Driscoll's, Inc. v. California Berry Cultivars, LLC ( 2022 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 DRISCOLL’S INC. and DRISCOLL’S OF 11 EUROPE B.V., No. 2:19-cv-00493-TLN-CKD 12 Plaintiffs, 13 ORDER v. 14 CALIFORNIA BERRY CULTIVARS, LLC 15 and DOUGLAS SHAW, 16 Defendants. 17 18 This matter is before the Court pursuant to Defendants California Berry Cultivars, LLC 19 (“CBC”) and Douglas Shaw’s (“Shaw”) (collectively, “Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss and 20 Motion to Strike. (ECF No. 34.) Plaintiffs Driscoll’s Inc. and Driscoll’s of Europe B.V. 21 (collectively, “Driscoll’s”1) oppose Defendants’ motions. (ECF No. 36.) Defendants have filed a 22 reply. (ECF No. 37.) Having carefully considered the briefing filed by both parties, the Court 23 hereby GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and Motion to 24 Strike. (ECF No. 34.) 25 /// 26 27 1 The singular “Driscoll’s” is how Plaintiffs Driscoll’s Inc. and Driscoll’s of Europe B.V. refer to themselves in their First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) and thus how the Court refers to 28 them in this Order. 1 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2 Driscoll’s is a holder of strawberry patents who alleges patent infringement by 3 Defendants. Driscoll’s began as the Strawberry Institute of California and received the first 4 patent on a strawberry variety in 1958. (ECF No. 33 at ¶ 5.) Driscoll’s continues to breed new 5 berry varieties today, which are grown by independent farmer growers and then sold exclusively 6 by Driscoll’s. (Id.) Driscoll’s uses contracts “to maintain control over its proprietary strawberry 7 varieties,” which specify farmers “only have the right to grow the varieties for sale of the fruit by 8 Driscoll’s under Driscoll's brand.” (Id. at ¶ 7.) The contracts “do not permit growers or nurseries 9 to use the varieties for any other purpose, expressly exclude breeding as a permitted purpose, and 10 prevent the growers of nurseries from transferring the varieties to others and from disclosing any 11 proprietary information about the varieties.” (Id.) 12 Shaw left the University of California, Davis in 2014 and established CBC, a private 13 strawberry breeding program. (Id. at ¶ 8.) Shaw and CBC were defendants in a related Northern 14 District case known as Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Cal. Berry Cultivars, LLC, No. 16-CV- 15 02477-VC, 2017 WL 9531948 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 27, 2017). In May 2017, a jury in the Northern 16 District of California found Defendants “committed willful patent infringement by using eleven 17 of the [University of California’s] patented varieties in CBC’s breeding program without the 18 University’s permission” and also “engaged in conversion by interfering with the University’s 19 property interests in its proprietary strawberry breeding material.” (Id. at ¶ 9.) Driscoll’s alleges 20 witnesses and exhibits revealed during the trial that CBC had not only improperly used the 21 University’s proprietary strawberry varieties in its breeding program, but also those of Driscoll’s 22 and others. (Id. at ¶ 10.) Specifically, “at least four Driscoll’s patented varieties — 23 Camarillo[™], Amesti™, Lusa™, and Marquis™ — were used in CBC’s breeding program.” 24 (Id.) 25 Driscoll’s alleges “Shaw prepared CBC’s breeding plans and directed the use of Driscoll’s 26 proprietary strawberry varieties in these plans” and “CBC or Shaw could not have obtained these 27 varieties except in contravention of Driscoll’s agreements with its growers and nurseries.” (Id.) 28 Driscoll’s alleges “Shaw, CBC, CBC’s members or agents, and/or others acting in concert with 1 CBC or Shaw have had, and still have, possession of progeny that resulted from unauthorized 2 crossbreeding with Driscoll’s proprietary strawberry varieties within this district, including at 3 CBC’s French Camp facilities.” (Id.) 4 On March 29, 2019, Driscoll’s filed the instant action with this Court. (ECF No. 1.) On 5 July 6, 2021, this Court granted in part and denied in part Defendants’ motion to dismiss the 6 Complaint. (ECF No. 32.) On August 5, 2021, Driscoll’s filed the operative FAC. (ECF No. 7 33.) Driscoll’s seeks declaratory relief, injunctive relief, a constructive trust, damages, 8 restitution, and attorneys’ fees. (Id. at 22–23.) On August 19, 2021, Defendants filed a motion to 9 dismiss and motion to strike. (ECF No. 34.) On September 16, 2021, Driscoll’s filed an 10 opposition (ECF No. 36), and on September 23, 2021, Defendants filed a reply. (ECF No. 37.) 11 II. STANDARD OF LAW 12 A. Motion to Dismiss 13 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under 14 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. 15 Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading contain 16 “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. 17 Civ. P. 8(a); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677–78 (2009). Under notice pleading in 18 federal court, the complaint must “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the 19 grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal 20 citation and quotations omitted). “This simplified notice pleading standard relies on liberal 21 discovery rules and summary judgment motions to define disputed facts and issues and to dispose 22 of unmeritorious claims.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002). 23 On a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations of the complaint must be accepted as true. 24 Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 (1972). A court must give the plaintiff the benefit of every 25 reasonable inference to be drawn from the “well-pleaded” allegations of the complaint. Retail 26 Clerks Int’l Ass’n v. Schermerhorn, 373 U.S. 746, 753 n.6 (1963). A plaintiff need not allege 27 “‘specific facts’ beyond those necessary to state his claim and the grounds showing entitlement to 28 relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (internal citation omitted). 1 Nevertheless, a court “need not assume the truth of legal conclusions cast in the form of 2 factual allegations.” U.S. ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose, 788 F.2d 638, 643 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986). 3 While Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an 4 unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A 5 pleading is insufficient if it offers mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the 6 elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 7 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 8 statements, do not suffice.”). Thus, “[c]onclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences 9 are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss” for failure to state a claim. Adams v. Johnson, 355, 10 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). Moreover, it is inappropriate to assume the 11 plaintiff “can prove facts that it has not alleged or that the defendants have violated the . . . laws 12 in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State 13 Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983). 14 Ultimately, a court may not dismiss a complaint in which the plaintiff has alleged “enough 15 facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim 16 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 17 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 18 680. While the plausibility requirement is not akin to a probability requirement, it demands more 19 than “a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. at 678. This plausibility 20 inquiry is “a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 21 experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. Thus, only where a plaintiff fails to “nudge [his or 22 her] claims . . . across the line from conceivable to plausible[,]” is the complaint properly 23 dismissed. Id. at 680 (internal quotations omitted). 24 In ruling on a motion to dismiss, a court may consider only the complaint, any exhibits 25 thereto, and matters which may be judicially noticed pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 201. 26 See Mir v. Little Co. of Mary Hosp., 844 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1988); Isuzu Motors Ltd. v. 27 Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 12 F. Supp. 2d 1035, 1042 (C.D. Cal. 1998); see also Daniels- 28 Hall v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010) (the court need not accept as true 1 allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice). 2 If a complaint fails to state a plausible claim, “‘[a] district court should grant leave to 3 amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading 4 could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 5 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995)); 6 see also Gardner v. Martino, 563 F.3d 981, 990 (9th Cir. 2009) (finding no abuse of discretion in 7 denying leave to amend when amendment would be futile). Although a district court should 8 freely give leave to amend when justice so requires under Rule 15(a)(2), “the court’s discretion to 9 deny such leave is ‘particularly broad’ where the plaintiff has previously amended its 10 complaint[.]” Ecological Rights Found. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 713 F.3d 502, 520 (9th Cir. 11 2013) (quoting Miller v. Yokohama Tire Corp., 358 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir. 2004)). 12 B. Motion to Strike 13 Rule 12(f) provides that a court “may strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any 14 redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). A court will 15 only consider striking a defense or allegation if it fits within one of these five categories. Yursik 16 v. Inland Crop Dusters Inc., No. CV-F-11-01602-LJO-JLT, 2011 WL 5592888, at *3 (E.D. Cal. 17 Nov. 16, 2011) (citing Whittlestone, Inc. v. Handi-Craft Co., 618 F.3d 970, 973–74 (9th Cir. 18 2010)). “[T]he function of a 12(f) motion to strike is to avoid the expenditure of time and money 19 that must arise from litigating spurious issues by dispensing with those issues prior to trial.” 20 Sidney-Vinstein v. A.H. Robins Co., 697 F.2d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 1983). However, Rule 12(f) 21 motions are “generally regarded with disfavor because of the limited importance of pleading in 22 federal practice, and because they are often used as a delaying tactic.” Neilson v. Union Bank of 23 Cal., N.A., 290 F. Supp. 2d 1101, 1152 (C.D. Cal. 2003). “Ultimately, whether to grant a motion 24 to strike lies within the sound discretion of the district court.” Id. Unless it would prejudice the 25 opposing party, courts freely grant leave to amend stricken pleadings. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 26 178, 182 (1962); Howey v. United States, 481 F.2d 1187, 1190 (9th Cir. 1973); see also Fed. R. 27 Civ. P. 15(a)(2). If the court is in doubt as to whether the challenged matter may raise an issue of 28 fact or law, the motion to strike should be denied, leaving the assessment of the sufficiency of the 1 allegations for adjudication on the merits after proper development of the factual nature of the 2 claims through discovery. See generally Whittlestone, Inc., 618 F.3d at 974–75. 3 Where a defendant seeks to challenge the sufficiency of factual allegations in a complaint, 4 it must do so through a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, not a Rule 12(f) motion. Kelley v. Corr. Corp. of 5 Am., 750 F. Supp. 2d 1132, 1146 (E.D. Cal. 2010) (citing Consumer Sols. REO, LLC v. Hillery, 6 658 F. Supp. 2d 1002, 1020 (N.D. Cal. 2009)). “[W]here a motion is in substance a Rule 12(b)(6) 7 motion, but is incorrectly denominated as a Rule 12(f) motion, a court may convert the 8 improperly designated 12(f) motion into a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” Id. (citing Consumer Sols. 9 REO, LLC, 658 F. Supp. 2d at 1021). 10 III. ANALYSIS 11 The FAC alleges the following claims: (1) declaratory relief in the form of a judgment 12 from this Court; (2) infringement of U.S. Plant Patent No. 14,771 (“Camarillo”); (3) infringement 13 of the U.S. Plant Patent No. 18,878 (“Amesti”); (4) infringement of U.S. Plant Patent No. 22,247 14 (“Lusa”); (5) infringement of U.S. Plant Patent No. 23,400 (“Marquis”); (6) intentional 15 interference with a contract; and (7) unfair competition in violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 16 17200–17210. (See ECF No. 33.) Defendants move to dismiss Claims Two through Five for 17 failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted and move to strike or dismiss Claims 18 One and Seven as “redundant.” (See ECF No. 34.) The Court will first evaluate the claims 19 Defendants move to dismiss — Claims Two through Five together (as Defendants make 20 overlapping arguments regarding the patent infringement claims) and Six. The Court will then 21 evaluate the claims Defendants move to strike or dismiss — Claims Seven and One. 22 A. Claims Two Through Five: Patent Infringement 23 Driscoll’s alleges Defendants “have infringed and continue to infringe” Camarillo™, 24 Amesti™, Lusa™, and Marquis™ “in violation of 35 U.S.C. §§ 163 and 271.” (ECF No. 33 ¶¶ 25 22, 31, 40, 49.) Defendants argue Claims Two through Five: (1) fail to allege who owns the 26 patents allegedly infringed; (2) there is no plausible allegation that Defendants asexually 27 reproduced a plant; (3) Driscoll’s fails to allege indirect infringement; and (4) the allegations 28 against Shaw fail as a matter of law. The Court will first address the issue of ownership 1 (Defendants’ first argument), then address whether the claim is adequately pleaded (Defendants’ 2 second and third arguments), and finally evaluate whether the allegations against Shaw are 3 sufficient (Defendants’ fourth argument). 4 i. Ownership of the Patents at Issue 5 Defendants first argue a lack of standing, as Driscoll’s “provides insufficient allegations 6 as to who owns the patents, or if standing is based on a license, the nature of the license, such that 7 Driscoll’s fails to allege facts to support standing.” (ECF No. 35 at 12.) Namely, Defendants 8 contend Driscoll’s Strawberry Associates is named on the patent documents but is not a party to 9 this suit. (See id.) In opposition, Driscoll’s notes that it has “sufficiently alleged ownership of 10 the asserted patent, and will, indeed, prove this fact if contested at trial.” (ECF No. 36 at 12 n.2.) 11 As it did in the Complaint, Driscoll’s alleges in the FAC that “Driscoll’s, Inc. was 12 formerly known as Driscoll Strawberry Associates, Inc.” (ECF No. 33 ¶ 1.) The instant case is 13 still in the pleading stage and all reasonable inferences are to be construed in Driscoll’s favor. 14 The reasonable inference is that Driscoll’s Strawberry Associates, Inc., named as the assignee in 15 the patent documents attached to the FAC (see 33-1, 33-2, 33-3, 33-4) in support of Driscoll’s 16 claims, is related to Driscoll’s. Therefore, Driscoll’s adequately alleges it owns the patents at 17 issue. As previously noted in the prior Order, however, Driscoll’s must ultimately prove 18 ownership of the patents at issue in a future dispositive motion past the pleading stage or at trial. 19 (ECF No. 32 at 6 n.2.) 20 ii. Whether the Patent Infringement Claim is Adequately Pleaded 21 A patent infringement claim requires determination of whether an individual “(1) without 22 authority (2) makes, uses, offers to sell, sells, or imports (3) the patented invention (4) within the 23 United States, its territories, or its possessions (5) during the term of the patent.” Cal. Table 24 Grape Comm’n v. RB Sandrini, Inc., No. 1:06-cv-00842-OWW-TAG, 2007 WL 1847631, at *17 25 (E.D. Cal. Jun. 27, 2007) (citing Van Well Nursery, Inc. v. Mony Life Ins. Co., 421 F. Supp. 2d 26 1321, 1334 (E.D. Wash. 2006)). Plant patent law specifically provides the plant patent “shall 27 include the right to exclude others from asexually reproducing the plant, and from using, offering 28 for sale, or selling the plant so reproduced, or any of its parts, throughout the United States, or 1 from importing the plant so reproduced, or any parts thereof, into the United States.” 35 U.S.C. § 2 163. 3 With respect to the first, second, fourth, and fifth elements, the Court found in its prior 4 Order that these were adequately pleaded in the Complaint. (ECF No. 32 at 8.) These allegations 5 have not changed in the FAC. (ECF No. 33 ¶¶ 26, 35, 44, 53.) Accordingly, the Court finds 6 these elements are adequately pleaded in the FAC and will only consider Defendants’ arguments 7 with respect to the third element. 8 As to the third element, Defendants argue Driscoll’s allegations lack the requisite facts 9 explaining how Defendant produced an infringing plant. (ECF No. 35 at 13.) Defendants 10 contend Driscoll’s allegations of “asexual reproduction with itself or another strawberry variety” 11 and other allegations using an “and/or” pleading format are inadequate. (Id. at 13.) In 12 opposition, Driscoll’s argues the allegations in the FAC meet the requirements set forth in Imazio 13 as “they establish that the infringing . . . plants are asexual reproductions because they are ‘the 14 progeny of the patented plant[s].’” (ECF No. 36 at 13 (citing Imazio Nursery, Inc. v. Dania 15 Greenhouses, 69 F.3d 1560, 1569 (Fed. Cir. 1995).) In reply, Defendants argue Driscoll’s is 16 trying to evade this element by claiming use of their patented varieties alone constitutes 17 infringement. (ECF No. 37 at 7.) 18 The patent holder must prove under 35 U.S.C. § 163 “that the alleged infringing plant is 19 an asexual reproduction,” meaning it is “the progeny of the patented plant via ‘grafting, budding, 20 cuttings, layering, division and the like, but not by seeds.’” Imazio Nursery, 69 F.3d at 1569 21 (reversing district court’s holding of infringement, as the alleged infringing plant was not an 22 asexual reproduction of the patented plant, but rather an asexual reproduction of a plant with the 23 same essential characteristics as the patented plant); Cal. Table Grape Comm’n, 2007 WL 24 1847631, at *17; Van Well Nursery, Inc., 421 F. Supp. 2d at 1334. 25 In the FAC, Driscoll’s alleges Defendants “obtained asexual reproductions of Driscoll’s 26 [patented plant] variet[ies] for use in their breeding program.” (ECF No. 33 ¶¶ 24, 33, 42, 51.) 27 Defendants acquired asexual reproductions “by cutting one or more runners from [the patented 28 plant varieties] growing on the premises of Driscoll’s growers and nurseries” and then grew the 1 progeny of the patented plants by various asexual processes, “such as budding, cuttings, layering, 2 division and the like.” (Id.) Driscoll’s provides breeding diagrams which purport to show 3 Defendants intentional uses of the patented plant varieties. (Id. at 8, 11, 13–14, 16–17.) 4 Driscoll’s allegations are sufficient to state this claim because it alleges that “the alleged 5 infringing plant is an asexual reproduction . . . that it is the progeny of the patented plant.” Imazio 6 Nursery, Inc, 69 F.3d at 1569 (citations omitted). Therefore, the Court finds Driscoll’s has met 7 the pleading requirements for the patent infringement claims. 8 iii. Piercing the Corporate Veil 9 Defendants argue the corporate veil shields Shaw from liability because Driscoll’s 10 allegations “consist of actions taken on behalf of CBC,” not Shaw individually. (ECF No. 35 at 11 19.) In opposition, Driscoll’s argues Shaw should be subject to personal liability for directing 12 CBC’s breeding plans and personally writing emails detailing the implementation of these plans. 13 (ECF No. 36 at 16.) 14 “[O]fficers of a corporation are personally liable for tortious conduct of the corporation if 15 they personally took part in the commission of the tort or specifically directed other officers, 16 agents, or employees of the corporation to commit the tortious act.” Orthokinetics, Inc. v. Safety 17 Travel Chairs, Inc., 806 F.2d 1565, 1579 (Fed. Cir. 1986) (citation omitted). “The cases are 18 legion in which courts have recognized and imposed personal liability on corporate officers for 19 participating in, inducing, and approving acts of patent infringement.” Id. (citing White v. Mar- 20 Bel, Inc., 509 F.2d 287 (5th Cir. 1975)); Rex Chainbelt, Inc. v. Gen. Kinematics Corp., 363 F.2d 21 336 (7th Cir. 1966)); Fromson v. Citiplate, Inc., 886 F.2d 1300, 1304 (Fed. Cir. 1989). 22 In the FAC, Driscoll’s makes new allegations that Shaw is responsible for Defendants’ 23 infringement because “he planned to obtain Driscoll’s strawberry varieties before the founding of 24 CBC in November 2013, directed the asexual propagation of [patented variety] plants for use in 25 breeding,” and sent emails with “prepared breeding plans.” (ECF No. 33 ¶ 28.) Driscoll’s alleges 26 Shaw “had full authority to direct CBC’s breeding operations as he saw fit” thus directing CBC’s 27 officers, agents, or employees to act. (Id.) 28 /// 1 These allegations support a finding that Shaw “actively aid[ed] and abet[ed] the 2 corporation’s infringement” and thus “may be personally liable for inducing infringement under § 3 271(b)2 regardless of whether the corporation is the alter ego of the corporate officer.” 4 Orthokinetics, Inc., 806 F.2d at 1579 (citing Power Lift, Inc. v. Lang Tools, Inc., 774 F.2d 478, 5 481 (Fed. Cir. 1985)). Driscoll’s therefore adequately pleads sufficient facts to find Shaw 6 personally liable for patent infringement. 7 Based on the foregoing, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Claims Two through Five is 8 DENIED. 9 B. Claim Six: Intentional Interference with a Contract 10 Driscoll’s alleges Defendants “have intentionally interfered with the contractual 11 relationship between Driscoll’s and one or more of its growers or nurseries through acts intended 12 and designed to induce breach and/or disruption of said contractual relationship — including by, 13 e.g., depriving Driscoll’s of the exclusive benefit from the genetics of its proprietary strawberry 14 varieties and contravening the express terms of the contract.” (ECF No. 33 ¶ 65.) 15 Defendants contend Driscoll’s fails to adequately allege the elements of the claim because 16 Driscoll’s does not identify any actual contracts, how they were breached, what Defendants did to 17 interfere with these contracts, or who carried out any actions. (ECF No. 35 at 20–21.) 18 Defendants further contend Driscoll’s does not identify whether the contracts were “at will,” 19 which would then require pleading wrongful means. (Id. at 22.) Defendants finally argue federal 20 patent law preempts the claim. (Id. at 22.) In opposition, Driscoll’s argues patent law does not 21 preempt interference claims because “the state law action [of intentional interference with actual 22 and prospective contractual relations] includes additional elements not found in the federal patent 23 law cause of action.” (ECF No. 36 at 18 (citing Dow Chem. Co. v. Exxon Corp., 139 F.3d 1470, 24 1473 (Fed. Cir. 1998).) 25 The Court will first evaluate whether the claim is preempted and then address whether it is 26 adequately pleaded. 27 2 35 U.S.C. § 271(b) provides that “[w]hoever actively induces infringement of a patent 28 shall be liable as an infringer.” 1 i. Preemption 2 There are three forms of federal preemption: (1) explicit preemption of state law by 3 Congress; (2) field preemption, where the “federal scheme may occupy a given field and thus 4 preempt state law in that field;” and (3) conflict preemption, where “compliance with both state 5 and federal law is impossible” and “the conflicting state law is preempted.” Univ. of Colo. 6 Found., Inc. v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 342 F.3d 1298, 1305 (Fed. Cir. 2003). “State law claims that 7 frustrate the objectives embodied in the federal patent scheme are subject to conflict preemption.” 8 See Gerawan Farming, Inc. v. Rehrig Pac. Co., No. 1:11-cv-01273 LJO, 2012 WL 691758, at *7 9 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2012) (discussing third form of preemption), aff’d, 587 F. App’x 654 (Fed. Cir. 10 2014). In patent cases, therefore, “federal preemption occurs whenever a state law impermissibly 11 attempts to provide patent-like protection to subject matter addressed by federal patent law.” Id. 12 The Federal Circuit has held that “a state law tort claim is not preempted by the federal 13 patent law . . . provided the state law cause of action includes additional elements not found in the 14 federal patent law cause of action and is not an impermissible attempt to offer patent-like 15 protection to subject matter addressed by federal law.” Dow Chem. Co., 139 F.3d at 1473. To 16 determine whether a state claim is preempted, a court should consider the “objectives of the 17 federal patent laws” to: (1) “foster and reward invention”; (2) “promotes disclosure of inventions 18 to stimulate further innovation”; and (3) “assure that ideas in the public domain remain there for 19 the free use of the public.” Fortinet, Inc. v. Forescout Technologies, Inc., No. 20-cv-03343- 20 EMC, 2021 WL 5565836, at *19–20 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 29, 2021) (quoting Hunter Douglas, Inc. v. 21 Harmonic Design, Inc., 153 F.3d 1318, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 1998)). 22 As discussed in more detail below, the elements of an intentional interference with a 23 contract claim differ considerably from the elements of a patent infringement claim. The tort 24 claim focuses on a contract at issue and a defendant’s interference of it. Because Plaintiff’s 25 intentional interference with a contract claim is “not an impermissible attempt to offer patent-like 26 protection to subject matter addressed by federal law,” it is not preempted. See Dow Chem. Co., 27 139 F.3d at 1473 (finding that a state law tort claim for intentional interference with actual and 28 prospective contractual relations is not preempted by federal patent law because it includes 1 additional elements not found in the federal patent law cause of action). 2 ii. Elements of the Intentional Interference with a Contract Claim 3 The elements of a claim for the tort of intentional inference with a contract include: “(1) a 4 valid contract between a plaintiff and a third party; (2) defendant’s knowledge of this contract; (3) 5 defendant’s intentional acts designed to induce a breach or disruption of the contractual 6 relationship; (4) actual breach or disruption of the contractual relationship; and (5) resulting 7 damage.” United Nat. Maint., Inc. v. San Diego Convention Ctr., Inc., 766 F.3d 1002, 1006 (9th 8 Cir. 2014) (citing Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Bear Stearns & Co., 50 Cal. 3d 1118 (1990)). 9 This Court found in its previous Order that Driscoll’s did not plead facts regarding the 10 third element to show how Defendants’ acts of interference with such contracts were intentionally 11 designed to induce a breach or disruption. (ECF No. 32 at 11.) Nor did Driscoll’s adequately 12 plead the other elements because it failed to allege which contracts were at issue, how Defendants 13 had knowledge of those contracts, and that there was an actual breach or disruption of the 14 relationship. (Id.) 15 The Court finds Driscoll’s minimal alterations to the FAC have not remedied these issues, 16 and thus Defendants’ arguments that Driscoll’s has failed to plead this claim still hold. With 17 respect to the first element, Driscoll’s does not allege which contracts are at issue — it just 18 plainly alleges Defendants “intentionally interfered with the contractual relationship between 19 Driscoll’s and one or more of its growers or nurseries.” (ECF No. 33 ¶ 65.) Further, with respect 20 to the fourth and fifth elements, if Driscoll’s does not allege which contracts are at issue, it cannot 21 plead how there was an actual breach or disruption of the relationship, or how it was damaged in 22 this process. Therefore, Driscoll’s cannot and does not plead facts regarding the first, fourth, and 23 fifth elements to show there was a valid contract which Defendants’ knew of and breached. As 24 such, the Court again holds that Driscoll’s has not pleaded “factual content that allows the [C]ourt 25 to draw the reasonable interference that the [D]efendant[s] [are] liable for the misconduct 26 alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680. 27 Of note, the Court finds the remaining elements are adequately pleaded. With respect to 28 the second and third elements, Driscoll’s included new allegations that Shaw interacted with the 1 California Strawberry Commission and acknowledged Driscoll’s contractual requirements it 2 places on growers and nurseries. (ECF No. 33 ¶ 63.) Driscoll’s also maintains “a CBC officer 3 publicly acknowledged that acquiring Driscoll’s proprietary strawberry requires a contract with 4 Driscoll’s.” (Id.) These facts show Defendants knew about Driscoll’s contracts and the acts 5 designed to breach those contracts. Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Claim Six is 6 GRANTED with leave to amend. Should it file an amended complaint, Driscoll’s must 7 adequately address the deficiencies as set forth above. 8 C. Claim Seven: Unfair Competition 9 Driscoll’s alleges Defendants have engaged in a variety of unlawful, unfair, or fraudulent 10 practices including infringement of Driscoll’s plant patent, interference with Driscoll’s contracts 11 with its growers and nurseries, and the unlawful acquisition of Driscoll’s proprietary strawberry 12 varieties. (ECF No. 33 ¶ 70.) 13 Defendants contend that because the underlying intentional interference with a contract 14 claim fails, this claim fails too. (ECF No. 35 at 25.) Defendants argue this claim should be 15 dismissed or stricken as “redundant” under Rule 12(f), “as it does nothing more than allege that 16 Defendants’ use of the strawberry varieties in their purported breeding program constitutes unfair 17 competition.” (Id.) In opposition, Driscoll’s argues the claim is not redundant because it is 18 premised on another claim and contains allegations necessary for the unfair competition claim. 19 (ECF No. 36 at 18.) In reply, Defendant argues the claim should be dismissed because the 20 underlying claim should be preempted by patent law, thereby preempting this claim as well. 21 (ECF No. 37 at 13.) 22 California law prohibits “any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act.” Cal. Bus. & 23 Prof. Code § 17200. “By proscribing any unlawful business practice, [§] 17200 borrows 24 violations of other laws and treats them as unlawful practices that the unfair competition law 25 makes independently actionable.” Cel-Tech Commc’ns, Inc. v. L.A.Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal. 4th 26 163, 180 (1999) (internal citations and quotations omitted). The “unlawful” practices prohibited 27 by this law include “any practices forbidden by law, be it civil or criminal, federal, state, or 28 municipal, statutory, regulatory, or court-made.” Saunders v. Super. Ct., 27 Cal. App. 4th 832, 1 838–39 (1994) (citing People v. McKale, 25 Cal. 3d 626, 632 (1979)). 2 In the Court’s previous order, the unfair competition claim was dismissed because it was 3 premised on the failed intentional interference of a contract claim. Here, the same issue persists. 4 Because the Court finds Driscoll’s has failed to adequately plead the underlying intentional 5 interference with a contract claim, the derivative unfair competition claim is inadequately pleaded 6 as well. Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Claim Seven is GRANTED with leave to 7 amend. 8 D. Claim One: Declaratory Relief 9 Driscoll’s alleges this controversy “is of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the 10 issuance of a declaratory judgment.” (ECF No. 33 ¶ 19.) Driscoll’s seeks a declaratory judgment 11 confirming that (1) unauthorized use of their patented varieties by Defendants constitutes patent 12 infringement, (2) that Driscoll’s the rightful owner of the intellectual and tangible property rights 13 in the proprietary strawberry varieties, and (3) that Defendants are not bona fide purchasers of the 14 proprietary strawberry varieties. (Id. at ¶ 20.) 15 Defendants move to strike this claim as redundant, arguing that with respect to the first 16 two issues there is no controversy about who owns the patent rights as Driscoll’s clearly does, so 17 the Court need not declare Driscoll’s as the rightful owner. (ECF No. 35 at 23–24.) With respect 18 to the third issue, further, Defendants argue “it is not clear what the alleged controversy is” or its 19 relevancy to Driscoll’s claims. (Id.) In opposition, Driscoll’s argues the Court has previously 20 held this claim should not be dismissed as it is identical to the claim in the original Complaint and 21 Defendants have repeated the same unpersuasive arguments. (ECF No. 36 at 11–12.) In reply, 22 Defendants argue the claim is different, as the FAC includes new allegations as to patent 23 infringement and interference, thus the relief should be stricken. (ECF No. 37 at 14.) 24 “Claims for declaratory relief . . . are ultimately prayers for relief, and not causes of 25 action.” Javaheri v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 2:10-cv-08185-ODW (FFMx), 2012 WL 26 3426278 at *8 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 13, 2012) (citing Lane v. Vitek Real Est. Indus. Grp., 713 F. Supp. 27 2d 1092, 1104 (E.D. Cal. 2010)). 28 U.S.C. § 2201 provides, “any court of the United States, 28 upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, may declare the rights and other legal relations of any 1 interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not further relief is or could be sought.” 2 “Declaratory relief should be denied when it will neither serve a useful purpose in clarifying and 3 settling the legal relations in issues nor terminate the proceedings and afford relief from the 4 uncertainty and controversy faced by the parties.” U.S. v. Wash., 759 F.2d 1353, 1357 (9th Cir. 5 1985) (citations omitted). A claim for declaratory relief is unnecessary where an adequate 6 remedy exists under another cause of action. Mangindin v. Wash. Mut. Bank, 637 F. Supp. 2d 7 700, 707 (N.D. Cal. 2009). 8 This Court previously held the declaratory relief claim was not redundant because 9 Driscoll’s “seeks a different form of relief from its other claims.” (ECF No. 32 at 15.) Namely, 10 Driscoll’s patent infringement, intentional interference with a contract, and unfair competition 11 claims seek redress in the form of an injunction, a constructive trust, damages, restitution, and 12 attorneys’ fees and costs (see ECF No. 33 at 22–23), while the declaratory relief claim seeks a 13 declaration as set forth above. Driscoll’s other claims seek an injunction, constructive trust, 14 damages, and restitution to redress current and past wrongs, while Driscoll’s declaratory relief 15 claim goes one step further to define the rights and duties of Driscoll’s and Defendants. As this 16 claim seeks a different form of relief, the Court again cannot conclude the claim is redundant. 17 Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion to Strike Claim One is DENIED. 18 /// 19 /// 20 /// 21 /// 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 For the aforementioned reasons, the Court hereby GRANTS in part and DENIES in part 3 | Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and Motion to Strike (ECF No. 34) as follows: 4 1. Defendants’ Motion to Strike Claim One is DENIED; 5 2. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Claims Two through Five is DENIED; and 6 3. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Claims Six and Seven is GRANTED with leave to 7 amend. 8 Driscoll’s may file an amended complaint within thirty (30) days of the electronic filing 9 | date of this Order. Defendants’ responsive pleading is due within twenty-one (21) days of the 10 | electronic filing date of Driscoll’s amended complaint. 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. 12 | DATED: March 29, 2022 13 () i/ 14 ) loco 15 Troy L. Nunley 6 United States District Judge 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 16