Better Meat Co. v. Emergy, Inc. ( 2023 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 THE BETTER MEAT CO., No. 2:21-cv-02338-KJM-CKD 12 Plaintiff, ORDER 13 v. 14 | EMERGY, Inc. d/b/a MEATI FOODS, PAUL 15 | VWRONSKY, and BOND CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LP, 16 Defendants. 17 18 19 20 For the reasons below, the court grants defendant Emergy’s motion to strike plaintiff 21 | Better Meat’s first and second claims under California’s anti-SLAPP statute. 22 | I. BACKGROUND 23 This court has summarized the history of this action in a previous order and incorporates 24 | that summary here by reference. See Prior Order (May 25, 2022), ECF No. 66. In short, Emergy 25 | and Better Meat compete in the market for mycelial meat substitutes. Mycelial meat substitutes 26 | are derived from mycelium, “the root-like structure of fungi.” Compl. at 4, ECF No. 1. Emergy 27 | alleges Better Meat and its founders copied or stole Emergy’s trade secrets and intellectual 1 property; Better Meat alleges Emergy and its investors have used threats of litigation to stymie 2 competition and scare away Better Meat’s potential investors. 3 Better Meat’s complaint cites two communications. See generally Compl. First, Emergy 4 sent Better Meat a letter reiterating prior accusations of trade-secret misappropriation and unfair 5 competition. See Dec. 15, 2021 Letter, Sahlsten Decl. Ex. 14, ECF No. 33-14. Emergy expressed 6 its intent to “move forward with legal action” and “fil[e] a complaint . . . in the immediate 7 future.” Id. Second, thirteen minutes after Emergy’s counsel sent his letter to Better Meat, Paul 8 Vronsky, a partner at Bond Capital Management LP, an Emergy investor, sent Better Meat’s 9 “lead investor” an email: 10 I wanted to give you a heads up that one of our portfolio companies, 11 [Emergy], is in a pretty significant trade secret and patent dispute 12 with a company you might be evaluating, The Better Meat Co. I don't 13 know really more than that but as a matter of friendship and courtesy, 14 I thought I would reach out and let you know. I'm happy to connect 15 with your counsel if that is helpful. 16 Vronsky Email, Sahlsten Decl. Ex. 15 at 2, ECF No. 33-15. 17 Two days later, Better Meat filed this lawsuit against Emergy, Bond Capital and Vronsky, 18 asserting state-law claims for tortious interference and unfair competition. See generally Compl. 19 Emergy responded by filing an action against Better Meat, which the court dismissed with 20 instructions to Emergy to pursue a counterclaim in Better Meat’s action. See generally Order 21 (Oct. 12, 2022), ECF No. 108. Emergy now moves to strike Better Meat’s claims for tortious 22 interference and unfair competition based on the two communications reviewed above. Emergy 23 argues the disputed letter and email are protected by California’s litigation privilege because they 24 relate to a judicial proceeding, namely this case. Mot. Strike at 13, ECF No. 31. 25 Better Meat sought discovery to oppose Emergy’s motion to strike, ECF No. 47, which 26 this court granted in part, allowing discovery “narrowly focused on the question whether Emergy 27 had a good-faith intent of filing a lawsuit at the time of the contested communications,” Prior 28 Order (May 25, 2022) at 7. The assigned magistrate judge has overseen the discovery as 29 provided by local rule, which included a deposition of Emergy CEO Dr. Tyler Huggins, during 30 which he answered questions about his motives for the litigation and the disputed 1 communications. Theodore Decl. Ex. 1 (Huggins Dep.), ECF No. 126–3. Emergy also produced 2 documents, including emails from Emergy staff discussing claims against Better Meat, Emergy 3 Emails, Ex. 7, ECF No. 126–9 a draft press release, in which Emergy discusses Better Meat and 4 its alleged trade secret misappropriation, Theodore Decl. Ex. 7 (Press Release), ECF No. 126-9; 5 and responses to Better Meat’s interrogatories, Interrogatory Responses, Ex. 45, ECF No. 129– 6 29. Emergy withheld some information under assertions of attorney–client privilege. Theodore 7 Decl. Ex. 9 (Privilege Log), ECF No. 126–11. Better Meat moved unsuccessfully to compel 8 further depositions and responses. See generally Mot. to Compel, ECF No. 70; MJ Order 9 (July 28, 2022), ECF No. 80; Prior Order (Apr. 14, 2023), ECF No. 133 10 Briefing on the motion to strike is now complete and includes Emergy’s motion, Better 11 Meat’s opposition, Opp’n, ECF No. 53, Emergy’s reply, Reply, ECF No. 57, Emergy’s 12 supplemental brief, Supp. Brief, ECF No. 67, Better Meat’s supplemental brief in opposition, 13 Supp. Opp’n, ECF No. 126-1, and Emergy’s supplemental reply, Supp. Reply, ECF No. 126-17. 14 II. LEGAL STANDARD 15 California law permits special motions to strike under section 425.16(b) of the Code of 16 Civil Procedure “to curtail the ‘disturbing increase in lawsuits brought primarily to chill the valid 17 exercise of the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and petition for the redress of 18 grievances.’” Bulletin Displays, LLC v. Regency Outdoor Adver., Inc., 448 F. Supp. 3d 1172, 19 1178–79 (C.D. Cal. 2006) (quoting Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16(a)). The section’s intended 20 targets are actions that “‘masquerade as ordinary lawsuits’” but that actually are meant “to deter 21 ordinary people from ‘exercising their political or legal rights or to punish them for doing so.’” 22 Makaeff v. Trump Univ., LLC, 725 F.3d 254, 261 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Batzel v. Smith, 23 333 F.3d 1018, 1024 (9th Cir. 2003), superseded in part by statute on other grounds as stated in 24 Breazeale v. Victim Servs., Inc., 878 F.3d 759, 766–67 (9th Cir. 2017)). Actions that fit this 25 description have long been known by the acronym “SLAPP,” for “strategic lawsuits against 26 public participation.” Special motions to strike are thus commonly known as “anti-SLAPP” 27 motions, and section 425.16 is known as the anti-SLAPP statute. Santana v. Cty. of Yuba, No. 28 15-00794, 2016 WL 1268107, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2016) (citations omitted). 1 California courts use a two-part test to evaluate anti-SLAPP motions. “First, a defendant 2 ‘must make an initial prima facie showing that the plaintiff’s suit arises from an act in furtherance 3 of the defendant’s rights of petition or free speech.’” Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 4 1097, 1110 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Globetrotter Software, Inc. v. Elan Comput. Grp., Inc., 5 63 F. Supp. 2d 1127, 1129 (N.D. Cal. 1999)). “The defendant need not show that the plaintiff’s 6 suit was brought with the intention to chill the defendant’s speech; the plaintiff’s ‘intentions are 7 ultimately beside the point.’” Id. (quoting Equilon Enters., LLC v. Consumer Cause, Inc., 8 29 Cal. 4th 53, 67 (2002)). Nor does the defendant bringing the motion need to show its speech 9 was actually chilled. Id. (citing City of Cotati v. Cashman, 29 Cal. 4th 69, 75–76 (2002)). 10 “Second, once the defendant has made a prima facie showing, ‘the burden shifts to the plaintiff to 11 demonstrate a probability of prevailing on the challenged claims.’” Id. at 1110 (quoting 12 Globetrotter Software, Inc., 63 F. Supp. at 1129). If “the court determines that the plaintiff has 13 established that there is a probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the claim,” the court must 14 deny the motion. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16(b)(1). Plaintiffs need only make a showing of 15 minimal merit to succeed on this prong. Navellier v. Sletten, 29 Cal. 4th 82, 89 (2002). 16 “The degree to which anti-SLAPP provisions are consistent with the Federal Rules of 17 Civil Procedure”—and thus whether and how federal district courts should entertain anti-SLAPP 18 motions—“has been hotly disputed.” Planned Parenthood Fed’n of Am., Inc. v. Ctr. for Med. 19 Progress, 890 F.3d 828, 833 (9th Cir.), as amended, 897 F.3d at 1224 (9th Cir. 2018). Despite 20 some lingering uncertainty, a relatively straightforward test has emerged for anti-SLAPP motions 21 filed in federal court. A district court must first decide whether a motion challenges the 22 complaint’s “legal sufficiency” or its “factual sufficiency.” Herring Networks, Inc. v. Maddow, 23 8 F.4th 1148, 1156 (9th Cir. 2021). If the motion challenges the complaint’s legal sufficiency, 24 then it is “analyzed pursuant to Rule 12.” Id. The plaintiff need not submit evidence, and 25 discovery is unnecessary. Planned Parenthood, 890 F.3d at 834. If the motion challenges the 26 complaint’s factual sufficiency, it is “analyzed pursuant to Rule 56.” Herring Networks, 8 F.4th 27 at 1156. “[D]iscovery must be allowed, with opportunities to supplement evidence based on the 1 factual challenges, before any decision is made by the court.” Planned Parenthood, 890 F.3d at 2 834. 3 In its previous order, the court held Emergy’s motion raises a factual challenge and 4 permitted discovery. See Prev. Order at 5–7. The court now analyzes Emergy’s motion under 5 Rule 56. Herring Networks, 8 F.4th at 1156. First, Emergy must show the “suit arises from an 6 act in furtherance of [its] constitutional right to free speech.” Id. at 1155 (quoting Makaeff, 7 715 F.3d at 261). Second, the court must grant the motion if “no reasonable jury could find for 8 [Better Meat].” Id. at 1155 (quoting Metabolife Int’l v. Wornick, 264 F.3d 832, 840 (9th Cir. 9 2001)). This standard is akin to those governing motions for summary judgment and judgment as 10 a matter of law. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 250–52 (1986) 11 (summary judgment standard “mirrors” standard for motions for directed verdict); Wilcox v. 12 Superior Court, 27 Cal. App. 4th 809, 823 (1994) (describing anti-SLAPP standard as similar to 13 “that used in determining a motion for a nonsuit or directed verdict”), overruled in part on other 14 grounds by Equilon Enters. v. Consumer Cause, Inc., 29 Cal. 4th 53 (2002)). The court does not 15 assess witnesses’ credibility, weigh evidence or decide what most likely happened. See Hilton v. 16 Hallmark Cards, 599 F.3d 894, 903 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Wilson v. Parker, Covert & Chidester, 17 28 Cal. 4th 811, 821 (2002)). It credits the plaintiff’s evidence and decides whether the moving 18 defendant is entitled to dismissal “as a matter of law.” Id. (quoting Wilson, 28 Cal. 4th at 821). 19 III. ANALYSIS 20 Emergy contends the disputed letter and email are protected under the first part of the anti- 21 SLAPP test because they were “made in connection with an issue” considered by a judicial body. 22 Mot. Strike at 10 (quoting Cal. Civ. Proc. Code. § 425.16(e)(2)). For the second part of the anti- 23 SLAPP test, Emergy invokes California’s litigation privilege, which in general protects 24 defendants from liability for communications related to pending and anticipated litigation. See 25 Silberg v. Anderson, 50 Cal. 3d 205, 212 (1990). Better Meat does not dispute that if Emergy can 26 invoke the litigation privilege, then Better Meat cannot prevail in its claims for tortious 27 interference and unfair competition. It argues only that Emergy cannot invoke the litigation 1 privilege. See, e.g., Suppl. Opp’n at 3–11. The parties’ dispute thus focuses on the first part of 2 the anti-SLAPP test and whether Emergy can properly invoke the litigation privilege. 3 Although “the litigation privilege and the anti-SLAPP statute are substantively different 4 statutes that serve quite different purposes,” California courts have “looked to the litigation 5 privilege as an aid in construing the scope of” section 425.16(e)(2) of the anti-SLAPP statute, on 6 which Emergy relies. Flatley v. Mauro, 39 Cal. 4th 299, 322–23 (2006); see also Intermarketing 7 Media, LLC v. Barlow, No. 820-00889, 2021 WL 5990190, at *5 (C.D. Cal. May 4, 2021). The 8 court therefore begins by reviewing the litigation privilege. 9 A. California’s Litigation Privilege 10 California absolutely privileges all communications “(1) made in judicial or quasi-judicial 11 proceedings; (2) by litigants or other participants authorized by law; (3) to achieve the objects of 12 the litigation; and (4) that have some connection or logical relation to the action.” Silberg, 13 50 Cal. 3d at 212. “The requirement that the communication be in furtherance of the objects of 14 the litigation is, in essence, simply part of the requirement that the communication be connected 15 with, or have some logical relation to, the action, i.e., that it not be extraneous to the action.” Id. 16 at 219–20. 17 Because “the policy of encouraging free access to the courts was so important,” courts 18 have construed this privilege broadly, applying it to all publications “irrespective of their 19 maliciousness.” Id. at 215, 216; see also Oei v. N. Star Cap. Acquisitions, LLC, 486 F. Supp. 2d 20 1089, 1100 (C.D. Cal. 2006) (citing cases in which threats and coercive communications were 21 privileged when made in connection with litigation). “Further, it applies to any publication 22 required or permitted by law in the course of a judicial proceeding to achieve the objects of the 23 litigation, even though the publication is made outside the courtroom and no function of the court 24 or its officers is involved.” Silberg, 50 Cal. 3d at 212. “Any doubt as to whether the privilege 25 applies is resolved in favor of applying it.” Adams v. Superior Court, 2 Cal. App. 4th 521, 529 26 (1992). 27 The litigation privilege also protects communications related to future litigation 28 “contemplated in good faith and under serious consideration.” Action Apartment Ass’n, Inc. v. 1 City of Santa Monica, 41 Cal. 4th 1232, 1251 (2007); see also Olsen v. Harbison 2 191 Cal. App. 4th 325, 334–35 (2010). “It is the contemplation of litigation that must be in good 3 faith, not the merits of the actual litigation itself that animates the litigation privilege.” Visto 4 Corp. v. Sproqit Techs., Inc., 360 F. Supp. 2d 1064, 1069–70 (N.D. Cal. 2005) (emphasis 5 omitted). Thus, even a “groundless statement” can be privileged if the speaker anticipated 6 litigation in good faith at the time. Fin. Corp. of Am. v. Wilburn, 189 Cal. App. 3d 764, 777 7 (1987). 8 For the first part of the anti-SLAPP test, California courts have held the relevancy 9 requirements of the litigation privilege—those expressed in parts three and four of the four-part 10 test above—are “analogous to the ‘in connection with’ standard’” in section 425.16(e)(2) of the 11 anti-SLAPP statute. Neville v. Chudacoff, 160 Cal. App. 4th 1255, 1266 (2008). For the second 12 part of the anti-SLAPP test, a reasonable jury cannot find for the plaintiff if the claims arise from 13 a communication protected by the litigation privilege. Intermarketing Media, LLC, 2021 WL 14 5990190, at *5. The court turns now to the first part of the anti-SLAPP test. 15 B. Protected Activity 16 Emergy has established the disputed letter and email were protected activity under the 17 anti-SLAPP statute and were “‘reasonably relevant’ to . . . contemplated litigation” for purposes 18 of the litigation privilege. Neville, 160 Cal. App. 4th at 1268 (emphasis omitted) (quoting 19 Silberg, 50 Cal. 3d at 220). 20 The months-long history of communications between the parties shows Emergy was 21 contemplating a lawsuit in good faith when the letter and email were sent. Emergy began 22 communicating with Better Meat in July 2021, when it accused Better Meat of using Emergy’s 23 propriety information and engaging in trade secret misappropriation. July 16, 2021 Letters, 24 Sahlsten Decl. Exs. 9–10, ECF No. 33-9 & -10. In early December, after discovering Better Meat 25 had begun fundraising, Emergy “determined that a lawsuit would be necessary to resolve this 26 dispute.” Interrogatory Response at 9. Emergy authorized a complaint against Better Meat on 27 December 14, one day before it sent the contested letter and email. Id. Emergy’s privilege logs 1 also show its counsel had begun drafting a complaint against Better Meat on December 15. 2 Privilege Log row 280. 3 Better Meat advances several counterarguments, but none are persuasive. Its primary 4 argument portrays the letter and email as empty threats of litigation intended to scare away Better 5 Meat’s potential investors. See Supp. Opp’n at 7–9. To support this theory, Better Meat points to 6 Dr. Huggins’s deposition testimony that he “did not want [Better Meat] to have continued 7 business progress.” Huggins Dep. at 150:1–5. However, Huggins also testified he authorized the 8 letter to inform Better Meat of the impending litigation. Huggins Dep. at 192:11–19. Alternative 9 motivations are irrelevant so long as “one purpose” of the communication falls under the 10 privilege. Healy v. Tuscany Hills Landscape & Recreation Corp., 137 Cal. App. 4th 1, 11 39 Cal. Rptr. 3d 547 (2006). A defendant’s malicious “motivation for filing the compliant” is 12 irrelevant because “the litigation privilege is absolute.” Cargill Inc. v. Progressive Dairy Sols., 13 Inc., No. 07-0349, 2008 WL 2235354, at *6 (E.D. Cal. May 29, 2008). “The ‘furtherance’ 14 requirement” for assertions of the litigation privilege “was never intended as a test of a 15 participant’s motives, morals, ethics or intent.” Silberg, 50 Cal.3d at 220. 16 Better Meat argues similarly that Emergy’s preparation of “a press release relating to its 17 action against BMC . . . cuts against an inference of ‘good faith’ intent to litigate.” Supp. Opp’n 18 at 14; see also Press Release at 2–3. Although Emergy employees suggested a press release could 19 offer leverage “if needed,” they also noted the press release needed to undergo “legal review” and 20 cautioned the press release could affect the “patent case.” Press Release at 2–3. In other words, 21 although a jury could infer Emergy had some malicious intentions, the record shows Emergy was 22 indeed contemplating litigation, so it may invoke the privilege. See Flatley v. Mauro, 39 Cal. 4th 23 at 324 (“Applying the litigation privilege to some forms of unlawful litigation-related activity 24 may advance those broad goals notwithstanding the ‘occasional unfair result’ in an individual 25 case.”). 26 Better Meat also argues the “13 days between [Emergy’s] supposed authorization of 27 litigation” and actual filing of a complaint “shows that [Emergy] lacked any good faith intention 28 to bring ‘imminent’ litigation.” Supp. Opp’n at 15. But the word “imminent” does not refer to 1 delays in filing; it distinguishes an “actual threat of impending litigation” from what might occur. 2 Edwards v. Centex Real Est. Corp., 53 Cal. App. 4th 15, 35 (1997) (emphasis omitted). Courts 3 have permitted defendants to invoke the litigation privilege over communications going back as 4 five years before litigation. See generally id.; see also Neville, 160 Cal. App. 4th at 1268–69 5 (finding communication made four months before litigation began was covered under litigation 6 privilege). In fact, Emergy’s decision to file a case only 13 days after sending the 7 communications weighs in favor of a finding it was contemplating litigation in good faith at the 8 time of the disputed letter and email. See Bylin Heating Sys., Inc. v. M & M Gutters, LLC, No. 9 07-00505, 2008 WL 744706, at *5 n.4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 2008). 10 Finally, Better Meat argues Emergy cannot both invoke the attorney client privilege and 11 rely on the allegedly privileged communications to show it was contemplating litigation. Supp. 12 Opp’n at 11. The court disagrees for the reasons in the magistrate judge’s prior order, and this 13 court’s order affirming it. See MJ Order (July 28, 2022), ECF No. 80; Prior Order (Apr. 14, 14 2023). In short, “Emergy’s assertion of a good faith intention to sue . . . does not depend on the 15 content of its attorney–client privileged communications.” MJ Order at 6. 16 Not only has Emergy shown it was contemplating litigation in good faith at the time it 17 sent the disputed letter and email; it also has shown the letter and email were “reasonably related” 18 to that anticipated litigation. Silberg, 50 Cal. 3d at 219. Emergy’s letter to Better Meat informed 19 Better Meat it had “decided to move forward with legal action and would be filing a complaint 20 against Better Meat Co. and Mr. Pattillo in the immediate future.” Dec. 15, 2021 Letter at 3. 21 This kind of communication informing a party of impending litigation or threatening litigation are 22 covered by the litigation privilege. I & U, Inc. v. Publishers Sols. Int'l, No. 1300018, 23 2014 WL 12665121, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 7, 2014). The email also was related to the litigation. 24 Mr. Vronsky sent the email to Better Meat’s lead investor, who had a clear economic tie to Better 25 Meat and could have been affected by impending litigation. Pre-litigation communications to 26 third parties are protected by the litigation privilege when that third party has a “substantial 27 interest’ in the litigation. E.D.C. Techs., Inc., 225 F. Supp. 3d at 1067 (quoting GetFugu, Inc. v. 28 Patton Boggs LLP, 220 Cal.App.4th 141, 153 (2d Dist. 2013)). Economic relationships meet this 1 requirement. See generally Costa v. Superior Court, 157 Cal. App. 3d 673 (1984) (third party 2 members of local hospital community had substantial interest in potential litigation because they 3 had economic relationship with hospital and could be affected by litigation); Tri-Star Electronics 4 International, Inc. v. Preci-Dip Durtal SA, No. 08-4226, 2011 WL 13176071 (C.D. Cal. May 27, 5 2011) (finding plaintiff’s letters to defendant’s customers were covered by litigation privilege, as 6 letters informed customers of plaintiff’s alleged patent infringement and customers would be 7 substantially interested in litigation of the claims). 8 Better Meat argues the email did not further the anticipated litigation because Emergy’s 9 CEO testified in his deposition he was “pursuing [his] own path of working with [his] legal 10 counsel to draft a complaint.” Huggins Dep. at 206:10–17. The CEO also agreed the email “was 11 not part of the path that [he] was pursuing.” Id. As explained above, however, “a participant’s 12 motives, morals, ethics, or intent” are not part of the privilege test; the communication must 13 simply have “some logical relation” to the action. Silberg, 50 Cal. 3d at 219–20. 14 In sum, it might be that Emergy wanted to stop Better Meat from raising funds and scare 15 away potential investors. It might also be true that Emergy was relatively unconcerned about 16 Better Meat’s actions until Better Meat began posing a serious competitive threat. However, the 17 evidence shows beyond dispute that when Emergy sent the contested letter and email, Emergy 18 was in fact contemplating litigation against Better Meat, and the letter and email were related to 19 that litigation. Emergy has met its burden to show the letter and email were sent “in connection 20 with an issue under consideration or review by a . . . judicial body” under subsection 425.16(e)(2) 21 of the anti-SLAPP statute. 22 C. Better Meat’s Probability of Prevailing 23 Emergy argues Better Meat cannot show it has a probability of prevailing on its tortious 24 interference and unfair competition claims based on the disputed letter and email because those 25 communications are protected by the litigation privilege. Supp. Brief at 7. As reviewed above, 26 the litigation privilege protects communications “(1) made in judicial or quasi-judicial 27 proceedings; (2) by litigants or other participants authorized by law; (3) to achieve the objects of 28 the litigation; and (4) that have some connection or logical relation to the action.” Silberg, 1 | 50 Cal. 3d at 212. The record shows beyond dispute Emergy may invoke the litigation privilege 2 | with respect to the letter and email: 3 ° They were sent in anticipation of litigation; 4 ° The letter was sent by Emergy, a litigant, and the email was sent by an interested 5 party protected under the privilege. Action Apartment, 41 Cal. 4th at 1247-48 6 (“The litigation privilege is meant to protect more than the parties to a lawsuit 7 from derivative suits .. .”). 8 ° As explained above, the letter and email furthered the objects of the anticipated 9 litigation and were logically related to it under the third and fourth prongs of the 10 privilege test, respectively. 11 Because the litigation privilege applies, the letter and email are privileged and Better Meat 12 | cannot show a probability of prevailing on the merits of its claims for tortious interference and 13 | unfair competition. /ntermarketing Media, LLC, 2021 WL 5990190, at *5. IV. CONCLUSION 15 The court strikes Better Meat’s first and second claims for tortious interference and unfair 16 | competition, respectively, under California’s anti-SLAPP statute with prejudice. The third claim 17 | for declaratory judgment of inventorship remains pending. The court also denies as moot 18 | defendants’ motions to dismiss, ECF Nos. 27 and 29. 19 This order does not preclude a motion for leave to amend the complaint to assert claims 20 | not barred by the litigation privilege. Any motion for leave to amend must be heard by June 30, 21 | 2023. 22 This order resolves ECF Nos. 27, 29 and 31. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24 | DATED: April 14, 2023. [ (] 25 l ti / { q_/ CHIEF NT] ED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 1]