Walter v. Leprino Foods Company ( 2023 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 FRED WALTER, an individual, on behalf Case No. 2:20-cv-00700-JLT-BAM of himself and all members of the putative 12 class, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF FRED WALTER’S MOTION TO STAY 13 Plaintiff, PROCEEDINGS 14 v. (Doc. 70) 15 LEPRINO FOODS COMPANY, a Colorado Corporation; LEPRINO FOODS 16 DAIRY PRODUCTS COMPANY, a Colorado Corporation; and DOES 1-100, 17 inclusive, 18 Defendants. 19 This action proceeds as a class action on Plaintiff Fred Walter’s (“Walter”) late and short 20 meal break claim against Leprino Foods Company and Leprino Foods Dairy Products Company 21 (collectively “Leprino”). On June 9, 2023, Walter filed a motion to stay the case pending the 22 Ninth Circuit’s ruling on the appeal following a jury trial in the related case of Vasquez v. Leprino 23 Foods Co., No. 1:17-cv-00796-AWI-BAM (USCA Case No. 23-15778) and global settlement 24 discussions in all Leprino class actions. (Doc. 70.) The Court found the matter suitable for 25 resolution without oral argument, and vacated the hearing set for July 14, 2023. L.R. 230(g). 26 Having considered the parties’ briefs and the record in this action, Walter’s motion will be 27 denied. 28 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 Original Plaintiff Charles Bates (“Bates”) filed this action against Leprino on February 28, 3 2020, in San Joaquin County Superior Court. (Doc. 1, Ex. A.) The first amended complaint, 4 which was filed after the matter was removed to this Court, raised six causes of action on behalf 5 of Bates and a putative class: (1) failure to provide meal periods or compensation in lieu thereof, 6 in violation of California Labor Code § 226.7 and California Industrial Welfare Commission 7 (“IWC”) Wage Orders; (2) failure to provide rest periods or compensation in lieu thereof, in 8 violation of California Labor Code § 226.7 and IWC Wage Orders; (3) failure to pay minimum 9 wages, in violation of California Labor Code §§ 1194, 1197, and 1197.1; (4) failure to pay all 10 earned and unpaid wages at the time of termination of employment, in violation of California 11 Labor Code §§ 201 and 202; (5) failure to provide accurate itemized wage statements, in violation 12 of California Labor Code § 226; and (6) violation of California’s unfair competition law (“UCL”) 13 under California Business & Professions Code § 17200, et seq. (Doc. 7, pp. 10-19.) On 14 November 2, 2020, the Court dismissed Bates’ request for statutory penalties for his wage 15 statement claim, and for restitution for his UCL claim. (Doc. 25.) 16 On February 4, 2022, Bates filed a motion for class certification. (Doc. 32.) During 17 pendency of that motion, Bates withdrew his declaration in support of the motion for class 18 certification, and Walter was substituted as the putative class representative. (Docs. 40, 41, 52, 19 60.) 20 Additionally, while the motion for class certification remained pending, the Vasquez 21 matter proceeded to a jury trial on March 14, 2023. At issue was whether Leprino had a facility- 22 wide practice at its Lemoore West facility between May 8, 2013 and March 31, 2020 that 23 required class members to be on-call during their meal and rest breaks. On April 6, 2023, the jury 24 rendered a verdict for Leprino, finding that Leprino did not have a facility-wide policy at its 25 Lemoore West facility that required the class to be on-call during rest breaks or during meal 26 breaks. (Vasquez, 1:17-cv-00796, Doc. 430.) Plaintiffs Vasquez and Hefke appealed on May 5, 27 2023. (Id. at Doc. 436.) Leprino filed a conditional cross appeal in the event the Ninth Circuit 28 does not affirm the district court’s judgment. (Id. at 439.) The opening briefs in the cross- 1 appeals in Vasquez are due on August 14, 2023. (Doc. 70-1 at p. 2.) 2 After conclusion of the Vasquez trial, on April 4, 2023, the district court partially granted 3 Walter’s motion for class certification and certified only Walter’s late and short meal break claim 4 for class aggregation under Rule 23. (Doc. 62.) Walter’s class action claim is premised on 5 whether Leprino’s meal period timekeeping system resulted in untimely or short meal periods for 6 the putative class members at Leprino’s Tracy facility in violation of California law. (Id. at pp. 7 19, 29-30.) The matter was referred back to the undersigned for further scheduling, but a 8 schedule as not yet been set. 9 On June 6, 2023, Walter filed the instant motion seeking a stay of all proceedings 10 pending the appeal in Vasquez and to pursue global settlement discussions. (Doc. 70.) In light of 11 the motion, the Court vacated the Scheduling Conference set for July 21, 2023. (Doc. 71.) 12 II. LEGAL STANDARD 13 In deciding whether to issue a stay, the Court applies the standard set forth in Landis v. 14 North American Co., 299 U.S. 248, 254 (1936), which “typically applies to stays of proceedings 15 pending the resolution of a related action in another court.” Flores v. Bennett, No. 1:22-cv- 16 01003-JLT-HBK, --- F. Supp. 3d ---, 2023 WL 3751998, at *2 (E.D. Cal. June 1, 2023) (citing 17 Landis, 299 U.S. at 249-50). “[T]he power to stay proceedings is incidental to the power inherent 18 in every court to control the disposition of the causes on its docket with economy of time and 19 effort for itself, for counsel, and for litigants.” Landis., 299 U.S. at 254 (1936). A court may issue 20 a stay of proceedings in the interests of efficiency and fairness when a “pending resolution of 21 independent proceedings [ ] bear[s] upon the case.” Leyva v. Certified Grocers of Cal. Ltd., 593 22 F.2d 857, 863 (9th Cir. 1979). “A stay should not be granted unless it appears likely the other 23 proceedings will be concluded within a reasonable time in relation to the urgency of the claims 24 presented to the court.” Id. at 864. 25 The Landis factors guide the analysis of when a stay is appropriate; these factors include: 26 “[1] the possible damage which may result from the granting of a stay, [2] the hardship or 27 inequity which a party may suffer in being required to go forward, and [3] the orderly course of 28 justice measured in terms of the simplifying or complicating of issues, proof, and questions of law 1 which could be expected to result from a stay.” CMAX, Inc. v. Hall, 300 F.2d 265, 268 (9th Cir. 2 1962) (citing Landis, 299 U.S. at 254-55). If there is “even a fair possibility” of harm to the 3 opposing party, the moving party “must make out a clear case of hardship or inequity in being 4 required to go forward.” Landis, 299 U.S. at 255; Lockyer v. Mirant Corp., 398 F.3d 1098, 1112 5 (9th Cir. 2005). 6 III. DISCUSSION 7 A. Walter’s Position 8 Walter believes that because similar questions in this case are currently pending before the 9 Ninth Circuit in Vasquez, it makes “little sense” to force the parties to continually re-litigate the 10 same issues when the Ninth Circuit “will undoubtedly issue binding authority on the similar 11 issues pending in this case.” (Doc. 70-1 at p. 2.) In particular, Walter indicates that the appeal in 12 Vasquez “will resolve numerous legal questions about what it means to provide a proper meal 13 period, what the proper jury instructions are for such a claim, and more.” (Id. at p. 5.) Walter 14 further indicates that Leprino has cross-appealed “virtually every order related to certification, 15 summary judgment, motions in limine, and expert challenges,” and “it makes little to no sense to 16 force the Parties to continually litigate the same issue and file the same briefs over again in a 17 vacuum.” (Id.) Walter assets that because Leprino’s defense strategy has largely been identical 18 in each class action, this case “will inevitably involve yet another round of certification briefing, 19 expensive expert challenges, duplicative motions for summary judgment, and motion for 20 decertification while those exact issues are on appeal.” (Id.) 21 Additionally, Walter contends that Leprino’s pending motion for summary judgment or 22 alternatively, decertification in the related matter of Perez, which is fully briefed, concerns the 23 same issues. Walter asserts that the motion is massive, and includes arguments advanced by 24 Leprino that have been rejected multiple times by the previously assigned district judge. With the 25 parties having to conduct merits discovery and prepare for expert designation and dispositive 26 motions, it “makes little sense to have the Parties and Court hear and brief the same arguments on 27 repeat.” (Id. at p. 6.) Walter claims that a decision by the Ninth Circuit in Vasquez and by the 28 district court in Perez “will likely resolve numerous issues, give guidance on how the Parties can 1 proceed forward, and hopefully reduce the scope of Leprino’s redundant and erroneous legal 2 challenges.” (Id.) (emphasis in original). 3 As to the relevant Landis factors, Walter contends: (1) no parties will be damaged by a 4 temporary stay. The next step is for the parties to take merits discovery, distribute the class 5 notice, designate experts, take expert depositions, and then file dispositive motions like in 6 Vasquez and Perez. Walter claims they should not have to do this while the same issues are in 7 dispute and pending before the Ninth Circuit. Walter asserts that the same dispositive motions— 8 summary judgment and decertification—are at issue in Leprino’s cross appeal in Vasquez and the 9 parties will benefit from the Ninth Circuit’s guidance; (2) all parties and the Court will face 10 hardship for being forced to move forward and litigate the same issues on appeal, but in a 11 vacuum;1 and (3) a temporary stay will simplify issues, because the Vasquez appeal should 12 narrow the parties’ disputes—particularly in light of Leprino’s cross-appeal. 13 Finally, Walter reports that the parties are in the middle of negotiating a global settlement 14 of all Leprino cases. Walter asserts that instead of focusing on re-litigating issues that are already 15 pending before the Ninth Circuit, the parties would be better served if their efforts were directed 16 towards meaningful settlement. (Doc. 70-1 at p. 8.) 17 B. Leprino’s Position 18 Leprino counters that a stay is not warranted, and the Landis factors weigh against staying 19 the action. First, Leprino contends that a stay will lead to undue delay, damage to Leprino’s 20 reputation and its relationship with its employees and consumers, and harm its ability to 21 adequately defend itself. Leprino contends that witnesses may become unavailable or likely 22 forget or misremember key details. 23 Second, Leprino contends that Walter has not demonstrated a clear case of hardship or 24 inequity in requiring to proceed. That Walter does not want to engage in discovery or write briefs 25 26 1 Walter also claims that “there is no way that the Ninth Circuit will be able to issue its guidance before the Parties’ dispositive motion deadline in August, meaning they will be forced to litigate the same issue on 27 appeal but in a vacuum.” (Doc. 70-1 at p. 7.) Walter’s argument seems to be a carryover from a motion to stay proceedings filed in a different matter. The Court has not scheduled merits discovery in this case, nor 28 has it set any dispositive motion deadline. 1 in a case he chose to prosecute does not constitute undue hardship. Leprino also contends that 2 Walter seeks an indefinite stay and has not claimed that the Ninth Circuit will resolve the Vasquez 3 appeal in the near future given that briefing has not even begun in the appeal. 4 Third, Leprino asserts that Walter has not shown that the orderly course of justice 5 warrants a stay of proceedings. According to Leprino, Walter has not stated with any specificity 6 how the appeal in Vasquez or the summary judgment and decertification motions in Perez will 7 simplify this case. Leprino points out that Vasquez involved an on-call meal and rest break claim 8 at Leprino’s Lemoore West facility, but the only certified claim here is a late and short-meal 9 break claim, involving the Tracy facility and different legal theories and facts. (Doc. 72 at p. 13.) 10 As to Leprino’s cross-appeal in Vasquez, Leprino contends that it does not bear on the issues in 11 this case because it will be heard only if the Ninth Circuit reverses the jury verdict and, even then, 12 it will address the district court’s orders only in relation to the on-call break theory. (Id. at n. 2.) 13 Leprino also points out that Perez involves an on-call break claim, which has little to do 14 with the late and short meal-break claim certified in this case. Leprino also notes that the pending 15 summary judgment and decertification motions in Perez address claims that Leprino required 16 class members to remain on duty during their meal breaks and required that class members spend 17 more than 14 minutes off the clock performing certain pre- and post-shift tasks. (Id. at pp. 13-14.) 18 Leprino argues that those claims have little to do with Walter’s late and short meal-break claim. 19 Leprino additionally asserts that one key defense to Perez’s meal-period claims involves the 20 collective bargaining agreement between the class members' union and Leprino, but a different 21 union represents the class members in this case, and that union negotiated a distinct collective 22 bargaining agreement with Leprino. (Id. at p. 14.) 23 Leprino further argues that case-management concerns do not warrant a stay. Leprino 24 points out that if Walter’s counsel had actually been concerned about the Court’s resources, then 25 they would have asked to the stay the Perez matter pending the resolution of the Vasquez appeal. 26 With regard to global settlement, Leprino avers that there is no indication that global 27 settlement is imminent, and there is no deadline for settlement talks to conclude. 28 As a final matter, in addition to challenging the stay, Leprino seeks sanctions against 1 Walter’s counsel for noticing the instant motion before the magistrate judge and for failing to 2 meet and confer prior to filing the motion. 3 C. Landis Factors 4 1. Possibility of Damage 5 The first Landis stay factor considers the “possible damage which may result from the 6 granting of a stay” to either party. CMAX, 300 F.2d at 268. Leprino first argues that it maintains 7 an interest in expeditiously resolving claims pending against it and that delaying resolution of this 8 matter—after more than three years of discovery, motion practice, and preparation for potential 9 trial—harms its interests. However, delay alone does not constitute prejudice. Hoopa Valley 10 Tribe v. United States Bureau of Reclamation, No. 1:20-cv-01814-JLT-EPG, 2023 WL 3481144, 11 at *3 (E.D. Cal. May 16, 2023) (citing CMAX, 300 F.2d at 268-69). 12 Leprino next suggests that a stay may damage its reputation and its relationship with its 13 employees and consumers. (Doc. 72 at pp 8-9.) Given that this case is one of many, the Court 14 finds Leprino’s suggestion that a further stay would result in employee or consumer damage is at 15 best speculative. 16 Leprino also argues that a fair possibility of harm exists from a stay because witnesses 17 will likely forget or misremember key details and witnesses will likely become unavailable. 18 Leprino notes that several of its witnesses have left their employment with Leprino in the more 19 than three years since this litigation began. (Id. at p. 9.) The Court finds persuasive Leprino’s 20 argument that the potential for witnesses becoming unavailable, to their memories fading, and to 21 evidence becoming stale could result in damage to Leprino. “Delay inherently increases the risk 22 that witnesses’ memories will fade and evidence will become stale.” Blue Cross and Blue Shield 23 of Ala. v. Unity Outpatient Surgery Ctr., Inc., 490 F.3d 718, 724 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation and 24 quotation marks omitted). Given that there is a fair possibility of some cognizable harm to 25 Leprino if a stay is entered, the Court must determine whether Walter has made clear case that he 26 will suffer hardship or inequity. Lockyer, 398 F.3d at 1112. 27 2. Hardship or Inequity 28 The second Landis factor considers “the hardship or inequity which a party may suffer in 1 being required to go forward.” CMAX, 300 F.2d at 268. Walter asserts that it would be wasteful 2 to force the parties to litigate the same issues on appeal, but in a vacuum, and with the Ninth 3 Circuit’s ruling in Vasquez, the parties “will be more informed on how to proceed.” (Doc. 70-1 at 4 p. 7.) Walter also cites to the Court’s “massive caseload” and urges that moving forward in this 5 case would compound that issue. (Id.) 6 Leprino counters that Walter’s complaint about conducting discovery and filing briefs 7 does not constitute hardship or inequity. The Court agrees. “[B]eing required to defend a suit, 8 without more, does not constitute a ‘clear case of hardship or inequity’ within the meaning of 9 Landis.’” Lockyer, 398 F.3d at 1112 (quoting Landis, 299 U.S. at 255, 57 S.Ct. 163). And if, as 10 Walter claims, Vasquez and Perez raise issues similar to those in the instant case (see Doc. 70-1 at 11 pp. 5-6), then the remaining discovery and briefing would likely be relatively similar, suggesting 12 that it would not pose an additional burden. Cf. Thomas More L. Ctr. v. Harris, No. CV 15-3048- 13 R, 2015 WL 13920257, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 18, 2015) (“If, as she asserts, the two cases are very 14 similar, the discovery is likely to be relatively similar. It is hard to imagine that discovery in this 15 case would pose much of a burden”). 16 However, contrary to Walter’s assertion, the Court does not find that Vasquez and Perez 17 involve similar issues to the issue in the instant case. Those cases both involve on-call claims, 18 whereas this action concerns a late and short meal-break claim. It is therefore not evident that the 19 Ninth Circuit’s decision in the Vasquez appeal will streamline the issues that the parties must 20 litigate moving forward in this action. Although Walter contends that the appeal in Vasquez “will 21 resolve numerous legal questions about what it means to provide meal and rest periods, what the 22 proper jury instructions are for such claims, and more,”(Doc. 70-1 at p. 5), Walter does not 23 identify the “legal questions” or explain how the appeal will clarify or simplify any of the issues 24 presented here involving his late and short meal-break claim. Even if the Court accepts Walter’s 25 assertion, and the Ninth Circuit provides resolution concerning meal and rest periods or proper 26 jury instructions, that resolution likely will not provide significant guidance on the factual 27 questions presented in this case nor inform the parties’ litigation and discovery strategies. 28 Vasquez involved whether Leprino has a facility-wide policy at its Lemoore West facility that 1 required class members to be on call during both meal and rest breaks. In contrast, this action 2 involves the question of whether Leprino’s meal period timekeeping system resulted in untimely 3 or short meal periods for the putative class members at Leprino’s Tracy facility. 4 Walter also suggests that the issues identified in Leprino’s cross-appeal will bear on issues 5 in this case, such as class certification, summary judgment, motions in limine, and expert 6 challenges. (Doc. 70-1 at p. 5.) In his reply, Walter argues that the appeal will undoubtedly help 7 significantly narrow the parties’ numerous ongoing disputes over the elements of class 8 certification, summary judgment, Daubert standards, and what it means to provide a proper break 9 under California law. Walter posits that if the Ninth Circuit reverses any or all of Judge Ishii’s 10 orders and finds his application of class certification principles or California meal and rest breaks 11 law improper in the Vasquez matter, then that will have inevitable consequences for each pending 12 class action, the scope of their relevant discovery, the kinds of experts needed, and the heavy 13 dispositive motions on the horizon. (Doc. 74 at pp. 6-7.) Again, Walter provides no real 14 explanation of how this action will be impacted by any ruling in Vasquez or the application of 15 legal principles to an entirely different facility, different policies, and an admittedly different set 16 of facts. 17 Walter suggests that the cross-appeal likely will involve the standard for decertification, 18 for example, and whether it will be his burden to present additional and new evidence to prove 19 that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 is met again after the merits phase. (Doc. 74 at p. 8.) 20 Walter contends that if the Ninth Circuit reverses the jury verdict, reverses the district judge’s 21 ruling related to the standard for decertification, and determines that Walter must obtain 22 additional evidence in the merits phase to establish class certification again, then his litigation 23 approach will be fundamentally altered. (Id.) Walter queries how he is supposed to advise the 24 Court as to expanded discovery in the merits phase or how the Court is supposed to determine 25 what is relevant and discoverable for Rule 23 before the Ninth Circuit rules on the issue. (Id.) 26 The Court is not persuaded that resolution of the decertification question would 27 fundamentally alter the scope and substance of merits discovery on Walter’s claims. It is unclear 28 to the Court why Walter cannot not fashion his merits discovery, which has not even commenced, 1 already knowing the decertification/summary judgment standard that Leprino reportedly “has 2 made . . . in each case that has reached the merits phase, and there is no doubt it will continue to 3 file the same motion and make the same arguments in its inevitable decertification/summary 4 judgment motions here.” (Id.) Further, the Court is not wholly persuaded that the Vasquez 5 appeal will reach the issue of decertification given the conditional nature of the cross-appeal. 6 Based on the above, the Court does not find that moving forward with this action would 7 cause a potentially unnecessary hardship or inequity. 8 3. Orderly Course of Justice 9 Finally, the third Landis factor considers “the orderly course of justice measured in terms 10 of the simplifying or complicating of issues, proof, and questions of law which could be expected 11 to result from a stay.” CMAX, 300 F.2d at 268 (citing Landis, 299 U.S. at 254-55). A Landis stay 12 is inappropriate if another proceeding is “unlikely to decide, or to contribute to the decision of, 13 the factual and legal issues before the district court.” Lockyer, 398 F.3d at 1113. Whether the jury 14 verdict in Vasquez is upheld or reversed, it will in no way contribute to the decision and issues 15 before this Court. The jury verdict and jury instructions related to the on-call claims in Vasquez 16 are not determinative to the late and short meal-break claims at issue here. The mere fact that the 17 cases were related by the Court is not determinative. Walter has suggested that the only potential 18 impact of the appeal would be if the Ninth Circuit reaches certain issues of proof raised by 19 Leprino’s conditional cross-appeal. However, Leprino has asserted that the conditional cross- 20 appeal relates only to the on-call theories and facility at issue in Vasquez, not the instant action. 21 To the extent Walter asserts that counsel is in the middle of negotiating a global settlement 22 of all Leprino cases as a reason for issuing the stay, Walter fails to demonstrate why settlement 23 discussions could not proceed during pendency of the Vasquez appeal or while this action moves 24 forward. No settlement has been scheduled and Walter has not indicated that settlement is 25 imminent or that there is a deadline for settlement discussions to conclude. (See Doc. 72-1, 26 Declaration of Sandra L. Rappaport, ¶ 5.) 27 D. Sanctions 28 Leprino contends that the Court should sanction Walter’s counsel for noticing and briefing 1 the matter before the assigned magistrate judge and for failing to meet and confer before filing the 2 motion to stay. (Doc. 72 at pp. 17-18.) As to noticing the motion before the magistrate judge, the 3 district court has determined that this objection “is unfounded, as such motions are non- 4 dispositive and are routinely handled by the assigned magistrate judges in this district.” (Doc. 5 73.) As to Leprino’s meet and confer objection, however, the district court directed Walter to 6 either file either (1) a declaration establishing that the meet and confer requirements have been 7 met, (2) a notice withdrawing the motion, or (3) a revised motion after the meet and confer 8 process has been completed. (Id.) 9 On June 29, 2023, Walter filed the declaration of counsel Kitty K. Szeto regarding the 10 parties’ meet and confer efforts. (Doc. 74-1). Relevant here, Ms. Szeto declares: 11 On May 9, 2023, prior to the filing of this motion, I spoke on the telephone with Defendant Leprino Food Company’s (“Leprino”) lead counsel, Sandra Rappaport, 12 collectively about all of the Leprino cases, and specifically discussed a stay of all proceedings. I specifically asked her if Leprino would be amenable to a stay of all 13 proceedings in light of the Vasquez appeal and to facilitate settlement discussions. She stated she would discuss with Leprino. Likewise, on May 30, 2023, I sent Ms. 14 Rappaport an e-mail once again proposing a stay and asking if Leprino is willing to stipulate to stay all of the Leprino cases. On May 31, 2023, I had another call 15 with Ms. Rappaport. Ms. Rappaport confirmed receipt of my e-mail and informed me that Leprino is not willing to stay any of the Leprino cases. She rejected my 16 proposal of a stay and confirmed Leprino would decline any stays because it wanted “to preserve its litigation advantage.” During our call, Ms. Rappaport did 17 not mention any other reasons for not staying the cases and did not mention any concerns that Leprino would somehow actually be prejudiced by a stay. After 18 multiple attempts trying to reach an agreement, I understood Leprino’s position would be to oppose a stay, and that a motion would need to be filed. 19 20 (Id. at ¶ 1.) Given counsel’s understanding that Leprino opposed a stay and that a motion would 21 need to be filed, the Court finds that further meet and confer efforts likely would not have 22 yielded different results and that Leprino would continue to oppose any stay request. 23 Accordingly, the Court declines to issue monetary sanctions or the costs of responding to the 24 motion. 25 IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 26 Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED as follows: 27 1. Plaintiff Walter’s motion to stay proceedings is DENIED; 28 2. Leprino’s request for sanctions is DENIED; and 1 3. The Court sets this matter for a further SCHEDULING CONFERENCE on September 2 26, 2023, at 10:00 AM in Courtroom 8 (BAM) before Magistrate Judge Barbara A. 3 McAuliffe. The parties shall file a Joint Scheduling Report at least one (1) full week 4 prior to the conference. The parties shall appear at the conference remotely with each 5 party connecting either via Zoom video conference or Zoom telephone number. The 6 parties will be provided with the Zoom ID and password by the Courtroom Deputy prior 7 to the conference. The Zoom ID number and password are confidential and are not to be 8 shared. Appropriate court attire required. 9 IT IS SO ORDERED. 10 11 Dated: July 18, 2023 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28