Burchett v. State of CA Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection ( 2021 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 HEATHER BURCHETT and G.B., by No. 2:19-CV-01812-MCE-JDP and through his Guardian ad Litem, 11 HEATHER BURCHETT, 12 Plaintiffs, MEMORANDUM AND ORDER 13 v. 14 GLOBAL SUPERTANKER SERVICES, LLC, and DOES 1 through 50, 15 Defendant. 16 17 In this action, Plaintiff Heather Burchett seeks to recover on behalf of herself and 18 her minor child, G.B., (collectively “Plaintiffs”) for injuries sustained when her spouse, 19 Matthew Burchett, (“Decedent”) was fatally wounded battling a forest fire in Mendocino 20 County. Defendant Global SuperTanker Services, LLC (“GSTS” or “Defendant”) owns 21 and operates a Very Large Airtanker (“VLAT”) to assist firefighting operations, often 22 globally. Presently before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the Plaintiffs’ First 23 Amended Complaint. Def’s. Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 39. Plaintiffs oppose the Motion and 24 move to initiate discovery pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d). Pls.’ Opp., 25 ECF No. 44; Pls.’ Mot. Disc., ECF No. 47. For the reasons set forth herein, this Court 26 DENIES Defendant’s Motion and DENIES Plaintiffs’ Motion as moot.1 27 1 Having determined that oral argument would not be of material assistance, this matter was 28 submitted on the briefs in accordance with E.D. Local Rule 2309(g). 1 BACKGROUND2 2 3 Decedent was an experienced Battalion chief and firefighter in Utah and was a 4 leader with the Utah Multi-Agency Taskforce (“Utah Taskforce”). On approximately 5 July 29, 2018, the State of California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection 6 (“CalFire”) placed large resource orders out of state to assist with unprecedented fire 7 activity. The Utah Taskforce, including Decedent, responded to the request and arrived 8 in California on or about August 3, 2018, to assist with the management of the 9 Mendocino Complex Fire in the northern part of the state. Prior to the Utah Taskforce’s 10 arrival, all members of the general public had been evacuated from the area of the fire. 11 Decedent, as the Utah Taskforce leader, attended daily operational briefings and 12 “breakouts” through the CalFire Division C leadership, which addressed daily weather, 13 topography, hazards, and safety concerns, among other considerations relating to their 14 duties. 15 On August 13, 2018, the Utah Taskforce was requested to reinforce a dozer line 16 and place a hose lay to hold a firing operation. Beginning at 1:00 p.m. that day, aircraft 17 firefighting operations were requested to drop retardant adjacent to the dozer line as a 18 reinforcement to “hold the line.” At all relevant times, Decedent was performing ground 19 force activities “in the black,” which refers to a safe drop zone, far from where the active 20 fire was burning. 21 Three Large Airtankers (“LATS”) made fire retardant drops approximately three 22 hours after the aforementioned request was made. Approximately an hour after that, 23 Defendant’s VLAT, then operating in “fire suppression activities,” dropped 19,600 gallons 24 of fire retardant directly on top of the area where firefighters, including Decedent, were 25 working. The firefighters were not responding to any rescue or emergency service 26 activity nor had they been requested to assist in any such activity. The Defendant’s 27 VLAT dropped the load of fire retardant from a height of approximately 80 feet, less than 28 2 The facts in this section are taken from the FAC. ECF No. 37. 1 half of the required 200-foot altitude. In doing so, the VLAT prevented the fire retardant 2 from “misting.” Accordingly, instead of harmlessly falling on the Decedent and other 3 firefighters, the load struck the canopy of trees with such extreme force that it uprooted 4 an 87-foot tall Douglas fir tree, which fell upon and fatally wounded Decedent. 5 Plaintiffs subsequently initiated this action in Sacramento County Superior Court, 6 alleging various negligence causes of action against GSTS and CalFire. GSTS removed 7 the action to here and then sought to dismiss it for failure to state a claim pursuant to 8 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Similarly, CalFire moved to dismiss the 9 Plaintiff’s claims, claiming Government Tort Immunity. Def.’s CalFire Mot. Dismiss, ECF 10 No. 24. This Court granted CalFire’s motion to dismiss with prejudice, but granted the 11 Plaintiffs an opportunity to amend against Defendant GSTS. Order, ECF No. 33. 12 Plaintiffs timely amended. Pls.’ Am. Compl., ECF No. 37 (“FAC”). Their FAC sets 13 forth claims for negligence, gross negligence, and strict liability for ultrahazardous 14 activity. Id. Defendant has now moved to dismiss the FAC under Federal Rule of Civil 15 Procedure 12(b)(6). Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 39.3 16 17 STANDARD 18 19 On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil 20 Procedure 12(b)(6), all allegations of material fact must be accepted as true and 21 construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. 22 Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337-38 (9th Cir. 1996). Rule 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain 23 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief” in order to “give the 24 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell 25 Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 26 47 (1957)). A complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not require 27 3 All further references to “Rule” or “Rules” are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure unless 28 otherwise noted. 1 detailed factual allegations. However, “a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of 2 his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic 3 recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Id. (internal citations and 4 quotations omitted). A court is not required to accept as true a “legal conclusion 5 couched as a factual allegation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1950 (2009) 6 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right 7 to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citing 5 Charles Alan 8 Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1216 (3d ed. 2004) (stating 9 that the pleading must contain something more than “a statement of facts that merely 10 creates a suspicion [of] a legally cognizable right of action.”)). 11 Furthermore, “Rule 8(a)(2) . . . requires a showing, rather than a blanket 12 assertion, of entitlement to relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556 n.3 (internal citations and 13 quotations omitted). Thus, “[w]ithout some factual allegation in the complaint, it is hard 14 to see how a claimant could satisfy the requirements of providing not only ‘fair notice’ of 15 the nature of the claim, but also ‘grounds’ on which the claim rests.” Id. (citing 5 Charles 16 Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, supra, at § 1202). A pleading must contain “only enough 17 facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570. If the “plaintiffs . . . 18 have not nudged their claims across the line from conceivable to plausible, their 19 complaint must be dismissed.” Id. However, “[a] well-pleaded complaint may proceed 20 even if it strikes a savvy judge that actual proof of those facts is improbable, and ‘that a 21 recovery is very remote and unlikely.’” Id. at 556 (quoting Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 22 232, 236 (1974)). 23 24 ANALYSIS 25 26 Defendant contends Plaintiffs’ claims should be dismissed because they are 27 preempted by federal law, and, regardless, Defendant is protected by either absolute or 28 qualified immunity. Even if that was not the case, however, Defendant takes the position 1 that Plaintiffs also failed to state claims on the merits under Rule 8 for gross negligence 2 or strict liability for ultrahazardous activities. The Court disagrees. 3 A. Preemption 4 Citing federal law regulating the air industry and interpreting caselaw, Defendant 5 claims that it is immune from liability because compliance with federal law preempts any 6 state law standard of care. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 39. Defendant provides its 7 Standard Airworthiness Certificate as attesting to its compliance with federal law, and 8 requests that the Court take judicial notice of that certificate. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss Ex. A, 9 ECF No. 39. The very language of the certificate makes clear, however, that additional 10 factual determinations will be required. For instance, the “certificate is effective as long 11 as the maintenance, preventative maintenance, and alterations are performed in 12 accordance with Parts 21, 43, and 91 of the Federal Aviation Regulations, as 13 appropriate, and the aircraft is registered in the United States.” Id. Plaintiffs thus moved 14 for discovery under Rule 56(d) and ask the Court to convert the motion to dismiss into a 15 motion for summary judgment if it intends to consider extrinsic evidence. Pls.’ Mot. 16 Disc., ECF No. 47. The Court should, Plaintiffs argue, allow time to conduct discovery 17 before ruling on the converted motion. Id. While this Court finds the Plaintiffs’ argument 18 potentially persuasive, it instead simply declines to consider this additional evidence or 19 to convert the motion prior to the parties engaging in discovery. 20 “If, on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) . . . matters outside the pleadings are 21 presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for 22 summary judgment under Rule 56.” Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 12(d). The court, in its 23 discretion, can refuse to consider material outside the pleadings when the adverse party 24 has not had an opportunity to conduct discovery concerning the extrinsic material and 25 summary judgment would be premature at this stage in the litigation. McGowan v. Cty. 26 of Kern, No. 1:15-cv-01365-DAD-SKO, 2016 WL 2770663, at *3 (E.D. Cal. May 13, 27 2016) (citing Hamilton Materials Inc. v. Dow Chem. Corp., 494 F.3d 1203, 1207 (9th Cir. 28 2007)); 5 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, supra, at § 1336. As indicated, 1 Defendant’s contentions will require the Court to make factual determinations on matters 2 outside the pleadings. Accordingly, since Plaintiffs have not had the opportunity to 3 conduct discovery, this Court will not consider evidence in support of Defendant’s 4 preemption argument. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss on this basis is thus DENIED and 5 Plaintiffs’ Motion for Discovery is DENIED as moot. 6 B. Immunity 7 Turning to the provisions Defendant cites in support of its immunity arguments, 8 the Court determines that none afford the protection Defendant seeks. Defendant cites 9 three specific statutes, Cal. Government Code § 850.4, Cal. Public Utility Code § 774, 10 and Cal. Health & Safety Code § 1799.107. The first two statutes, Gov. Code § 850.4 11 and Public Utility Code § 744, provide absolute immunity from tort liability, while the third, 12 Health & Safety Code § 1799.107, provides liability for only intentional or grossly 13 negligent actions. Guiding the Court’s analysis is the central maxim of interpreting 14 government immunity statutes: Immunity statutes are to be considered narrowly. 15 Milligan v. City of Laguna Beach, 34 Cal. 3d 829, 832 n.2 (1983). 16 1. Cal. Government Code § 850.4 17 California Government Code § 850.4 provides public entities and their public 18 employees absolute immunity for “injury resulting from the condition of fire protection or 19 firefighting equipment or facilities.” Thus, in order to qualify for absolute immunity, 20 Defendant must be a public entity or a public employee as those terms are understood 21 by the statute. The Court is unpersuaded by the Defendant’s arguments for extending 22 immunity here. 23 Defendant cites State of California v. Superior Court (Wanda Nagel), 24 87 Cal. App. 4th 1409 (2001) (“Nagel”), to support extending immunity to a private 25 corporation. Central to their argument is a tortured reading of the case, where 26 Defendant claims the appellate court barred all claims arising out of the act of making an 27 aerial fire-retardant drop. This argument misses the point. The statute protects public 28 entities for actions or omissions. In Nagel, the protected entity was the state of California 1 and its employees. Its holding is thus inapposite where, as here, Defendant is a private 2 corporation, working under contract with CalFire. 3 Defendant’s argument also runs contrary to California law making clear that “the 4 statutory immunities available to public entities do not extend to private entities that 5 contract with them.” Lichtman v. Siemens Indus. Inc., 16 Cal. App. 5th 914, 930 (2017). 6 The Government Tort Claims Act defines a public employee as “officer, judicial officer. . . 7 employee, or servant, whether or not compensated, but does not include an independent 8 contractor.” Cal. Govt. Code § 810.2. According to the FAC, Defendant was under 9 contract with CalFire (e.g., as an independent contractor) and cannot be properly 10 classified as a public entity. Lawson v. Superior Court, 180 Cal. App. 4th 1372 (2010) 11 (private correctional facility is not a public entity as that term is understood for 12 governmental immunity). The Court is cognizant that Defendant believes Plaintiffs made 13 a judicial admission to the contrary. That argument is based on very generic language 14 Plaintiffs included in the original complaint indicating that all Defendants—Calfire, the 15 State of California, and GSTS, among others—were agents or employees of one 16 another. This allegation was entirely conclusory and unsupported by any other facts in 17 the complaint. Defendant’s arguments thus fail, and they are not entitled to absolute 18 immunity. 19 2. Cal Public Utility Code § 774 20 The next statute on which Defendant relies, California Public Utility Code § 774 21 states, in relevant part, no “water corporation which has undertaken to provide fire 22 protection service, . . . shall be liable for any death or injury to a person . . . resulting 23 from a failure to provide or maintain an adequate water supply or pressure, or any 24 equipment or other fire protection facility or service.” The statute is, at best, ambiguous, 25 but the only California case interpreting Section 774 is nonetheless instructive. Valley 26 Title Co. v. San Jose Water Co., 57 Cal. App. 4th 1490 (1997) (“Valley”). There, the 27 appellate court analyzed the language and the legislative history of § 774 to determine 28 that the statute extended immunity from damages resulting from a failure to maintain (or 1 keep in good repair) fire protection facilities or equipment. Id. at 1497-1504. Defendant 2 claims it is entitled to immunity because the damages Plaintiffs suffered were a result of 3 Defendant’s failure to maintain fire protection equipment. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss, ECF 4 No. 39. This argument misconstrues Plaintiffs’ injury. As alleged, the Plaintiffs are not 5 claiming Defendant failed to provide or maintain equipment, but rather Defendant’s 6 affirmative action caused the death of the Decedent. 7 The central distinction is that the statute protects water corporations from 8 immunity from nonfeasance, but not misfeasance. This conclusion is further supported 9 by the statutory language. A natural reading of the statute indicates that the phrase 10 “failure to provide or maintain” extends to both (1) an adequate water supply or pressure, 11 and (2) any equipment or other fire protection facility or service. The appellate court in 12 Valley reached the same conclusion. Valley, 57 Cal. App. 4th at 1502. The defendants 13 there failed to maintain a water main and were accorded absolute immunity under the 14 statute. Id. In an unpublished California opinion, that same defendant—San Jose Water 15 Company—was granted immunity for failing to keep a lid on an underground fire hydrant. 16 White v. San Jose Water Co., No. H028770, 2006 WL 2666194 (Ct. App. 2006). It is 17 clear from both the statutory language and the few decisions which construe it that the 18 statute provides immunity from omissions, or nonfeasance, but not actions, or 19 misfeasance. 20 As discussed infra, Plaintiffs allege Defendant’s negligent or grossly negligent 21 actions resulted in injury to the Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs’ factual allegations, taken as true for 22 the purposes of this motion, indicate that Defendant’s liability does not run from its 23 omissions, but rather the affirmative action Defendant took in negligently dropping 24 19,600 gallons of fire retardant on the Plaintiffs’ deceased spouse and father. This is 25 drastically different than the facts in either Valley or the unpublished White decision, 26 where courts extended immunity to protect water corporations from liability from failing to 27 act. 28 /// 1 Based on the preceding analysis, the Court determines Defendant is not entitled 2 to immunity under Cal Pub. Util. Code § 774. 3 3. Cal Health & Safety Code § 1799.107 4 The Court previously held Defendant was entitled to qualified immunity pursuant 5 to Cal. Health & Safety Code § 1799.107. As such, Defendant would only be liable for 6 actions taken in “bad faith or in a grossly negligent manner.” Cal. Health & Safety Code 7 § 1799.107(b). Defendant argues that Plaintiffs’ FAC does not allege sufficient facts to 8 support a gross negligent cause of action. In response, Plaintiffs argue, persuasively, 9 that under the facts pled in the FAC Defendant is not entitled to qualified immunity for 10 any of their claims under Section 1799.107. Pls.’ Opp. ECF No. 44.4 11 Section 1799.107 provides “emergency rescue personnel acting within the scope 12 of their employment to provide emergency services,” with qualified immunity, “unless the 13 action taken was performed in bad faith or in a grossly negligent manner.” Id. 14 Emergency rescue personnel is defined, in relevant part, as including “any person who is 15 an officer, employee, or member of a fire department . . . or of a private fire 16 department . . . while he or she is actually engaged in providing emergency services as 17 defined by subdivision (e).” Id. Defendant is undoubtably a private fire department. To 18 reap the benefit of the statute, however, Defendant must also have been providing 19 “emergency services” as defined by subdivision (e). 20 “Emergency services includes, but is not limited to, first aid and medical services, 21 rescue procedures and transportation, or other related activities necessary to insure the 22 health or safety of a person in imminent peril.” Id. Under the facts set forth in the FAC, 23 Defendant was not providing first aid and medical services, nor rescue procedures and 24 transportation; thus, in order to qualify under this provision, they must have been 25 /// 26 4 When an original complaint is dismissed without prejudice, the filing of an amended complaint 27 does not ask the court to reconsider its analysis of the initial complaint. Askins v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 899 F.3d 1035, 1043 (9th Cir. 2018). Thus, the Court is not bound by the law of the case doctrine 28 and is free to reconsider whether Defendant is entitled to qualified immunity under § 1799.107. See id. 1 conducting “other related activities necessary to insure the health or safety of a person in 2 imminent peril.” Id. 3 First, the Court turns to the language of the statute. The statute contains two 4 “catch-all” phrases: “includes, but is not limited to,” and “or other related activities. . . .” 5 Id. The first phrase generally means the definition of “emergency services” should have 6 a broader range than the enumerated actions. However, the second phrase is more 7 qualified: “or other related activities necessary to insure the health or safety or a person 8 in imminent peril.” Id. A natural reading of the statute indicates that the second catch-all 9 term modifies the entire definition. The activity in question does not have to be limited to 10 “first aid and medical services” or “rescue procedures and transportation,” but in order to 11 qualify as “emergency services,” it must be “necessary to insure the health or safety of a 12 person in imminent peril.” Id. 13 Defendant argues that it was providing emergency services because it was 14 helping fight the largest fire complex then extant. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 39. The 15 Court accepted Defendant’s argument under the facts pled in the original complaint 16 because there was every indication that imminent peril could be inferred under those 17 circumstances. Plaintiffs’ FAC demonstrates however, that there were in fact no 18 individuals in imminent peril, as the area in which the Defendant was operating was both 19 remote and completely evacuated in any event. FAC, p. 6, ECF No. 37. Moreover, 20 according to the FAC, the area in which Decedent was operating was far from the front 21 line of the fire, and thus comparatively safer. Id. at p. 7. There were accordingly no 22 identifiable persons in “imminent peril” to whom GSTS was providing services 23 “necessary to insure the health and safety.” Id. at pp. 6-7. If the Court were to accept 24 Defendant’s argument with respect to the FAC, it would completely obviate the language 25 of the statute. Such a reading would not only render certain language surplusage, but it 26 would run directly contrary to its plain language. Since, at least according to the FAC, 27 Defendant was not providing aid to anyone in “imminent peril,” by definition, it cannot 28 have been providing “emergency services” as that term is used in Section 1799.107. 1 C. Failure to State a Claim 2 Upon review, Plaintiffs’ FAC includes sufficient facts that we must accept as true 3 “to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face” as to each of their causes of action. 4 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. 5 1. Gross Negligence 6 “Gross negligence long has been defined in California and other jurisdictions as a 7 want of even scant care or an extreme departure from the ordinary standard of conduct.” 8 City of Santa Barbara v. Superior Court, 41 Cal. 4th 747, 754 (2007) (internal quotations 9 omitted) (collecting cases). “Whether there has been such a lack of care as to constitute 10 gross negligence is generally a triable question of fact.” Haas v. County of El Dorado, 11 No:12-cv-00265 MCE-KJN, 2012 WL 1414115, *13 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2012) (quoting 12 Colich & Sons v. Pacific Bell, 198 Cal. App. 3d 1225, 1241 (Ct. App. 1988)). 13 The FAC plausibly demonstrates that Defendant failed to provide even scant care 14 and made an extreme departure from the ordinary standard of conduct. Plaintiffs have 15 pled facts indicating the Defendant had knowledge of the extreme risks of their operation 16 and failed to perform basic safety measures that would prevent harm. 17 As alleged, Defendant knew dropping fire retardant at a low altitude could result in 18 death or serious bodily injury and that firefighters—under the tree canopy on the 19 ground—were in the close vicinity of the drop zone. FAC, ECF No. 37. Furthermore, 20 Defendant admitted they were not familiar with the terrain and landscape of the area. Id. 21 Despite knowing the risks involved, the Defendant did not conduct a “dry-run” to 22 familiarize itself with the drop area. Id. Nor did Defendant attempt to contact and locate 23 the ground forces, even though Defendant knew that ground forces were present and 24 had the capacity to do so. Id. Given that Defendant was tasked with “holding the line” 25 and there was no imminent peril, it can also be inferred that there were no exigent 26 circumstances demanding that the drop be performed in less than ideal circumstances. 27 At a minimum, Plaintiffs’ allegations demonstrate that Defendant failed to provide even 28 scant care. 1 Plaintiffs’ complaint also sufficiently alleges Defendant made an extreme 2 departure from the ordinary standard of conduct. Id. In addition to the above listed 3 facts, the Plaintiffs allege that the VLAT was not equipped with a radar altimeter. Id. 4 The FAC alleges that standard industry practice is to utilize radar altimeters because 5 they are more accurate and dependable. Id. 6 Considering the extreme scope of risks involved, particularly when coupled with 7 Defendant’s failure to perform basic safety measures or properly equip the VLAT, the 8 allegations of the FAC taken as a whole plausibly demonstrate an extreme departure 9 from ordinary standard of conduct. Plaintiffs’ FAC thus more than adequately sets forth 10 a plausible claim for gross negligence. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Second 11 Cause of Action is therefore DENIED.5 12 2. Strict Liability for Ultrahazardous Activity 13 California courts turn to the factors enumerated in Section 520, Restatement, 14 Second of Torts, to determine whether an activity is “abnormally dangerous or 15 “ultrahazardous.” The factors to be considered are (a) existence of a high degree of risk 16 by the exercise of reasonable care; (b) likelihood that the harm that results from it will be 17 great; (c) inability to eliminate the risk by the exercise of reasonable care; (d) extent to 18 which the activity is not a manner of common usage; (e) inappropriateness of the activity 19 to the place where it is carried on; and (f) extent to which its value to the community is 20 outweighed by its dangerous attributes. Restatement, Second of Torts, § 520. 21 Defendant argues that it cannot be held strictly liable for an ultrahazardous activity 22 because California courts have held aviation does not so qualify. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss, 23 ECF No. 41 (citing Boyd v. White, 128 Cal. App. 2d 641, 651 (1954). However, the 24 cases on which Defendant relies involve plane crashes that result in property damage. 25 See Southern Cal. Edison Co. v. Coleman, 150 Cal. App. 2d Supp. 829, 830 (1957) 26 (summarizing strict liability and airplane case law); but see SKS Farms v. Superior Court, 27 5 Although Defendant only appears to challenge Plaintiffs’ standard negligence claim on immunity 28 grounds, the Court notes that it survives with Plaintiffs’ gross negligence claim. 1 153 Cal. App. 3d 902 (1984) (airplane crop dusting could be considered an 2 ultrahazardous activity). California courts also generally hold that determinations of an 3 “ultrahazardous activity” are ill-suited for motions to dismiss. See, e.g., SKS Farms, 4 153 Cal. App. 3d at 906 n. 2. 5 Plaintiffs have pled sufficient facts to support a plausible theory of strict liability for 6 an ultrahazardous activity. The FAC’s factual allegations demonstrate the sheer size 7 and magnitude of the VLAT increase the degree of risk and likelihood of harm in 8 conducting a drop of 19,700 gallons of fire retardant. FAC, p. 13, ECF No. 37. Indeed, 9 the VLAT is the only such plane in the world that can conduct such massive drops. Id. at 10 p. 14. Plaintiffs further allege that the rugged and remote terrain, the close proximity to 11 working ground crews, and the failure to use procedures to protect those ground crews 12 within the drop area made conducting the drop inappropriate. Id. In regards to the value 13 to the community and ability to eliminate risk by exercising due care, the FAC contains 14 allegations that the U.S. Forest Service does not approve of the VLAT’s use in these 15 instances and the combined fire fighting efforts use other, smaller, air tankers to achieve 16 the same goals with far less risk of injury. Id. at pp. 13-14. Taking the Plaintiffs’ 17 allegations as true for the instant motion, the FAC contains sufficient factual support to 18 state a plausible theory of strict liability for ultrahazardous activity. Defendant’s Motion to 19 Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Third Cause of Action is thus DENIED as well. 20 /// 21 /// 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 CONCLUSION 2 3 For the reasons set forth above, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 39) is 4 | DENIED. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Judgment and Motion for Additional Discovery Under 5 || Rule 56(d) is DENIED as moot. 6 IT |S SO ORDERED. 7 g | Dated: April 23, 2021 ly Z 9 tp AOA, i □□□ ON AN Ser □□□ 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 14