 plaintiff may have been escorted out of the library without advance warning on certain occasions. 3 (ECF No. 1 at 5-6.) In any amended complaint, plaintiff should explain when and how he was 4 informed of his suspension, whether he received any advance notice, and whether and how he 5 was able to respond to the library’s proposed or actual suspension of his privileges. If plaintiff 6 has a copy of any written notice of suspension from the library, it would be helpful to attach the 7 notice to the amended complaint, or at least describe its contents. 8 Plaintiff is informed that notice and an opportunity to respond pre-suspension is not 9 necessarily required, since in some circumstances, post-suspension process is sufficient. See, 10 e.g., Doyle, 2007 WL 2407051, at *5 (noting public interest in immediate intervention to protect 11 public safety). Further, in identifying what process plaintiff believes he should have (but did not) 12 receive, the pleadings should indicate what purpose the proposed process would serve. See 13 Moore v. Wisconsin Dep’t of Admin., No. 11-CV-304-BBC, 2011 WL 1897772, at *2 (W.D. 14 Wis. May 18, 2011) (screening out IFP complaint where pleadings failed to show what purpose a 15 pre-suspension hearing would have served, for instance if he was falsely accused or banned 16 without warning or denied an opportunity for reinstatement). 17 3. Need for More Specific Allegations Overall 18 In addition to the allegations necessary to state the claims outlined above, plaintiff must 19 also provide greater detail regarding the overall timeline of events and how each of the three 20 named defendants were involved. Although the Federal Rules adopt a flexible pleading policy, a 21 complaint must give each defendant fair notice of what the claim is against them and the grounds 22 on which it rests. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007); see Fed. R. Civ. 23 P. 8(a) requiring a “short and plain statement” of (1) the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction and 24 (2) the claim showing that plaintiff is entitled to relief). Plaintiff must allege with at least some 25 degree of particularity overt acts which defendants engaged in that support plaintiff's claims. 26 Further, to proceed under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the statute permitting private suits for 27 violation of constitutional rights, a plaintiff must plead that each government-employee 28 defendant, through her own personal acts, committed the constitutional violations in question. 1 See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676 (2009); Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1205-07 (9th Cir. 2 2011) (plaintiff must show either (a) that each defendant directly and personally participated in 3 the harm or (b) some sufficient causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and the 4 alleged constitutional violation). As best the court can tell from the complaint, defendants 5 Dorothy and Krystal did not directly cause plaintiff’s suspension or perform any other acts that 6 might infringe his constitutional rights. Although they may have played a role in the events 7 leading to plaintiff’s suspension, it appears that only defendant Carolyn was the “enforcer” of the 8 County Library’s rules against plaintiff. 2 Unless the amended complaint affirmatively shows 9 Dorothy and Krystal’s connection to the constitutional deprivations at issue, they should not be 10 named as defendants in any amended complaint. 11 Leave to Amend 12 In light of plaintiff’s pro se status, and because it is possible that plaintiff could allege 13 facts to potentially state the claims described above, the court grants plaintiff an opportunity to 14 amend the complaint. See Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1130 (“leave to amend should be granted if it 15 appears at all possible that the plaintiff can correct the defect”) (cleaned up). 16 If plaintiff elects to file an amended complaint, this new pleading shall be captioned as the 17 “First Amended Complaint” and must set forth each of plaintiff’s legal causes of action in 18 separate sections clearly identifying which defendant(s) are allegedly at fault for each claim, and 19 clearly identifying what legal cause of action is being asserted (for example: Claim I against 20 defendants X, Y, and Z for “Due Process Violation,” Claim II against defendants X and Y for 21 “First Amendment Violation”). Under each section, plaintiff must then list the specific factual 22 allegations supporting that particular claim. (For brevity, plaintiff may refer to specific prior 23 paragraphs.) For each claim, plaintiff must allege what specific conduct defendant engaged in, 24 when the conduct occurred, and how the conduct harmed him. However, the statement of the 25 claim should be kept relatively “short.” 26 2 Should an amended complaint ultimately warrant court-performed service, it will be necessary 27 for plaintiff to provide the full name of each defendant to be served. The court notes that El Dorado County Library lists Carolyn Brooks as its Director of Library Services. 28 https://eldoradolibrary.org/contact-us/. ] Plaintiff is informed that the court cannot refer to a prior complaint or other filing in order 2 || to make the first amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended 3 || complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. As a general rule, an 4 | amended complaint supersedes the original complaint, and once the first amended complaint is 5 || filed, the original complaint no longer serves any function in the case. 6 Finally, nothing in this order requires plaintiff to file a first amended complaint. If 7 || plaintiff determines that he is unable to amend the complaint in compliance with the court’s 8 | order, he may alternatively file a notice of voluntary dismissal of his claims without prejudice 9 || pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i). 10 ORDER 11 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 12 1. Plaintiffs request to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED; 13 2. Within 30 days of this order, plaintiff shall file either (a) a first amended complaint in 14 accordance with this order, or (b) a notice of voluntary dismissal of the action; and 15 3. Failure to timely comply with this order will result in a recommendation that the action be 16 dismissed with prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). 17 | Dated: January 10, 2022 / ae □□ / a Ly a 18 CAROLYN K DELANEY 19 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 20 21 22 || 19.vand.2176 23 24 25 26 27 28 10