TG v. Kern County ( 2020 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 T.G., et al., ) Case No.: 1:18-cv-0257 JLT ) 12 Plaintiffs, ) ORDER GRANTING FINAL APPROVAL OF THE ) CLASS ACTION SETTLEMENTS 13 v. ) (Doc. 60) ) 14 KERN COUNTY, et al., ) ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR ) FEES AND COSTS 15 Defendants. ) (Doc. 59) ) 16 17 T.G., P.P., and J.A. assert they suffered discrimination as minors with disabilities held in Kern 18 County’s juvenile detention facilities. According to Plaintiffs, “these facilities have the effect of 19 punishing, isolating, and intimidating the young people in their care, while depriving them of crucial 20 educational and rehabilitative opportunities.” (Doc. 1 at 2) Thus, Plaintiffs filed a complaint seeking 21 declaratory and injunctive relief from Kern County; the Kern County Probation Department; and T.R. 22 Marickel, Chief of the Probation Department (“the Probation Defendants”), as well as Kern County 23 Superintendent of Schools and Mary Barlow, Superintendent of Schools (“the Schools Defendants”). 24 T.G. and P.P. entered into settlement agreements with the Probation Defendants and the 25 Schools Defendants, and the parties jointly seek final approval of the two class action settlements.1 26 (Doc. 60) Plaintiffs also seek approval of the settlement terms for P.P. (Doc. 58) and an award of 27 28 1 J.A. was not a party to the settlement because he “is over 18 years old, has completed all of his probation 1 attorneys fees (Doc. 59). Defendants do not oppose these requests, and class members have not made 2 any objections to the settlement terms or an award of fees. 3 The Court finds the matters suitable for decision without oral arguments. Therefore, the 4 motions are taken under submission pursuant to Local Rule 230(g) and General Order 618, and the 5 hearing date of June 8, 2020 is VACATED. 6 Because Plaintiffs bear the burden to demonstrate certification of the Settlement Class is 7 appropriate under Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and that the terms of the settlements 8 are fair, reasonable, and adequate, the joint motion for final approval is GRANTED. In addition, the 9 request for attorney fees and be GRANTED in the amount of $900,000.00 as to the Probation 10 Defendants and $858,743.43 as to the Schools Defendants. 11 BACKGROUND 12 Plaintiffs allege that Kern County, through its Probation Department, “manages and controls the 13 juvenile detention facilities” in which Plaintiffs and the putative class are housed. (Doc. 1 at 4) These 14 facilities include Juvenile Hall, Pathways Academy, Furlough Treatment and Rehabilitation Program, 15 and a separate Crossroads facility. (Id. at 4-5, ¶ 14) Plaintiffs contend the Probation Defendants “must 16 provide ‘a safe and supportive homelike environment’ at the Kern Juvenile Facilities and may not treat 17 these facilities as ‘a penal institution.’” (Id. at 5, ¶ 18, quoting Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 851) 18 On average, the Juvenile Hall complex and Crossroads “house more than 250 youth at any one 19 time.” (Doc. 1 at 4, ¶ 14) According to Plaintiffs, “at least 30 to 60 percent of the youth in the Juvenile 20 Hall complex have a mental health, behavioral, learning, intellectual, and/or developmental disability.” 21 (Id. at 11, ¶ 49) In addition, Crossroads has been described as “a Juvenile Correctional Treatment 22 Facility” by Defendants, who also “report[ed] to the Board of State and Community Corrections 23 (BSCC) that 100 percent of the youth at Crossroads have open mental health cases.” (Id., ¶ 50) 24 TR Merickel, the Chief Probation Officer for Kern County, “oversees, manages, and directs the 25 Kern Juvenile Facilities.” (Doc. 1 at 5, ¶ 15) Plaintiffs contend, “Chief Merickel has overarching 26 responsibilities” the affect the “access to educational and rehabilitative programming” of detained 27 youth. (Id., ¶ 20) Plaintiffs report that “Chief Merickel must ‘provide for the administration and 28 operation of juvenile court schools’ at the Kern Juvenile Facilities in conjunction with the County 1 Board of Education.” (Id. at 5-6, ¶ 20, quoting Cal. Code Regs., tit. 15, § 1370(a)) In addition, the 2 Probation Defendants “have the ability to remove students from the classroom, effecting a change in 3 placement, affect the general school schedule of instructional minutes, and determine whether a youth 4 may leave his or her unit on any given day to attend an on-site school.” (Id. at 6, ¶ 25) 5 The on-site schools at the Kern Juvenile Facilities are operated and overseen by the Kern 6 County Superintendent of Schools (“KCSOS”). (Doc. 1 at 7, ¶ 27) According to Plaintiffs, “[m]ost 7 youth housed at the Juvenile Hall complex attend Central School, an on-site school operated by the 8 KCSOS and Probation Defendants. (Id. at 9, ¶ 45) Youth housed at Crossroads attend Redwood High 9 School, which is the on-site school for the facility. (Id. at 10, ¶ 46) However, “youth with a high- 10 security status” are barred by Defendants from attending Central School and Redwood High School. 11 (Id. at 9-10, ¶¶ 45-46) Instead, high-security youth at Juvenile “receive instruction in their housing unit 12 through the Unit School,” while high-security youth at Crossroads are “placed on independent study.” 13 (Id.) “Probation staff directly supervise students at all times” while they are in any classroom at 14 Central School, Redwood High, and the Unit School. (Id.) 15 Plaintiffs assert that because KCSOS is the “local education agency … responsible for juvenile 16 court schools, KCSOS must insure that youth with disabilities detained at Kern Juvenile Facilities 17 receive a free appropriate public education within the least restrictive environment” pursuant to the 18 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (Doc. 1 at 7, ¶ 28) In addition, Plaintiffs allege that 19 because the Schools Defendants “receive federal financial assistance under the IDEA, they are 20 responsible for providing all school-eligible persons with disabilities who reside in Kern County with 21 special education programs administered in compliance with federal and State laws and regulations.” 22 (Id. at 7, citing 20 U.S.C. § 1413(a)) Further, Plaintiffs contend the Schools Defendants “have an 23 independent duty to ensure that all individuals who qualify for special education services, including 24 detained students, have access to appropriate special education programs and related services.” (Id. at 25 8, ¶ 32, citing Cal. Educ. Code § 56140(a)) 26 At the time of the filing of the complaint, T.G. was seventeen years old and housed at the 27 Juvenile Hall complex, where he attended the Unit School. (Doc. 1 at 33, ¶ 182) T.G. “first entered 28 Kern Juvenile Facilities around the age of thirteen and “has been held at the Juvenile Hall complex and 1 Crossroads at various points in time.” (Id., ¶ 183) T.G. has learning disabilities, and “has been 2 diagnosed at various points in time with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder with 3 psychotic features, Bipolar Depression, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, as well as a 4 mood disorder and anger problems. (Id. at 33-34, ¶ 184) According to Plaintiffs, “[t]hese impairments 5 substantially limit one or more major life activities of T.G., qualifying him as an individual with a 6 disability.” (Id. at 34, 184) T.G. reports probation staff used pepper spray on him “on multiple 7 occasions,” including when he was “acting in a manner consistent with and on account of his 8 disabilities.” (Id., at 34, ¶ 188) T.G. also asserts that he has been subjected to physical force and 9 placed in administrative segregation for behavior “consistent with and account of his disabilities.” (Id., 10 ¶¶ 191, 193) Furthermore, T.G. alleges he “has an individualized education plan and “has been eligible 11 for special education and related services at all relevant times,” yet has not received “appropriate 12 special education instruction and interventions nor appropriate related services.” (Id. at ¶¶ 182, 197) At 13 an unidentified time during his housing at a Kern Juvenile Facility, T.G. was placed on suicide watch. 14 (Id. at 34, ¶ 187) 15 Plaintiff P.P. “first entered Kern Juvenile Facilities around the age of thirteen,” and was 16 detained at Crossroads when the complaint was filed. (Doc. 1 at 36, ¶¶ 202-203) P.P. was “diagnosed 17 with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, Bipolar Affective Disorder, and anger problems,” 18 which “substantially limit one or more major life activities …, qualifying him as an individual with a 19 disability.” (Id., ¶ 204) He was placed on suicide watch at an unidentified time while housed in the 20 Kern Juvenile Facilities. (Id., ¶ 205) P.P. has been disciplined—including pepper spray, physical 21 restraints, and placed “in solitary confinement and isolation”—and removed from class for exhibiting 22 “behavior consistent with and on account of his disabilities.” (Id. at 36-37, ¶¶ 206-209, ¶ 214) P.P. 23 reports he “spent at least fifty (50) days in isolation during his commitments to Crossroads and Juvenile 24 Hall,” and asserts the periods of isolation were “because he was unable to conform his behavior on 25 account of his mental health disabilities, and staff did not accommodate or take into account his 26 disabilities when deciding to discipline and punish him.” (Id., ¶ 210) He asserts that he was unable to 27 complete the program at Crossroads because he “could not obtain medication” for his mental 28 impairments. (Id., ¶ 212) Further, P.P. alleges he has an IEP, but Defendants did not “consistently” 1 follow it, and he did “not receive[] the accommodations, supports, and services he needs in order to 2 access his education.” (Id., ¶ 213) 3 On February 21, 2018, Plaintiffs T.G., P.P., and J.A. initiated this action by filing a complaint 4 on behalf of themselves and all other persons similarly situated, asserting the following causes of 5 action: (1) violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.; (2) violation of 6 the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794 et seq.; (3) violation of the Individuals with Disabilities 7 Education Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq.; (4) violation of Cal. Gov’t Code § 11135; and (5) violation of 8 California Education Code for Students with Disabilities.2 (See generally Doc. 1 at 40-55) Plaintiffs 9 sought declaratory and injunctive relief including: 10 a. reasonable modification to policies practices, and procedures related to chemical and physical force, prone restraint, isolation, solitary confinement, behavior 11 management, mental health programming, reentry, special education, and classroom management to ensure that youth do not suffer discrimination because of their 12 mental health, behavioral, learning, intellectual, and/or developmental disabilities; 13 b. free appropriate public education and meaningful access to education, including compliance with all general and special education laws and regulations that protect 14 students with disabilities; [and] 15 c. educational and rehabilitative services for all youth with disabilities who are isolated as a disciplinary measure for any amount of time[.] 16 17 (Id. at 55-56) On March 8, 2018, the parties filed a stipulation and request to stay the proceedings, 18 reporting they had “entered into a Structured Negotiations Agreement… to guide [their] upcoming 19 good faith attempts at resolution.” (Doc. 10 at 2) Thus, the Court stayed the matter. (Doc. 11) 20 The parties selected the Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators, Inc. (“CJCA”) to 21 provide expert evaluations of the facilities. (Doc. 36 at 12) In addition, the parties jointly selected 22 Peter Leon, Ph.D. and Judy Elliot, Ph.D. to provide education expert opinions. (Id.) In May 2018, the 23 “CJCA conducted on-site inspections at the facilities,” while Drs. Leon and Elliot conducted their 24 inspection in June 2018. (Id.) “The experts met with administrators, staff, and youth at the Facilities, 25 and requested and reviewed documents and information pertaining to the Facilities, and the education 26 provided to youth confined therein.” (Id.) The parties report the “CJCA and Education Experts each 27 28 2 Rebecca P. was appointed the guardian ad litem for P.P. (Doc. 46) Because T.G. and J.A. are no longer minors, 1 provided a written report and recommendations to the Parties containing their evaluation of the issues 2 at the Facilities… along with recommended changes to polices, practices, and procedures at the 3 Facilities.” (Id.) Following the receipt of the experts’ reports, the parties “met and conferred jointly 4 and separately by phone and in person more than twenty times … to negotiate the Settlement 5 Agreements and strategies for implementing and monitoring these recommendations.” (Id. at 13) 6 On July 3, 2019, the parties reported they had “reached an agreement in principle regarding the 7 system-wide, injunctive remedies for the putative class.” (Doc. 27 at 3, ¶ 7) The parties reported 8 Plaintiffs and the Probation Defendants “negotiated and developed a written plan, titled the ‘Probation 9 Action Plan,’ that lays out the significant changes that the Probation Defendants will make in their 10 juvenile detention facilities and the Parties’ plans for implementation and monitoring.” (Id., ¶ 8) In 11 addition, Plaintiffs and the Schools Defendants developed the “Court Schools Implementation Plan,” 12 which identified “significant changes that the Schools Defendants will adopt in the schools that serve 13 students housed at the juvenile detention facilities, as well as the Parties’ plans for implementation and 14 monitoring.” (Id., ¶ 9) Based upon this information, the Court lifted the stay in the action. (Doc. 34) 15 On December 4, 2019, the Court granted preliminary approval of the class action settlements 16 including the Probation Settlement (with the County of Kern, Kern County Probation Department, and 17 Chief TR Merickel) and the Kern County Superintendent of Schools (“KCSOS”) Settlement with the 18 Kern County Superintendent of Schools and Superintendent Mary C. Barlow in her official capacity. 19 (Doc. 50) The Court appointed Plaintiffs T.G. and P.P. as the Class Representatives. (Id. at 30) In 20 addition, the Court appointed Disability Rights Advocates and Disability Rights California as Class 21 Counsel, and authorized Class Counsel to file a motion for approval/award of attorneys’ fees and costs. 22 (Id. at 30-31) On December 17, 2020, the Court approved the Class Notice that conveyed this 23 information to class members. (Docs. 51, 52) The Class Notice also informed class members of the 24 class definition approved by the Court, the claims and issues to be resolved, how class members could 25 comment upon or object to the settlements, and the binding effect of a class judgment. (See Doc. 52) 26 Following the Court’s approval, Defendants posted the Class Notice at Juvenile Hall, Camp 27 Erwin Owen, and Kern Crossroads; mailed the Class Notice to parents, guardians, and if necessary 28 probation officers if a guardian was unknown; and posted the Class Notice on their websites. (See 1 generally Doc. 55; Doc. 56-1; Doc. 56-2, Doc. 56-3; Doc. 56-4) No Class Members filed objections or 2 comments to the Settlement Agreements. (See Doc. 60 at 8) 3 TERMS OF THE SETTLEMENTS 4 The Probation Settlement and KCSOS Settlement are each intended to settle the claims for a 5 single class defined as follows: 6 [A]ll youth with mental health, behavioral, learning, intellectual and/or developmental disabilities as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act, Section 504 of the 7 Rehabilitation Act, and/or Individuals with Disabilities Education Act who are currently detained, or who will be detained during the Monitoring Term (through August 31, 8 2022), at the Kern County Juvenile Facilities (Juvenile Hall, Crossroads, and Camp Erwin Owen).3 9 10 (Doc. 60 at 12) 11 I. The Probation Settlement 12 The settlement between Plaintiffs and Probation Defendants functions “in conjunction with the 13 related Kern Probation Action Plan,” which is incorporated into the settlement agreement. (Doc. 60-2 14 at 2, Probation Settlement § 1.3) Thus, the terms of both the settlement and the Action Plan are 15 addressed by the Court. 16 A. Terms and Modification to Policies and Procedures 17 With the Probation Action Plan, the defendants intend “to transition from a corrections model to 18 a treatment model, with new training for staff to reform,” and provides for “special attention paid to 19 youth with disabilities.” (See Doc. 36 at 15, citing Probation Plan § 1) The Action Plan is divided into 20 sections, which address the facilities’ culture and environment; case management system programming; 21 training; youth, family, and staff input; complaints and grievances; use of Oleoresin Capsicum (“O.C.” 22 or “pepper”) spray; use of restrictive housing such as isolation, seclusion, and confinement; and re- 23 entry. (See generally Doc. 60-2 at 23-66) 24 The Probation Department will create an Implementation Team, which “will consist of Juvenile 25 Corrections Officers, Deputy Probation Officers, facility managers, and executive management” to 26 27 3 The Settlement Agreements indicate the class would be certified for youth “currently detained, or who will be detained during the Monitoring Term (defined in Section 6.1.1, below).” (See Doc. 60-2 at 2, § 2.5; Doc. 60-3 at 2, § 2.5) 28 Because the Monitoring Term began upon execution of the agreements on August 30, 2019, and was to run for three years, 1 oversee the Action Plan. (Doc. 60-2 at 22; see also Doc. 60 at 12) This team will meet on a monthly 2 basis initially, “with frequency of meetings to be determined as progress is made.” (Doc. 60-2 at 23) 3 1. Facility Culture and Environment 4 In an effort to modify the culture at each of the facilities, the Probation Department will 5 “[c]reate avenues for staff communication including regular meetings (at least quarterly) with 6 Managers and Union shop stewards at each at each facility, open dialogue in unit meetings, managers 7 to be available to discuss issues at meetings, through emails or in office, staff surveys will continue on 8 a periodic basis.” (Doc. 60-2 at 23) 9 The Probation Defendants will create also “Re-Entry, ADA and Programming (‘RAP’) Units 10 within each of the Facilities, comprising a total of 26 staff members.” (Doc. 60 at 12) Staff for the 11 RAP Units “will be completely separate from existing facility housing unit staffing,” and “will be 12 assigned as coordinators for Re-Entry, Program, Volunteer, School and ADA services.” (Id.) The 13 RAP Unit staff will be trained as to be part of the Crisis Awareness Response (CARE) team, which 14 will be “designated to respond to crisis situations within each facility in an attempt to de-escalate 15 situations before they deteriorate further.” (Id. at 12-13) 16 In addition, Probation Defendants intend to coordinate culture change across Kern County 17 Juvenile Facilities through: 18 (1) reading and learning more about developmentally informed juvenile justice and positive youth strategies; (2) visiting juvenile facilities that have embraced 19 developmentally informed juvenile justice, trauma informed, therapeutic environments and positive youth development; (3) communicating with agency directors who have 20 made a similar transition; (4) incorporating the principles of the above ideas into all training, policies and procedures and providing continuing education for staff; (5) 21 providing strong leadership for the above ideas and reinforcing in all communication with staff; (6) consulting with experts on the above ideas for assistance in incorporating 22 the principles into training, policies and procedures; and (7) ensuring job descriptions and hiring processes reflect the changes in [these] ideas. 23 24 (Doc. 60 at 13, citing Probation Plan § 8; see also Doc. 60-2 at 38-39) 25 Finally, the Action Plan provides that the Probation Defendants will work on changing the 26 atmosphere of the facilities, because “[i]f the [facility] looks and feels like a prison, youth will behave 27 like prisoners.” (Doc. 60-2 at 34) The Probation Department is seeking to improve the physical look 28 of the facilities “by creating more artwork, murals, and inspirational sayings.” (Doc. 60 at 16) The 1 parties report the “[p]ainting and homelike improvements have mostly been completed in the living 2 units,” and the anticipated completion date was three months from the Settlement Agreement. (Doc. 3 60-2 at 34) They also intend to offer “more books, games, and craft supplies, to assist in fostering a 4 homelike environment.” (Doc. 60 at 16, citing Probation Plan § 6) 5 2. Case Management System 6 Section 2 of the Probation Plan indicates that the Probation Department “will acquire a Case 7 Management System that can provide critical measures in monthly reports to track the use of force, 8 including O.C. spray, mutual fights, youth assaults, room confinement, youth grievances and other 9 issues, for ease of monitoring compliance with the Probation Implementation Plan.” (Doc. 60 at 13, 10 citing Probation Plan § 2) The Probation Department restructured its budget for this purpose, and will 11 purchase Benchmark software for tracking. (Doc. 60-2 at 25) To the extent Benchmark cannot 12 capture relevant case management data, the Probation Department will track that information in an 13 Excel spreadsheet. (Id.) 14 3. Programming 15 The Probation Department will “[r]each out to local resources” and “[d]evelop full schedule of 16 structured activities for afternoons, evenings and weekends.” (Doc. 60-2 at 27) The department will 17 “assign a volunteer coordinator to conduct outreach and manage volunteer activities” and “get input 18 from staff, volunteers, youth and families for ideas on reducing idleness and providing more 19 meaningful and structured activities for youth.” (Doc. 60 at 13-14, citing Probation Plan § 3) The 20 facilities will “[p]ost a daily schedule of activities that is reviewed by leadership,” who will “ensure 21 [the] program schedule is followed.” (Id. at 14; Doc. 60-2 at 27) The department will also perform 22 “[p]eriodic surveys assessing the programming available and desired by youth and staff.” (Doc. 60-2 23 at 28) 24 4. Training and Coordination with KCSOS 25 The action plan provides that the Probation Department will “[a]dopt a Safe Crisis 26 Management system focusing on de-escalation,” and the department chose the Crisis Prevention 27 Institute (CPI) as its de-escalation system. (Doc. 60-2 at 29) All probation staff will receive training 28 in crisis intervention, trauma informed care, adolescent development and behavior, and mental health 1 disabilities. (Doc. 60 at 14, citing Probation Plan § 4) In addition, the Probation Department will 2 ensure that partner agencies, such as KCSOS, “are included in training opportunities to ensure 3 continuity of services and [that a] common language is used.” (Doc. 60-2 at 30) Likewise, Probation 4 staff will “attend trainings provided by KCSOS.” (Doc. 60 at 14, citing Probation Plan § 18) 5 The Probation Department and KCSOS will work together to integrate ADA accommodations, 6 Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), Educationally Related Mental Health Services (ERMHS), 7 and other services, by having RAP Unit staff attend the meetings. (Doc. 60-2 at 64) Probation will 8 also consult with KCSOS in “(1) drafting youth handbooks at an appropriate comprehension level for 9 special education students, (2) making accessible sensory tools for special education students, and (3) 10 increasing the number and variety of reading materials available to youth in their housing units.” 11 (Doc. 60 at 14, citing Probation Plan § 18) 12 5. Youth, Family, and Staff Input 13 The Probation Department will create and provide surveys to youth, families, and staff “to 14 determine strengths, service gaps, and perception… regarding [the] facilities, programs and services.” 15 (Doc. 60-2 at 32; see also Doc. 60 at 14, citing Probation Plan § 5) In particular, the youth and family 16 surveys will address: “[a]ctivities, [behavior management systems], sanctions, facility rules, re-entry 17 process and services[,] medical and mental health services, staff relations, [and] safety concerns.” (Id.) 18 The surveys will be available “on an on-going basis,” with survey distribution and collection occurring 19 every six months. (Id.) Survey data will be compiled within one month of each completed survey 20 round, and implementation of appropriate suggestions will occur “as soon as reasonably possible,” 21 depending upon the “level of accepted suggestions and resource availability.” (Id. at 33) 22 6. Complaints and Grievances 23 The Probation Department will “[d]evelop a robust review process for staff and youth 24 grievances to ensure facility leadership is aware of and addresses such concerns.” (Doc. 60 at 14, 25 citing Probation Plan § 7) This will involve using Excel spreadsheets to track the “number of youth 26 grievances and categories (types of grievances) consistently across all facilities.” (Doc. 60-2 at 36) 27 Clerical staff at the facilities will report the youth grievance statistics on a monthly basis to Facility 28 Managers, who then will report the statistics during Executive Review Committee Meetings. (Id.) 1 7. Pepper Spray and Uses of Force 2 “Probation Defendants will incorporate strategies to mitigate the need for use of force, 3 including reducing the use of O.C. spray.” (Doc. 60 at 14, citing Probation Plan § 9) The Plan provides 4 that the “spray should be used only when [there is a] clear and present threat of safety.” (Doc. 60-2 at 5 41) As part of this effect, the Probation Department will use the CARE team to de-escalate situations, 6 “[p]rovide training to all facility staff to include de-escalation via CPI,” receive training from Dr. Tasha 7 Arneson on “trauma informed care and mental health,” and conduct “in-house Reality Based Training.” 8 (Id.; see also Doc. 60 at 14-15) 9 8. Isolation, Seclusion, and Confinement 10 The Probation Defendants will also work to “gradually reduce the length of time youth spend 11 in isolation.” (Doc. 60 at 15, citing Probation Plan § 10) The parties report: 12 Probation Defendants will: (1) eliminate the “program restriction” sanctions that require youth to sit in a chair outside of their rooms; (2) create CARE teams to resolve 13 and de-escalate situations without the use of isolation; (3) limit the amount of time a youth spends in separation following a safety and security incident; (4) change policy 14 and procedures to reduce time youth spend in separation for investigations or pending disciplinary hearings; and (5) consult with youth and staff to develop and implement a 15 more robust behavior management and incentive system. 16 (Id. at 15, citing Probation Plan § 9) The Probation Defendants “[w]ill track number and types of 17 room separations at Juvenile Hall and Crossroads consistently.” (Doc. 60-2 at 58) 18 In addition, the defendants will also “[c]arefully look at [the] practice of voluntary room 19 confinement,” while acknowledging this “is difficult to manage and can lead to youth not engaging in 20 programming.” (Doc. 60-2 at 58) Currently, “Mental Health Consultation Slips are required after 24 21 hours of self- separation and a running log is started after 4 hours of self-separation.” (Id.) The policy 22 is now being changed “to require Mental Health Consultation Slips after 4 hours of self-separation 23 instead of after 24 hours of separation.” (Id.) Under the amended policy, staff will also be directed “to 24 consider Mental Health Consultation Slips for youth who self- separate less than 4 hours, but who do 25 so frequently.” (Id.) 26 9. Special Cases Meetings 27 The RAP Units will “include additional specialized staffing, which will allow for increased 28 case planning in terms of both ADA accommodations and Re-entry.” (Doc. 60-2 at 52) These new 1 RAP Units at each facility “will oversee Special Cases Meetings, where the RAP Unit staff and other 2 staff will discuss youth on the Special Cases List, e.g., youth with security, mental health, ADA, 3 education, behavioral, and/or medical issues.” (Doc. 60 at 15, citing Probation Plan § 13) 4 10. Individualized Safety and Security Program 5 The Probation Department will revise the manual for its Individualized Safety and Security 6 Program (“ISSP”) “to ensure that behavioral health professionals have experience with youth with 7 disabilities, trauma informed care, delinquency variables, and have training in leading a team.” (Doc. 8 60 at 15, citing Probation Plan § 14) An ADA section will be added to the ISSP manual “to 9 acknowledge youth’s disabilities,” and direct that “youth will not ‘unfairly or disproportionately’ be 10 affected due to ADA considerations.” (Doc. 60-2 at 54) 11 ISSP plans will clearly identify: “(1) why the plan would not unfairly or disproportionately 12 deprive youth of programs, services or increase his time in custody; (2) how the plan relates to other 13 special education, behavioral, mental health, or medical plans; (3) the youths’ progress on the ISSP; 14 (4) why any modifications or revisions are made; and (5) when reviews occur (no less than weekly).” 15 (Doc. 60-2 at 54, citing Probation Plan § 14) Youth and their parents (or guardians) will be informed 16 of the ISSP plan, how to participate in the process, and recourses available if they disagree with the 17 ISSP plan. (Id.) 18 11. Suicide Prevention 19 The Probation Department will change the language in its suicide prevention policy to: “be 20 more in line with the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument (“MAYSI”).” (Doc. 60 at 16, citing 21 Probation Plan § 15) This will enable the department “to identify the potential mental health needs of 22 adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system and … more accurately reflect risk-level 23 identification and awareness.” (Id.) 24 12. Re-Entry 25 The RAP Unit at each facility “will include staff dedicated to re-entry case planning.” (Doc. 26 60-2 at 61) The re-entry staff will outline and discuss plans and goals during meetings that occur at 27 least bi-monthly, including the following topics: living environment, education, vocation, medical, and 28 mental health. (Id.) The re-entry staff at Juvenile Hall shall “identify long term youth on the detention 1 side to provide case planning meetings to identify and address service needs, both in and out of 2 custody.” (Id.) Further, the Probation Department will continue to offer work-related experience in 3 areas such as construction, food services, and agriculture. (Id. at 62) 4 B. Monitoring and Expiration of the Settlement 5 The parties selected the Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators (“CJCA”) “to act as 6 the Monitoring Expert to monitor compliance with the Probation Plan for the term of the Probation 7 Settlement.” (Doc. 60 at 16; see also Doc. 60-2 at 6, § 6.1.3) As the Monitoring Expert, CJCA will 8 “have complete access to staff and youth records,” as well as any information “necessary to assist in 9 conducting the review of the Action Plan and monitoring Probation Defendants’ progress in 10 implementing that Action Plan.” (Doc. 60-2 at 67, §§ 6.1.2, 6.2.1) “The Monitoring Expert will 11 prepare a written report for review and comment by the Parties on a quarterly basis for the first year of 12 the Monitoring Term and on a semiannual basis thereafter.” (Doc. 60 at 16, citing Doc. 60-2 § 6.2.2) 13 Each monitoring report will be reviewed by Plaintiffs’ counsel, which will provide written feedback, if 14 any, to the Monitoring Expert and counsel for the Probation Defendants. (Id.) 15 The parties also agreed the Probation Settlement would be “in effect from the Execution Date 16 until the completion of the Monitoring Term and issuance of the final monitoring report.” (Doc. 60-2 17 at 9, Probation Settlement § 8) As noted above, the Monitoring Term ends “three years after the 18 Execution Date of the Probation Settlement.” which will be August 31, 2022 for the Probation 19 Settlement. (See Doc. 36 at 14, n. 6) 20 C. Releases 21 The Probation Settlement provides the Plaintiffs and Class Members, “[i]n exchange for the 22 injunctive relief proposed,” release the Probation Defendants from claims arising from February 21, 23 2016, though the term of the agreement. (Doc. 60 at 17) Specifically, the agreement provides: 24 The “Released Injunctive Claims” are any and all claims, rights, demands, charges, complaints, actions, suits, and causes of action, for injunctive or declaratory relief, that 25 have been brought in the Lawsuit under the ADA, Rehabilitation Act, IDEA, and/or state laws arising from February 21, 2016, through the Term of the Agreement brought 26 against Probation Defendants. The Released Injunctive Claims do not include any claims for compensatory education or individual due process claims arising under the 27 IDEA or Section 504, any claims for reasonable accommodations related to physical access, communication access, and/or accommodations otherwise relating to hearing, 28 vision and/or mobility disabilities arising under the ADA or Section 504, or any monetary claims that may exist under any relevant laws. Released Injunctive Claims do 1 not include any claim to enforce the terms of this Agreement. Released Injunctive Claims do not include claims against Schools Defendants. 2 3 (Doc. 60-2 at 12-13, § 11.2) 4 D. Attorneys’ Fees, Costs, and Expenses 5 The Probation Defendants have agreed Plaintiffs’ Counsel shall be awarded $900,000 in 6 attorneys fees and costs, subject to the Court granting final approval of the class action settlement. 7 (Doc. 60 at 18; Doc. 60-2 at 13, § 12) Under the terms of the agreement, within thirty days of 8 preliminary approval of the agreement and certification of the settlement class, “Plaintiffs’ Counsel 9 shall provide counsel for Probation Defendants complete billing records that Plaintiffs’ Counsel would 10 submit to the Court pursuant to a motion for approval.” (Doc. 60-2 at 13, § 12.1.4) 11 The parties have agreed that “Plaintiffs will move for approval by the Court of the reasonable 12 attorneys’ fees, expenses, and costs incurred by Plaintiffs’ Counsel, pursuant to Rule 23(h) of the 13 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,” in the amount of $900,000. (Doc. 60-2 at 13, § 12.2) The amount 14 shall be paid by the Probation Defendants within sixty days of final approval of the settlement. (Id., 15 §12.1.2) Of this total, Plaintiffs Counsel anticipates setting aside $25,000 “for fees, expenses, and 16 costs incurred in monitoring … implementation of [the] Agreement.” (Id. § 12.1.3) 17 II. The KCSOS Settlement 18 This agreement between Plaintiffs and Schools Defendants functions “in conjunction with the 19 related Kern Court Schools Implementation Plan,” which is incorporated into their settlement 20 agreement. (Doc. 60-3 at 2, KCSOS Settlement § 1.3) Plaintiffs and the Schools Defendants “executed 21 an Addendum to the KCSOS Settlement… to address the briefly delayed start of monitoring and the 22 COVID-19 pandemic’s unforeseen effects on monitoring in light of physical school closures.” (Doc. 23 60 at 8; see Doc. 62-1) Pursuant to the Addendum, the monitoring term began January 1, 2020, and 24 will be held “in abeyance until regular, in-person instruction can resume.” (Doc. 60 at 19, citing 25 Addendum ¶4.b [Doc. 62-1 at 2]) 26 A. Modifications to Policies and Procedures 27 The Schools Defendants “agreed to make most of the changes recommended by the Education 28 Experts in their Report.” (Doc. 60-3 at 5, § 5.1) Thus, the Schools Defendants will take a number of 1 steps to improve education programs at each of the facilities. (See Doc. 60 at 19) 2 1. Access to Adequate Education, Special Education, and Related Services for Youth with Disabilities 3 4 KCSOS will develop an intake classroom at Juvenile Hall’s Central School, which will be used 5 to assess all new students “during their initial detention.” (Doc. 60-3 at 20, Schools Plan § 1.1) 6 KCSOS will: 7 (1) assess students’ needs, including the need for Education Related Mental Health Services (“ERMHS”); (2) provide basic instruction in literacy, numeracy, and current 8 events; (3) determine students’ prior school history and special education eligibility; (4) identify English learners; and (5) determine students’ instructional needs. 9 10 (Doc. 60 at 19-20, citing Schools Plan §§ 1.1 and 2.10) In addition, the youth will be placed in classes 11 by their grade level and grouped by ability level, if necessary, “to ensure they are receiving grade 12 appropriate content and coursework.” (Id., citing Schools Plan § 1.2) Students who satisfy graduation 13 requirements will be provided with vocational learning and post-secondary college opportunities. (Id.) 14 KCSOS also intends to hire additional staff to provide services, implement new technology, and 15 provide training to educational staff. (Doc. 60 at 20-21, citing Schools Plan §§ 1.6, 1.7, 1.10, 1.11) For 16 example, KCSOS will hire additional librarians and school counselors, and “provide professional 17 learning opportunities for educational staff to reinforce and further develop the delivery of robust and 18 engaging instruction.” (Id. at 20) Special education staff will use a co-teaching model, and the 19 schedule will be modified “from half day of student contact to full day with push in services and/or 20 student group… work within [the] general education setting.” (Doc. 60-3 at 35, Schools Plan § 1.15) 21 2. Behavioral Interventions and Supports, Mental Health Care, Educationally Related Mental Health Services, and Transition Planning 22 23 KCSOS will provide “[s]ensory break tools… for all students during educational programming” 24 at Central School Camp Owen, and Redwood. (Doc. 60-3 at 37) In addition, “KCSOS will designate a 25 variety of ‘chill out’ options to meet the individual needs of students,” with breaks provided per 26 students’ IEPs, or as otherwise appropriate. (Id.) 27 Incidents where youth are removed from school will be tracked by KCSOS, which will gather 28 data related to the “youth, date, reason, number of minutes, personnel requesting removal.” (Doc. 60-3 1 at 39) The collected information will be reviewed on a weekly basis at the Special Cases Meetings in 2 collaboration with Mental Health, Probation, and school staff. (Id.) Further, a monthly report of this 3 information will be reviewed at the CASE meeting and by KCSOS administration. (Id. at 40; see also 4 Doc. 36 at 20, citing Schools Plan § 2.4) 5 KCSOS will also work with the Educationally Related Mental Health Services (ERMHS) 6 providers and clinicians. (Doc. 60 at 20) Specifically, the parties agreed KCSOS will: 7 (1) create a system to ensure all service providers, including ERMHS clinicians, are made aware of pending release dates of students so that planning and transition 8 services can be coordinated (Schools Plan § 2.6); (2) invite designated mental health clinicians, in addition to ERMHS providers, to IEP meetings of youth on their 9 caseloads and participate in the development of the goals and objectives for mental health and related services on youths’ [IEPs] (Schools Plan § 2.8); (3) ensure that 10 ERMHS providers communicate with mental health providers to promote therapeutic delivery of mental health services for youth with IEPs (Schools Plan § 2.13); and (4) 11 provide regular orientation and training for Probation staff on mental health diagnoses and the impact on youth behavior (Schools Plan § 2.12). 12 13 (Doc. 60 at 20-21) 14 3. Reasonable Accommodations 15 The Educational Experts recommended KCSOS “[d]evelop or adopt a screening instrument as 16 part of an intake assessment process to identify youth with disabilities ….” (Doc. 60-3 at 48) Thus, 17 the Schools Plan provides that KCSOS will hold “[a] meeting with mental health clinicians, ERMHS 18 providers and other appropriate personnel to develop a screening instrument that is used upon intake 19 that identifies youth with disabilities under ADA and IDEA who are entitled to accommodations, 20 support and protection while in custody.” (Id.) This will be implemented in the Intake Classroom for 21 Central School, Camp Owen, and Redwood. (Id.) In addition, KCSOS intends to “[w]ork with the 22 county ADA coordinator at Central (and Redwood and Camp Owen when hired) and other appropriate 23 staff to … regularly monitor [the] provision of accommodations, protections and support of youth 24 under ADA and IDEA.” (Id. at 50) 25 4. Training and Coordination with Probation 26 Education staff will receive training “on the use of data to drive instructional decision making, 27 including training on a suite of data reports that are used by administration and education staff to 28 manage, coordinate services and monitor performance for all students including students with 1 disabilities.” (Doc. 60 at 21, citing Schools Plan §§ 4.1, 4.2) This data will be regularly reviewed “at 2 administrative and staff meetings to monitor youth performance across multiple measures.” (Id., citing 3 Schools Plan § 4.3) KCSOS will also create an electronic log for data that “documents the process and 4 outcome of youth referred to the Student Support Team.” (Id., citing Schools Plan § 4.5) 5 In addition, professional learning opportunities will be established for education and Probation 6 staff addressing “mental health diagnoses and behavior, identification of youth with disabilities, de- 7 escalation strategies, restorative practices, Behavior Intervention Plans, [the] ADA…, Individualized 8 Education Plans…, ERMHS and other related services, and the behavior management system.” (Doc. 9 60 at 21, Schools Plan §§ 4.10-4.13) KCSOS will also schedule meetings with Probation and education 10 staff related to “critical incident[s] and ADA protocol reviews, new or revised policies and practices, 11 and to problem solve areas of need.” (Id., citing Schools Plan §§ 4.14- 4.17) 12 B. Monitoring and Expiration of the Settlement 13 Plaintiffs and the Schools Defendants selected Judy Elliot, Ph.D. to act as the Monitoring 14 Expert to monitor KCSOS’s compliance with the Schools Plan for the term of the KCSOS Settlement, 15 which is currently in abeyance due to the COVID-19 pandemic. (See Doc. 60-3 at 6, §6.1; Doc. 60 at 16 22) As the Monitoring Expert, Dr. Elliot will “have complete access to staff and youth records (except 17 any individual student’s counseling, therapy, or psychological service notes that are not part of the 18 student’s education record),” as well as “any and all information she deems necessary to assist in 19 conducting the review of the Implementation Plan and monitoring Schools Defendants’ progress.” 20 (Doc. 60-3 at 6-7, §§ 6.1.2, 6.2.1) Dr. Elliot “will prepare a written report for review and comment by 21 the Parties on a quarterly basis for the first year of the Monitoring Term and on a semiannual basis 22 thereafter.” (Id. at 24, citing KCSOS Settlement § 6.2.2.3) Each monitoring report will be reviewed 23 by Plaintiffs’ counsel, which will provide written feedback, if any, to the Monitoring Expert and 24 counsel for KCSOS. (Id.) 25 The parties also agreed the KCSOS Settlement would “remain in effect from the Execution 26 Date until the completion of the Monitoring Term and issuance of the final monitoring report.” (Doc. 27 60-3 at 9, KCSOS Settlement § 8) As noted above, the Monitoring Term will run for three years, and 28 resume once in-person classes resume for students. (Doc. 60 at 19) 1 C. Releases 2 The KCSOS settlement provides the Plaintiffs and Class Members, “[i]n exchange for the 3 injunctive relief proposed,” release the KCSOS Defendants from claims arising from February 21, 2016, 4 though the term of the agreement. (Doc. 60 at 24, citing KCSOS Settlement § 11) Specifically, the 5 agreement provides: 6 The “Released Injunctive Claims” are any and all claims, rights, demands, charges, complaints, actions, suits, and causes of action, for injunctive or declaratory relief, that 7 have been brought in the Lawsuit under the ADA, Rehabilitation Act, IDEA, and/or state laws arising from February 21, 2016, through the Term of the Agreement brought 8 against Schools Defendants. The Released Injunctive Claims do not include any claims for compensatory education or individual due process claims arising under the IDEA or 9 Section 504, any claims for reasonable accommodations related to physical access, communication access, and/or accommodations otherwise relating to hearing, vision 10 and/or mobility disabilities arising under the ADA or Section 504, or any monetary claims that may exist under any relevant laws. Released Injunctive Claims do not 11 include any claim to enforce the terms of this Agreement. Released Injunctive Claims do not include claims against Probation Defendants. 12 13 (Doc. 60-3 at 12-13, § 11.2) 14 D. Attorneys’ Fees, Costs and Expenses 15 Plaintiffs and the Schools Defendants have agreed upon an “award of $858,743.43 in reasonable 16 attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in litigating this lawsuit with the KCSOS Defendants.” (Doc. 60 at 17 24) In addition, the parties have agreed upon a “structure for periodic payment of reasonable fees and 18 costs related to future mentoring work.” (Id.) Schools Defendants have agreed to not oppose this 19 motion. (Id. at 25) 20 III. Objections Procedure 21 Any class member who wished could file objections or concerns related to the Settlements, and 22 the Class Notice contained information for the Class Members related to this procedure. (See Doc. 51-1 23 at 10) Class Members were informed that any comments or objections must be made in writing no 24 later than March 16, 2020, and be either mailed to the Robert E. Coyle United States Courthouse or 25 delivered in person. (Id.) 26 IV. Service of the Class Notice Packets and Response of Class Members 27 Following the Court’s approval, Defendants posted the Class Notice in visitor areas, entrance 28 lobbies, and housing units at Juvenile Hall, Camp Erwin Owen, and Kern Crossroads. (Doc. 56-4 at 2, 1 Dickinson Decl. ¶¶ 4-5; see also Doc. 56-1 at 4, Graham Decl. ¶ 7; Doc. 56-2 at 3, Inman Decl. ¶¶ 7-9) 2 The Class Notice was also posted in classrooms at the facilities. (Doc. 56-3 at 2, Rojas Decl. ¶ 4) On 3 December 20, 2019, each youth in custody at the facilities also received hand-delivered copies of the 4 Notice in English and Spanish, and signed forms verifying the receipt. (Doc. 56-4 at 3, Dickinson 5 Decl. ¶¶ 10-14) 6 On December 30, 2020, Defendants mailed 275 packets of the Class Notice to parents and 7 guardians. (Doc. 56-4 at 4, Dickinson Decl. ¶¶ 17-20) In four cases, there was not a parent or guardian 8 identified in the Criminal Justice Information System, and the envelopes were mailed “to the youths’ 9 assigned Probation Officers with instructions to mail or deliver them to those youths’ parents/guardians 10 should their whereabouts become known in the future.” (Id. at 4-5, Dickinson Decl. ¶ 21) Finally, the 11 Class Notice was posted on the websites of Class Counsel, the Probation Department, and KCSOS. 12 (Doc. 55 at 3, Zito Decl. ¶¶ 2-5; Doc. 56-3 at 2-3, Rojas Decl. ¶ 8; Doc. 56-4 at 3, Dickinson Decl. ¶ 8) 13 No Class Members filed objections or comments to the Settlement Agreements. 14 APPROVAL OF CLASS SETTLEMENTS 15 When parties settle the action prior to class certification, the Court has an obligation to “peruse 16 the proposed compromise to ratify both the propriety of the certification and the fairness of the 17 settlement.” Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 952 (9th Cir. 2003). Approval of a class settlement is 18 generally a two-step process. First, the Court must assess whether a class exists. Id. (citing Amchem 19 Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 620 (1997)). Second, the Court must “determine whether the 20 proposed settlement is fundamentally fair, adequate, and reasonable.” Id. (citing Hanlon v. Chrysler 21 Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1026 (9th Cir. 2998)). The decision to approve or reject a settlement is within 22 the Court’s discretion. Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1026. 23 I. Class Certification4 24 Class certification is governed by Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which 25 provides that “[o]ne or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf 26 of all.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). Under the terms of the parties’ agreements, the proposed Settlement 27 28 4 Because the class was only conditionally certified upon preliminary approval of the Settlement, final 1 Class is comprised of: 2 [A]ll youth with mental health, behavioral, learning, intellectual and/or developmental disabilities as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act, Section 504 of the 3 Rehabilitation Act, and/or Individuals with Disabilities Education Act who are currently detained, or who will be detained during the Monitoring Term (through August 31, 4 2022), at the Kern County Juvenile Facilities (Juvenile Hall, Crossroads, and Camp Erwin Owen). 5 6 (Doc. 36 at 15) Plaintiffs seek conditional approval of the class for settlement pursuant to Rule 23, 7 under which the Court may “make a conditional determination of whether an action should be 8 maintained as a class action, subject to final approval at a later date.” See Fry v. Hayt, Hayt & Landau, 9 198 F.R.D. 461, 466 (E.D. Pa. 2000)). 10 Parties seeking class certification bear the burden of demonstrating the elements of Rule 23(a) 11 are satisfied, and “must affirmatively demonstrate . . . compliance with the Rule.” Wal-Mart Stores, 12 Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 350 (2011); Doninger v. Pacific Northwest Bell, Inc., 563 F.2d 1304, 1308 13 (9th Cir. 1977). If an action meets the prerequisites of Rule 23(a), the Court must consider whether the 14 class is maintainable under one or more of the three alternatives set forth in Rule 23(b). Amchem 15 Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 614 (1997); Narouz v. Charter Communs., LLC, 591 F.3d 1261, 16 1266 (9th Cir. 2010). 17 A. Rule 23(a) Requirements 18 The prerequisites of Rule 23(a) “effectively limit the class claims to those fairly encompassed 19 by the named plaintiff’s claims.” General Telephone Co. of the Southwest. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 20 155-56 (1982). Certification of a class is proper if: 21 (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the 22 representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. 23 24 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). These prerequisites are generally referred to as numerosity, commonality, 25 typicality, and adequacy of representation. Falcon, 457 U.S. at 156. 26 1. Numerosity 27 A class must be “so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 28 23(a)(1). This requires the Court to consider “specific facts of each case and imposes no absolute 1 limitations.” General Telephone Co. v. EEOC, 446 U.S. 318, 330 (1980). Although there is not a 2 specific numerical threshold, “[c]ourts have routinely found the numerosity requirement satisfied when 3 the class comprises 40 or more members.” Collins v. Cargill Meat Solutions Corp., 274 F.R.D. 294, 4 300 (E.D. Cal. 2011) (citing Ansari v. New York Univ., 179 F.R.D. 112, 114 (S.D.N.Y. 1998)); see also 5 Romero v. Producers Dairy Foods, Inc., 235 F.R.D. 474, 485 (E.D. Cal. 2006) (“courts have held that 6 classes as small as 40 satisfy the numerosity demand”); Patel v. Trans Union, LLC, 308 F.R.D. 292, 7 304 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (“courts have held that classes as small as 40 satisfy the numerosity demand”); 8 Previously, the parties noted that “the population of detained youth changes from month to 9 month, and even day to day, as youth enter and leave each of the Facilities.” (Doc. 36 at 27) However, 10 Probation Defendants report that the class included “at least 54 youth across the Facilities who were 11 detained and known to have disabilities as of July 2019.” (Id.) Further, the class includes “every 12 unknown future youth with disabilities in the Facilities thru the end of the Agreement...” (Id.) 13 Therefore, the numerosity requirement is satisfied by the Settlement Class. 14 2. Commonality 15 Rule 23(a) requires “questions of law or fact common to the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2). 16 Commonality “does not mean merely that [class members] have all suffered a violation of the same 17 pro-vision of law.” Wal-Mart Stores, 564 U.S. at 350. The requirement is satisfied where there is a 18 “common contention” that is “of such a nature that it is capable of classwide resolution.” Id. 19 “Plaintiffs contend, and Defendants do not contest for settlement purposes, that the 20 commonality requirement is satisfied because Defendants have system-wide policies and practices that 21 apply to all Class members.” (Doc. 36 at 28) In addition, the parties report “[a]ny injunctive or 22 declaratory remedy would apply to the entire Class because the changes Plaintiffs seek are to 23 Defendants’ system-wide policies and practices.” (Id. at 28-29) Indeed, the Action Plan and Schools 24 Plan demonstrate the youth at each of the Juvenile Facilities are subject to similar—if not the same— 25 policies and procedures. Accordingly, the Court finds the commonality requirement is satisfied for 26 purposes of settlement. 27 3. Typicality 28 This requirement requires a finding that the “claims or defenses of the representative parties are 1 typical of the claims or defenses of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). A claim is not required to be 2 identical, but rather “reasonably coextensive” with those of the absent class members. Hanlon, 150 3 F.3d at 1020. “The test of typicality is whether other members have the same or similar injury, whether 4 the action is based on conduct which is not unique to the named plaintiffs, and whether other class 5 members have been injured by the same course of conduct.” Hanon v. Dataproducts Corp., 976 F.2d 6 497, 508 (9th Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Kayes v. Pac. Lumber 7 Co., 51 F.3d 1449, 1463 (9th Cir. 1995) (the typicality requirement is satisfied when the named 8 plaintiffs have the same claims as other members of the class and are not subject to unique defenses). 9 Plaintiffs T.G. and P.P. are currently held in the Kern County juvenile detention facilities. (See 10 Doc. 1 at 3-4, ¶¶ 5, 10-11) In addition, Plaintiffs “are students with mental health, behavioral, 11 learning, intellectual, and/or developmental disabilities that affect their daily life activities who, at the 12 time of the filing the Complaint, were eligible for special education and related services.” (Doc. 36 at 13 30) The parties report Plaintiffs also were “subject to the same or similar use of force and conditions 14 of confinement, as well as the same educational, behavioral, and reentry planning services” as the 15 Settlement Class members. (Id.) Thus, the Court finds the typicality requirement is satisfied. 16 4. Fair and Adequate Representation 17 Absentee class members must be adequately represented for judgment to be binding upon them. 18 Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32, 42-43 (1940). This prerequisite is satisfied if the representative parties 19 “will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4). “[R]esolution of 20 this issue requires that two questions be addressed: (a) do the named plaintiffs and their counsel have 21 any conflicts of interest with other class members and (b) will the named plaintiffs and their counsel 22 prosecute the action vigorously on behalf of the class?” In re Mego Fin. Corp. Sec. Litig., 213 F.3d 23 454, 462 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1020). 24 a. Class representatives 25 T.G. and P.P. requested appointment as the class representatives, asserting “that no conflicts 26 exist between named Plaintiffs, Class Counsel, and the settlement Class with respect to the negotiation 27 and consummation of the terms of this settlement.” (Doc. 36 at 31) In addition, Plaintiffs “seek the 28 same relief … for themselves as they are seeking for the Class: declaratory and injunctive relief 1 compelling Defendants to change their policies and practices with respect to students with disabilities 2 detained within the Facilities.” (Id.) Thus, it appears Plaintiffs will fairly and adequately represent the 3 interests of the class. 4 b. Class counsel 5 To determine the adequacy of class counsel, the Court must evaluate “whether the attorneys 6 who seek to represent the class are competent to do the job.” Gomez v. J. Jacobo Farm Labor 7 Contractor, Inc., 2019 WL 5787805 at *12 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 6, 2019) (quoting Newberg on Class 8 Actions § 3:54 (5th ed.). Rule 23(g) directs the Court to consider: “(i) the work counsel has done in 9 identifying or investigating potential claims in the action; (ii) counsel’s experience in handling class 10 actions, other complex litigation, and the types of claims asserted in the action; (iii) counsel’s 11 knowledge of the applicable law; and (iv) the resources that counsel will commit to representing the 12 class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g)(1)(A)(i)-(iv). 13 Disability Rights Advocates and Disability Rights California seek appointment as Class 14 Counsel. (Doc. 36 at 32) Thomas Zito, a supervising attorney at Disability Rights Advocates 15 (“DRA”), reports that DRA “is a 501(c)(3) non-profit public interest organization exclusively dedicated 16 to advancing the civil rights of people with disabilities.” (Doc. 36-1 at 2, Zito Decl. ¶¶ 1, 5) Mr. Zito 17 also reports DRA “has served as lead counsel in over 100 disability civil rights class actions across the 18 Country and has specialized expertise in class action litigation concerning persons with disabilities in 19 incarcerated settings.” (Id. at 2-3, ¶ 5) According to Mr. Zito, “DRA has no conflicts of interest that 20 would prevent the firm from providing zealous representation of the Named Plaintiffs and the Class.” 21 (Id. at 6, ¶ 13) Further, Mr. Zito reports that he has “been actively involved in all aspects of this case 22 from its inception,” and “took a lead role in all aspects of this case including the negotiations with 23 Defendants and finalizing the Settlement Agreements along with [his] co-counsel at Disability Rights 24 California, Carly Munson.” (Id. at 3, ¶ 8) 25 Carly Munson reports she is “Litigation Counsel at Disability Rights California,” which is “the 26 designated protection and advocacy system for people with disabilities throughout the State of 27 California under applicable State and federal laws.” (Doc. 62 at 2, Munson Decl. ¶¶ 1, 3) She reports 28 that “[i]n 2017, Disability Rights California, along with Disability Rights Advocates as its authorized 1 agent, opened a monitoring investigation into conditions of confinement and education practices 2 affecting youth with disabilities who were detained in the County of Kern,” which included 3 conducting on-site inspections at Juvenile Hall, Crossroads, and Camp Erwin Owen. (Id., ¶ 13) In 4 addition, Ms. Munson reports: 5 As part of this investigation, Plaintiffs’ counsel conducted confidential interviews with more than 50 youth, including the named Plaintiffs, who were or 6 recently had been detained in the Facilities. We also interviewed parents and guardians of detained youth, represented individual detained youth in special education meetings 7 at the Facilities, and reviewed more than 10,000 pages of documents including policies, incident reports, logs of pepper spray use and room confinement, and medical 8 and education records. The materials corroborated information provided by youth and their families. 9 Plaintiffs’ counsel also met with the heads and representatives of the Kern 10 County Superintendent of Schools and Kern County Probation Department, and their counsel, on several occasions throughout the investigation to discuss concerns and 11 learn more about programs and operations. 12 (Doc. 62 at 5, ¶¶ 14-15) Ms. Munson also reports that Plaintiff’s counsel “performed extensive legal 13 research about potential claims and relief available.” (Id. at 6, ¶ 19) 14 As the Court noted previously, Defendants do not oppose the requested appointments or assert 15 Plaintiffs’ counsel are inadequate to represent the interest of the class. Based upon the information 16 provided regarding the experience of counsel, actions taken to represent the class, and resources 17 expended to investigate the claims, the Court finds Disability Rights Advocates and Disability Rights 18 California satisfy the adequacy requirement for class counsel. 19 B. Certification of a Class under Rule 23(b) 20 As noted above, once the requirements of Rule 23(a) are satisfied, a class may only be certified 21 if it is maintainable under one of the three grounds identified under Rule 23(b). Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b); 22 see also Narouz, 591 F.3d at 1266. 23 Under Rule 23(b)(1), a class is maintainable if there is a risk of inconsistent or varying 24 adjudications from “prosecuting separate actions by or against individual class members.” Fed. R. Civ. 25 P. 23(b)(1). A class is maintainable under Rule 23(b)(2) if “the party opposing the class has acted or 26 refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or 27 corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate responding the class as a whole.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 28 23(b)(2). Finally, a class is maintainable under Rule 23(b)(3) where “questions of law or fact common 1 to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members,” and 2 where “a class action is superior to other available methods for fair and efficient adjudication of the 3 controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). 4 Previously, the parties reported the Settlement Class satisfies the requirements of Rule 23(b)(2). 5 (Doc. 36 at 33-34) The Supreme Court explained, “The key to the (b)(2) class is “the indivisible nature 6 of the injunctive or declaratory remedy warranted—the notion that the conduct is such that it can be 7 enjoined or declared unlawful only as to all of the class members or as to none of them.” Wal-Mart 8 Stores, 564 U.S. at 360. (citation omitted) Thus, the provision “applies only when a single injunction 9 or declaratory judgment would provide relief to each member of the class.” Id. As the parties observed, 10 the Ninth Circuit also noted the “primary role” of Rule 23(b)(2) “has always been the certification of 11 civil rights class actions.” (Doc. 36 at 33) (quoting Parsons v. Ryan, 754 F.3d 657, 686 (9th Cir. 2014). 12 In Parsons, the Ninth Circuit found the district court did not err in certifying a class of prisoners 13 under Rule 23(b)(2), observing “the plaintiffs’ claims ‘for injunctive relief stemming from allegedly 14 unconstitutional conditions of confinement are the quintessential type of claims that Rule 23(b)(2) was 15 meant to address.’” Id., 754 F.3d at 687. Similarly, the primary relief sought by Plaintiffs in the 16 complaint was the modification of policies and procedures at the Kern County Juvenile Detention 17 Facilities and their schools. (See generally Doc. 1) In addition, the proposed settlements address 18 “system-wide improvements in the Facilities’ use of force, conditions of confinement, education, and 19 services.” (Doc. 36 at 34) Injunctive relief will provide relief to each member of the Settlement Class. 20 Consequently, the Court finds certification under Rule 23(b)(2) is appropriate. 21 II. Approval of the Settlements’ Terms 22 Settlement of a class action requires approval of the Court, which may be granted “after a 23 hearing and on finding that [the settlement] is fair, reasonable, and adequate.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). 24 Approval is required to ensure the settlements are consistent with Plaintiffs’ fiduciary obligations. See 25 Ficalora v. Lockheed Cal. Co., 751 F.2d 995, 996 (9th Cir. 1985). The Ninth Circuit identified several 26 factors for the Court to determine whether the agreements meet these standards, including: 27 the strength of plaintiff’s case; the risk, expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; the risk of maintaining class action status throughout the trial; the 28 amount offered in settlement; the extent of discovery completed, and the stage of the 1 proceedings; the experience and views of counsel; the presence of a governmental participant; and the reaction of the class members to the proposed settlement. 2 3 Staton, 327 F.3d at 959 (citation omitted). Further, a court should consider whether settlement is “the 4 product of collusion among the negotiating parties.” In re Mego Fin. Corp. Sec. Litig., 213 F.3d at 458 5 (citing Class Plaintiffs v. Seattle, 955 F.2d 1268, 1290 (9th Cir. 1992)). Reviewing the settlement 6 terms, “[t]he court need not reach any ultimate conclusions on the contested issues of fact and law 7 which underlie the merits of the dispute.” Class Plaintiffs, 955 F.2d at 1291(internal quotation marks 8 and citation omitted). 9 A. Strength of Plaintiffs’ Case 10 When measuring the strength of a case, the Court should “evaluate objectively the strengths and 11 weaknesses inherent in the litigation and the impact of those considerations on the parties’ decisions to 12 reach these agreements.” Adoma v. Univ. of Phoenix, Inc., 913 F. Supp. 2d 964, 975 (E.D. Cal. 2012) 13 (quoting In re Wash. Pub. Power Supply Sys. Sec. Litig., 720 F. Supp 1379, 1388 (D. Az. 1989)). 14 In this action, Plaintiffs identified four causes of action that the fact-finder would be required 15 to evaluate on the merits, including: (1) violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 16 12101 et seq.; (2) violation of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794 et seq.; (3) violation of the 17 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq.; (4) violation of Cal. Gov’t Code 18 § 11135; and (5) violation of California Education Code for Students with Disabilities. (See generally 19 Doc. 1 at 40-55) 20 The parties report the agreements “will provide injunctive relief that is reasonably calculated to 21 effectuate the modifications necessary to make the Kern County Juvenile Facilities and the Kern 22 County Court Schools operated therein safe and supportive for all youth, including youth with 23 disabilities.” (Doc. 60 at 28) According to Class Counsel, the “required by the Settlement 24 Agreements are sufficient to create a juvenile detention facility that provides adequate education 25 services, supports, and accommodations for youth with disabilities.” (Id.) Moreover, the Settlements 26 were reached following on-site inspections and discovery, which allowed the parties to assess the 27 strengths and weaknesses of these claims. Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of approval. 28 1 B. Risks, Expenses, Complexity, and Likely Duration of Further Litigation 2 Approval of settlement is “preferable to lengthy and expensive litigation with uncertain 3 results.” Nat’l Rural Telecomms. Coop. v. DIRECTV, Inc., 221 F.R.D. 523, 529 (C.D. Cal. 2004). If 4 the proposed settlements are not approved, the parties would have to engage in further litigation, and “ 5 “the Parties agree that the litigation risks presented by this case are significant.” (Doc. 36 at 38) 6 According to the parties, “the litigation risks presented by this case are significant” and “[t]he 7 extensive factual issues and novel legal issues in the case would involve extensive resources at trial, 8 including the use of expert.” (Doc. 60 at 28) They identify the following factual and legal issues: 9 (1) the constantly changing populations of youth in the Facilities and the resulting probability that current Class members will age out of the Facilities before getting any 10 relief; (2) ongoing policy revisions by Defendants which could create different factual issues; (3) the expense of hiring experts for all Parties; (4) legal resolution of any 11 conflicts between federal and state laws and regulations; and (5) the novelty of Plaintiffs’ claims, many of which – like the challenge to pepper spray use – have never 12 been challenged under the ADA in California. 13 (Id. at 28-29) As the parties observe, continued litigation would delay relief to class members, and 14 some could age-out of the system before similar injunctive relief is provided. On the other hand, the 15 Settlement Agreements provide relief immediately to the Class Members. Due to the risk of the claims 16 of class members, this factor weighs in favor of approval of the Settlements. 17 C. Maintenance of Class Status through Trial 18 Notably, this Court had not certified a class at the time the parties reached agreements 19 concerning the claims presented. Although Defendants have not opposed class certification for 20 settlement purposes, it is likely that class certification would have been contested. Accordingly, the 21 Court finds this factor weighs in favor of approval of the Settlements. 22 D. Settlement Offered 23 The Ninth Circuit observed “the very essence of a settlement is compromise, ‘a yielding of 24 absolutes and an abandoning of highest hopes.’” Officers for Justice v. Civil Serv. Commission, 688 25 F.2d 615, 624 (9th Cir. 1982) (citation omitted). Thus, when analyzing the amount offered in 26 settlement, the Court should examine “the complete package taken as a whole,” and the amount is “not 27 to be judged against a hypothetical or speculative measure of what might have been achieved by the 28 negotiators.” Id., 688 F.2d at 625, 628. 1 A monetary award is not in issue. Nevertheless, as the parties note, “the Settlement Agreements 2 provide substantial and lasting benefits to youth with disabilities who are detained in the Facilities.” 3 (Doc. 60 at 27). Under the two agreements and their respective plans, “Defendants will modify their 4 policies, practices, and procedures to ensure that members of the Class are identified and tracked, 5 housed in a safe and supportive homelike environment, provided reasonable accommodations, and 6 given equal access to educational and rehabilitative programs and services.” (Id.) Staff will be hired 7 by the defendants to increase rehabilitative programing and enhance the educational services— 8 including special education services—for the detained youth. (Id.) In addition, the transition of “the 9 facility culture from a corrections model to a treatment model” will benefit all detained youth, not just 10 class members. (See id.) Consequently, the Court finds the terms of the offered settlements support 11 approval of the Settlement. 12 E. Extent of Discovery Completed and Stage of the Proceedings 13 The settlements were reached following on-site inspections at the facilities by experts from the 14 Council of Correctional Administrators, Dr. Peter Leon, and Dr. Judy Elliot; meetings with staff, 15 administrators, and detained youth; and review of more than 10,000 pages of documents that included 16 policies, incident reports, logs of pepper spray use and confinement, medical records, and education 17 records. (Doc. 60 at 29; see also Doc. 36-5 at 2, ¶5) Due to the extensive investigation and discovery 18 completed, the parties were able to make informed decisions regarding the claims presented and use the 19 recommendations of the experts to frame the Probation Action Plan, Court Schools Implementation 20 Plan, and settlement agreements. Thus, this factor supports approval of the Settlement. 21 F. Views of Counsel 22 In general, “[g]reat weight is accorded to the recommendation of counsel, who are most closely 23 acquainted with the facts of the underlying litigation.” See Nat’l Rural Telecomms., 221 F.R.D. at 528. 24 The parties report that “[c]ounsel on both sides view the Settlement Agreements as a successful 25 compromise that will resolve Class members’ claims in a fair and efficient manner.” (Doc. 60 at 31) 26 Accordingly, the views of both Class Counsel and Defendants’ counsel support final approval of the 27 Settlement. 28 /// 1 G. Reaction of Class Members to the Settlements 2 “[T]he absence of a large number of objections to a proposed class action settlement raises a 3 strong presumption that the terms of a proposed class action settlement are favorable to the class 4 members.” Nat’l Rural Telecomms., 221 F.R.D. at 529. Significantly, no class members objected to the 5 Settlements. In addition, Plaintiffs T.G. and P.P., by and through his guardian ad litem Rebecca P., 6 agreed to the terms and executed the Settlement Agreements. (Doc. 36-2 at 16 [Probation Settlement]; 7 Doc. 36-3 at 17 [KCSOS Settlement]) Thus, this factor weighs in favor of the Settlement. 8 H. Collusion between Negotiating Parties 9 The inquiry of collusion addresses the possibility that the settlement agreement is the result of 10 either “overt misconduct by the negotiators” or improper incentives of class members at the expense of 11 others. Staton, 327 F.3d at 960. The parties report, “Plaintiffs and Probation Defendants reached the 12 Probation Settlement Agreement after more than ten (10) in-person and telephonic negotiations 13 between counsel,” and use of the report prepared by CJCA. (Doc. 60 at 30) Similarly, the KCSOS 14 Settlement was reached “after more than ten (10) in person and telephonic negotiations between 15 counsel,” with the assistance of Dr. Elliot acting as a neutral expert. (Id.) Thus, it appears the 16 agreements are the product of non-collusive conduct, and this factor weighs in favor of final approval. 17 MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS 18 Attorneys’ fees and nontaxable costs “authorized by law or by agreement of the parties” may 19 be awarded pursuant to Rule 23(h). Here, Plaintiffs seek: (1) a total award of $900,000 in attorneys’ 20 fees and costs from the Probation Defendants and (2) an award of $850,000 in attorneys’ fees and 21 $8,743.43 in costs from the Schools Defendants, “along with approval of the Plaintiffs’ and KCSOS’s 22 agreement concerning ongoing monitoring fees and costs.” (Doc. 59 at 9) These amounts are 23 pursuant to agreements of the parties, and the motion is unopposed by the Probation Defendants and 24 Schools Defendants. (See id.; see also Doc. 60 at 18, 24 [joint motion for approval of settlement, 25 indicating the agreed fee amounts]) 26 I. Review by the Court 27 To protect the interests of a class, “a district court must carefully assess the reasonableness of a 28 fee amount spelled out in a class action settlement agreement” to determine whether it is 1 “‘fundamentally fair, adequate, and reasonable’” Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 963 (9th Cir. 2 2003) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(e). However, the Ninth Circuit explained that “even if the parties have 3 already agreed to an amount,” the Court has “an independent obligation” to ensure an award of fees and 4 costs is reasonable. In re Bluetooth Headset Prod. Liab. Litig., 654 F.3d 935, 941 (9th Cir. 2011). 5 A court “may not uncritically accept a fee request,” but must review the time billed and assess 6 whether it is reasonable in light of the work performed and the context of the case. See Common Cause 7 v. Jones, 235 F. Supp. 2d 1076, 1079 (C.D. Cal. 2002); see also McGrath v. County of Nevada, 67 F.3d 8 248, 254 n.5 (9th Cir. 1995) (noting a court may not adopt representations regarding the reasonableness 9 of time expended without independent review); Sealy, Inc. v. Easy Living, Inc., 743 F.2d 1378, 1385 10 (9th Cir. 1984) (remanding an action for a review of the fees where “the district court engaged in the 11 ‘regrettable practice’ of adopting the findings drafted by the prevailing party wholesale” and explaining 12 a court should not “accept[] uncritically [the] representations concerning the time expended”). 13 The party seeking fees bears the burden of establishing that the fees and costs were reasonably 14 necessary to achieve the results obtained. See Fischer v. SJB-P.D., Inc., 214 F.3d 1115, 1119 (9th 15 2000). Therefore, a fee applicant must provide time records documenting the tasks completed and the 16 amount of time spent. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 424 (1983); Welch v. Metropolitan Life Ins. 17 Co., 480 F.3d 942, 945-46 (9th Cir. 2007). “Where the documentation of hours in inadequate, the 18 district court may reduce hours accordingly.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433. 19 II. Evaluation of the Fees Requested 20 When evaluating the reasonableness of a fee request, the Court may use the lodestar method, 21 which calculates attorney fees “by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended by counsel on 22 the particular matter times a reasonable hourly rate.” Florida v. Dunne, 915 F.2d 542, 545 n.3 (9th Cir. 23 1990), citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433. The product of this computation, the “lodestar” amount, yields 24 a presumptively reasonable fee. Gonzalez v. City of Maywood, 729 F.3d 1196, 1202 (9th Cir. 2013); 25 Camacho v. Bridgeport Fin., Inc., 523 F.3d 973, 978 (9th Cir. 2008). 26 A. Hours reported 27 In general, the first step in determining the lodestar is to determine whether the number of hours 28 expended was reasonable. Fischer, 214 F.3d at 1119. However, when the lodestar is used as a cross- 1 check for a fee award, the Court is not required to perform an “exhaustive cataloguing and review of 2 counsel’s hours.” See Schiller, 2012 WL 2117001 at *20 (citing In re Rite Aid Corp. Sec. Litig., 396 3 F.3d 294, 306 (3d Cir.2005); In re Immune Response Sec. Litig., 497 F.Supp.2d 1166 (S.D. Cal. 2007)). 4 Thomas Zito provided the billing records for Disability Rights Advocates (“DRA”) (Doc. 61-2) 5 and Carly Munson provided the records for Disability Rights California (“DRC”). (Doc. 61-2 [DRA] 6 (Doc. 62-5 [DRC]). These billing tables demonstrate that, as reported, the work completed by DRA 7 and DRC in this action included: 8 (1) extensive pre-filing investigation; (2) preparation and filing of the complaint; (3) review of numerous documents provided by the Defendants for the purposes of 9 settlement discussions; (4) drafting and extensive negotiation of many versions of the Kern County Probation Action Plan (“Probation Plan”), the Court Schools 10 Implementation Plan (“Schools Plan”), and the overarching Settlement Agreements; (5) ongoing visits, phone calls, and correspondence with youth at the Facilities; 11 (6) preparing the motion for preliminary approval and supporting documents; (7) preparing the motion for final approval and for fees plus supporting documents; and 12 (8) and addressing intake complaints from youth through the entire process. 13 (Doc. 59 at 19-20, citing Zito Decl. ¶¶ 2-12, 41 [Doc. 61]; Munson Decl. ¶ 81 [Doc. 62]) DRA and 14 DRC began an investigation related to Kern Juvenile Hall Facilities in March 2017. (See Doc. 61-2 at 15 2; Doc. 62-5 at 5) This investigation included initial facility visits, during which interviews were 16 conducted at Kern County Juvenile Hall, Crossroads, and Camp Owen. (See Doc. 61-2 at 3-6; Doc. 62- 17 5 at 6-11) Nearly a year after the investigation started, counsel filed the complaint in this action on 18 behalf of T.G., J.A., and P.P. (See Doc. 1) 19 During the course of investigating the claims presented, Class Counsel “conducted confidential 20 interviews with more than 50 youth, including the named Plaintiffs, who were or recently had been 21 detained in the Facilities.” (Doc. 62 at 5, ¶ Munson Decl. ¶ 14) In addition, DRA and DRC “met with 22 the heads and representatives of the Kern County Superintendent of Schools and Kern County 23 Probation Department, and their counsel, on several occasions throughout the investigation to discuss 24 concerns and learn more about programs and operations.” (Id., ¶ 15; see also Doc. 61 at 3-4, Zito Decl. 25 ¶9) Further, Class Counsel reviewed more than 10,000 pages of documents, “including policies, 26 incident reports, logs of pepper spray use and room confinement, and medical and education records.” 27 (Id., ¶ 14) The billing records provided clearly document the extent of the investigation performed by 28 DRA and DRC. (See generally Doc. 61-2 at 2-33; Doc. 62-5 at 5-47) Further, Class Counsels’ 1 negotiation efforts and drafting of the declaratory relief provided— including the KCSOS Settlement 2 Agreement, Schools Plan, Probation Agreement, and Probation Plan—is documented in the billing 3 records. (See generally Doc. 61-2, Doc. 62-5) 4 Notably, Class Counsel has also “written off more than 721.4 hours, or approximately 15.1% of 5 Plaintiffs’ Counsel’s billable hours.” (Doc. 59 at 21, citing Zito Decl. ¶45-46, Ex. A; Munson Decl. 6 ¶75, Ex. E) This reduction includes, for example, time for attorneys “who billed less than 10 hours to 7 the case.” (See Doc. 61-1 at 3) Further, Class Counsel reduced the time of attorneys who assisted “in a 8 supervisory and directorial capacity,” such as by reducing the time of Sid Wolinsky (the founder of and 9 former Supervising Attorney at DRA) from 22 hours to 5.6 hours. (Doc. 59 at 27-28) Likewise, DRA 10 reduced the time of Stuart Seaborn, current Directing Attorney for Litigation at DRA, from 8.3 hours to 11 2.1 hours. (Id.) Thus, Class Counsel have clearly undertaken efforts to ensure the reported hours were 12 reasonable in this action. 13 Based upon the information provided and a review of the billing records from DRA and DRC, 14 which confirm counsels’ report of the tasks undertaken in this action, the Court finds the 4,907.8 hours 15 remaining as billed—including 2,501.1 hours by Disability Rights Advocates and 2,406.7 hours by 16 Disability Rights California—were reasonable for the extensive tasks completed. 17 B. Counsels’ hourly rates 18 A fee applicant bears a burden to establish that the requested rates are commensurate “with 19 those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, 20 experience, and reputation.” Blum, 465 U.S. at 895 n.11. The applicant meets this burden by 21 “produc[ing] satisfactory evidence—in addition to the attorney’s own affidavits—that the requested 22 rates are in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably 23 comparable skill, experience and reputation.” Id.; see also Chaudhry v. City of Los Angeles, 751 F.3d 24 1096, 1110-11 (9th Cir. 2014) (“Affidavits of the plaintiffs’ attorney[s] and other attorneys regarding 25 prevailing fees in the community . . . are satisfactory evidence of the prevailing market rate.”) 26 In general, the relevant community for purposes of calculating attorneys fees “is the forum in 27 which the district court sits.” Davis v. Mason County, 927 F.2d 1473, 1488 (9th Cir. 1991). Thus, when 28 a case is filed in the Fresno Division of the Eastern District of California, “[t]he Eastern District of 1 California, Fresno Division, is the appropriate forum to establish the lodestar hourly rate . . .” See 2 Jadwin v. County of Kern, 767 F.Supp.2d 1069, 1129 (E.D. Cal. 2011). However, the Court may apply 3 “rates from outside the forum... ‘if local counsel was unavailable, either because they are unwilling or 4 unable to perform because they lack the degree of experience, expertise, or specialization required to 5 handle properly the case.’” Barjon v. Dalton, 132 F.3d 496 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Gates v. 6 Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1405 (9th Cir. 1992)). 7 1. Availability of local counsel 8 Class Counsel assert they “are entitled to recover their current rate as awarded in the Central 9 District of California” because “local counsel are not available to do the work.” (Doc. 59 at 21, 10 emphasis omitted) Class Counsel observe: 11 As this Court has previously found, there are simply no attorneys doing plaintiff-side special education litigation in Kern County. See Wright v. Tehachapi Unified Sch. Dist., 12 No. 1:16-CV-01214-JLT, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 123671, 2017 WL 3334015 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 4, 2017) at *5, aff’d, 743 F. App'x 125 (9th Cir. 2018); Tehachapi Unified 13 Sch. Dist. v. K.M., by & Through Markham, No. 1:16-CV- 01942-DAD-JLT, 2019 WL 331153, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 25, 2019) (finding a “scarcity of special education 14 lawyers in the Eastern District of California”). 15 (Doc. 59 at 21-22). Further, Class Counsel assert this action “not only required attorneys with special 16 education litigation experience and deep knowledge of systemic issues in special education, it also 17 required attorneys with specialized knowledge of the issues faced by youth generally in the juvenile 18 justice system and in particular youth with a variety of disabilities (mental health, learning, intellectual 19 and developmental disabilities) in incarcerated settings.” (Id. at 22) Finally, counsel reports that the 20 claims presented “require[d] specialized knowledge in class-action civil rights litigation, wherein 21 complex systemic injunctive relief is sought.” (Id.) 22 Class Counsel report they surveyed “attorneys and legal services available in Bakersfield, 23 Kern County, the Fresno area, and other locations in the Fresno Division of the Eastern District 24 of California.” (Doc. 61 at 24, Zito Decl. ¶ 57) According to Mr. Zito, “there were no private law 25 firms or non-profit legal services organizations in the area who have demonstrated the capacity, 26 expertise, ability, and commitment to do class action civil rights litigation and advocacy for youth with 27 disabilities facing discrimination in their conditions of confinement, access to services, mental health 28 care, and education including systemic failures in a district special education system.” (Id.) He 1 reports that even if Greater Bakersfield Legal Services or California Rural Legal Assistance (which 2 certainly have the expertise and commitment) had the capacity to do systemic litigation of this kind, 3 they have federal funding from the Legal Services Corporation and are, therefore, statutorily 4 prohibited from doing any class action litigation.” (Id.) Mr. Zito reports that the only firms that 5 counsel are aware that could have handled the claims presented are “all located out of district, in either 6 the Los Angeles area or the San Francisco Bay Area.” (Id., ¶ 58) Further, “ Disability Rights 7 California is California’s Protection and Advocacy organization charged with protecting people with 8 disabilities.” (Doc. 59 at 23) 9 Class Counsel has presented sufficient evidence to support a conclusion that local counsel was 10 unavailable to litigate the claims presented in Plaintiff’s complaint, particularly due to the complexity 11 of the intertwined issues of special education, disability access, and youth confinement. Indeed, this 12 Court previously found parties “demonsrat[ed] local counsel working in the area of special education 13 was not available” in Kern County. See Wright, 2017 WL 3334015 at *4. 14 2. Rates requested 15 DRA requests hourly rates that range from $455 to $1,005 for attorneys, with the highest rate 16 requested for an attorney who graduated from law school in 1961 and “specialized in complex public 17 interest litigation for over 40 years.” (Doc. 61-1 at 3; Doc. 61 at 3, ¶ 36) DRC requests hourly rates 18 ranging from $400 to $910, with the highest rate requested for an attorney who “has more than 35 19 years of litigation and systemic reform work.” (Doc. 62-5 at 2; Doc. 62 at 5, ¶ 16) Finally, Class 20 Counsel requests the rate of $280 for law clerks and $230 for paralegals and legal assistants who 21 worked on the action. (See Doc. 61 at 3) 22 Due to the unique facts of this action—where the parties have agreed upon an amount of fees, 23 the fees do not come from a common fund, the fee award is completely independent of the relief for 24 Class Members, and “Defendants do not object to Plaintiffs (sic) rates for purposes of settlement” 25 (Doc. 59 at 23, emphasis added)— the Court approves the rates for the work completed by DRA and 26 DRC. The hourly rates requested by DRA and DRC will not be disturbed for purposes of settlement 27 of this action and calculating a lodestar to crosscheck the reasonableness of the fees to which the 28 parties agreed. 1 3. Lodestar crosscheck 2 With Class Counsels’ voluntary modification to the billed hours and the uncontested hourly 3 rates, the lodestar apportioned to the Probation Defendants totaled $1,140,337.00 and the lodestar for 4 the Schools Defendants totaled $1,176,354.00. (Doc. 59 at 11, 12) The Probation Defendants agreed 5 upon $875,000 in fees ($900,000 minus the $25,000 designated for expenses) and the Schools 6 Defendants agreed upon $850,000, which shall be payable in installments.5 (Doc. 59 at 11-12) Thus, 7 the parties agreed to a fee award that is nearly 25% lower than the lodestar (see Doc. 59 at 18, n. 8), 8 which is presumed to be reasonable. See Gonzalez, 729 F.3d at 1202; Camacho, 523 F.3d at 978. This 9 supports a conclusion that the fees requested are reasonable. 10 C. Fee award 11 Based upon the lodestar calculations, the agreements of all parties, the tasks undertaken, and the 12 results achieved on behalf of the class and future youth incarcerated at the Kern Facilities, the Court 13 finds the fees requested reasonable in this action. Accordingly, Class Counsel’s motion for fees is 14 GRANTED. 15 III. Costs and Monitoring Expenses 16 As discussed above, the parties have agreed to a monitoring term of three years for 17 implementation of the Probation Plan and Schools Plan. To fund this, Probation Defendants agreed to 18 “the fixed sum of $25,000 is designated to cover all potential of Plaintiffs’ potential future claims 19 against Probation for attorneys’ fees and costs incurred or attributable to any and all monitoring work 20 performed from the Effective Date of the Probation Settlement up through and including the end of the 21 Term.” (Doc. 59 at 11; see also Doc. 60 at 13, citing Probation Settlement § 12.2) 22 Schools Defendants agreed to $8,743.43 in costs, as well as additional fees incurred “for 23 monitoring work incurred on and after July 1, 2020, on a periodic basis and at rates negotiated for the 24 purposes of monitoring only.” (Doc. 60 at 24, citing KCSOS Settlement § 13.3; see also Doc. 59 at 25 26 5 Pursuant to the Addendum, the first installment shall be paid during the KCSOS 2020-2021 fiscal year, within 27 sixty days of this order, in the amount of $292,076.77, which includes both fees and costs. (Doc. 62-1 at 5, §5.a) The second installment shall be made within 60 days of the start of KSCOS’s 2021-2022 fiscal year, in the amount of 28 $283,333.33. (Id.) The final installment shall be made with sixty days of the start of the KCSOS 2022-2023 fiscal year, in 1 12) Class Counsel and Schools Defendants agreed to use the following rates for monitoring work: 2 a. Attorneys with 10 or more years of experience: $400 / hour b. Attorneys with 6 to 9 years of experience: $350 / hour 3 c. Attorneys with 3 to 5 years of experience: $300 / hour d. Attorneys with less than 3 years of experience: $250 / hour 4 e. Non-attorneys (e.g., law clerks, paralegals, etc.): $150 / hour 5 (Doc. 62-1 at 7, Addendum § 5(b)(iii)) 6 Based upon the agreement of all parties, the Court finds the costs and monitoring expenses— 7 including the negotiated payment plan for Schools Defendants— to be reasonable, and the unopposed 8 motion for approval of these settlement terms is GRANTED. 9 CONCLUSION AND ORDER 10 Based upon the foregoing, the Court finds the class settlements are fair, adequate, and 11 reasonable. The factors set forth by the Ninth Circuit weigh in favor of approval of the settlement 12 agreements. Further, Plaintiffs, the Probation Defendants, and Schools Defendants have agreed upon 13 reasonable fees, costs, and monitoring expenses. Accordingly, the Court ORDERS: 14 1. The joint motion (Doc. 60) for final approval of the Settlement Agreements (Doc. 36-2 15 [Probation], Doc. 36-3 and Doc. 62-1 [KSCOS]) is GRANTED; 16 2. Certification of the Settlement Class is GRANTED, and the class is defined follows: 17 [A]ll youth with mental health, behavioral, learning, intellectual and/or developmental disabilities as defined by the Americans with 18 Disabilities Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and/or Individuals with Disabilities Education Act who are currently 19 detained, or who will be detained during the Monitoring Term (through August 31, 2022), at the Kern County Juvenile Facilities 20 (Juvenile Hall, Crossroads, and Camp Erwin Owen). 21 3. Class Counsels’ request for fees, costs, and expenses (Doc. 59) is GRANTED in the 22 amount of $900,000.00 as to the Probation Defendants and $858,743.43 as to the 23 Schools Defendants; 24 4. The agreed payment plan for the Schools Defendants is APPROVED, and the first 25 payment SHALL be made within sixty days of the date of service of this Order; 26 5. The action is dismissed with prejudice, with each side to bear its own costs and 27 attorneys’ fees except as otherwise provided by the Settlement Agreements and ordered 28 by the Court; 1 6. The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to close this action; and 2 7. The Court hereby retains jurisdiction to consider any further applications arising out of 3 or in connection with the Settlement Agreements. 4 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 Dated: June 4, 2020 /s/ Jennifer L. Thurston 7 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28