(SS) Jarrett v. Commissioner of Social Security ( 2023 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 KELLY LYNNE JARRETT, No. 2:21-cv-01386 AC 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting Commissioner of Social Security, 15 Defendant. 16 17 18 Plaintiff seeks judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security 19 (“Commissioner”), denying her application for disability insurance benefits (“DIB”) under 20 Title II of the Social Security Act (“the Act”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 401-34.1 For the reasons that follow, 21 plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment will be DENIED, and defendant’s cross-motion for 22 summary judgment will be GRANTED. 23 I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 24 Plaintiff applied for DIB on April 7, 2017. Administrative Record (“AR”) 189.2 The 25 disability onset date was alleged to be April 26, 2016. Id. The application was disapproved 26 1 DIB is paid to disabled persons who have contributed to the Disability Insurance Program, and 27 who suffer from a mental or physical disability. 42 U.S.C. § 423(a)(1); Bowen v. City of New York, 476 U.S. 467, 470 (1986). 28 2 The AR is electronically filed at ECF Nos. 14-1 (AR 1 to AR 706). 1 initially and on reconsideration. AR 94-97, 99-103. On February 11, 2021, ALJ Carol Eckersen 2 presided over the hearing on plaintiff’s challenge to the disapprovals. AR 28 – 66 (transcript). 3 Plaintiff, who appeared with counsel Roopen Parekh, was present and testified at the hearing. AR 4 28-29. Erin Welsh, a Vocational Expert (“VE”), also testified at the hearing. Id. 5 On March 8, 2021, the ALJ found plaintiff “not disabled” under Sections 216(i) and 6 223(d) of Title II of the Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 416(i), 423(d). AR 15-23 (decision), 24-27 (exhibit 7 list). On June 10, 2021, the Appeals Council denied plaintiff’s request for review, leaving the 8 ALJ’s decision as the final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security. AR 1-5 (decision 9 and additional exhibit list). Plaintiff filed this action on August 4, 2021. ECF No. 1; see 42 10 U.S.C. § 405(g). The parties consented to the jurisdiction of the magistrate judge. ECF No. 13. 11 The parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, based upon the Administrative Record filed by 12 the Commissioner, have been fully briefed. ECF Nos. 19 (plaintiff’s summary judgment motion), 13 23 (Commissioner’s summary judgment motion), 26 (plaintiff’s reply). 14 II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 15 Plaintiff was born in 1960, and accordingly was, at age 56, a person of advanced age 16 under the regulations, when she filed her application.3 AR 55. Plaintiff has three years of college 17 education, and can communicate in English. AR 209, 211. Plaintiff alleges disability due to 18 anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression. AR 210. Though plaintiff’s 19 initial application listed the disability onset date as April 26, 2016, plaintiff’s adult function report 20 lists the onset date as January 11, 2018. AR 211. Plaintiff has work history as a property 21 manager and senior production planner. AR 212. 22 III. LEGAL STANDARDS 23 The Commissioner’s decision that a claimant is not disabled will be upheld “if it is 24 supported by substantial evidence and if the Commissioner applied the correct legal standards.” 25 Howard ex rel. Wolff v. Barnhart, 341 F.3d 1006, 1011 (9th Cir. 2003). “‘The findings of the 26 Secretary as to any fact, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive . . ..’” Andrews 27 v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)). 28 3 See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1563(e) (“person of advanced age”). 1 Substantial evidence is “more than a mere scintilla,” but “may be less than a 2 preponderance.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012). “It means such 3 evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Richardson v. 4 Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (internal quotation marks omitted). “While inferences from the 5 record can constitute substantial evidence, only those ‘reasonably drawn from the record’ will 6 suffice.” Widmark v. Barnhart, 454 F.3d 1063, 1066 (9th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). 7 Although this court cannot substitute its discretion for that of the Commissioner, the court 8 nonetheless must review the record as a whole, “weighing both the evidence that supports and the 9 evidence that detracts from the [Commissioner’s] conclusion.” Desrosiers v. Secretary of HHS, 10 846 F.2d 573, 576 (9th Cir. 1988); Jones v. Heckler, 760 F.2d 993, 995 (9th Cir. 1985) (“The 11 court must consider both evidence that supports and evidence that detracts from the ALJ’s 12 conclusion; it may not affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.”). 13 “The ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in medical 14 testimony, and resolving ambiguities.” Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th 15 Cir. 2001). “Where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, one of 16 which supports the ALJ’s decision, the ALJ’s conclusion must be upheld.” Thomas v. Barnhart, 17 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002). However, the court may review only the reasons stated by the 18 ALJ in his decision “and may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which he did not rely.” Orn 19 v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007); Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 871, 874 (9th Cir. 20 2003) (“It was error for the district court to affirm the ALJ’s credibility decision based on 21 evidence that the ALJ did not discuss”). 22 The court will not reverse the Commissioner’s decision if it is based on harmless error, 23 which exists only when it is “clear from the record that an ALJ’s error was ‘inconsequential to the 24 ultimate nondisability determination.’” Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 25 2006) (quoting Stout v. Commissioner, 454 F.3d 1050, 1055 (9th Cir. 2006)); see also Burch v. 26 Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005). 27 //// 28 //// 1 IV. RELEVANT LAW 2 Disability Insurance Benefits and Supplemental Security Income are available for every 3 eligible individual who is “disabled.” 42 U.S.C. §§ 402(d)(1)(B)(ii) (DIB), 1381a (SSI). Plaintiff 4 is “disabled” if she is “‘unable to engage in substantial gainful activity due to a medically 5 determinable physical or mental impairment . . ..’” Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 140 (1987) 6 (quoting identically worded provisions of 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(A)). 7 The Commissioner uses a five-step sequential evaluation process to determine whether an 8 applicant is disabled and entitled to benefits. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4); 9 Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 24-25 (2003) (setting forth the “five-step sequential evaluation 10 process to determine disability” under Title II and Title XVI). The following summarizes the 11 sequential evaluation: 12 Step one: Is the claimant engaging in substantial gainful activity? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, proceed to step two. 13 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i), (b). 14 Step two: Does the claimant have a “severe” impairment? If so, 15 proceed to step three. If not, the claimant is not disabled. 16 Id. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(ii), (c). 17 Step three: Does the claimant’s impairment or combination of impairments meet or equal an impairment listed in 20 C.F.R., Pt. 404, 18 Subpt. P, App. 1? If so, the claimant is disabled. If not, proceed to step four. 19 Id. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iii), (d). 20 Step four: Does the claimant’s residual functional capacity make him 21 capable of performing his past work? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, proceed to step five. 22 Id. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iv), (e), (f). 23 Step five: Does the claimant have the residual functional capacity 24 perform any other work? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the claimant is disabled. 25 Id. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(v), (g). 26 27 The claimant bears the burden of proof in the first four steps of the sequential evaluation 28 process. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1512(a) (“In general, you have to prove to us that you are blind or 1 disabled”), 416.912(a) (same); Bowen, 482 U.S. at 146 n.5. However, “[a]t the fifth step of the 2 sequential analysis, the burden shifts to the Commissioner to demonstrate that the claimant is not 3 disabled and can engage in work that exists in significant numbers in the national economy.” Hill 4 v. Astrue, 698 F.3d 1153, 1161 (9th Cir. 2012); Bowen, 482 U.S. at 146 n.5. 5 V. THE ALJ’s DECISION 6 The ALJ made the following findings: 7 1. The claimant meets the insured status requirements of the Social Security Act through September 30, 2022. 8 2. [Step 1] The claimant has not engaged in substantial gainful 9 activity since January 12, 2018, the alleged onset date (20 CFR 404.1571 et seq.). 10 3. [Step 2] The claimant has the following severe impairments: 11 alcohol dependence in intermittent remission, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (20 CFR 12 404.1520(c)). 13 4. [Step 3] The claimant does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or medically equals the severity of one of 14 the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (20 CFR 404.1520(d), 404.1525 and 404.1526). 15 5. [Residual Functional Capacity (“RFC”)] The claimant has the 16 residual functional capacity to perform a full range of work at all exertional levels but with the following limitations: she must avoid 17 moderate exposure to workplace hazards. She can perform simple, repetitive tasks and sustain attention, concentration, persistence, and 18 pace to attend and complete the workday and work week for simple, repetitive tasks. She can adapt to change and stress for simple, 19 repetitive tasks. 20 6. [Step 4] The claimant is unable to perform any past relevant work (20 CFR 404.1565). 21 7. [Step 5] The claimant was born [in 1960] and 57 years old, which 22 is defined as an individual of advanced age, on the alleged disability onset date (20 CFR 404.1563). 23 8. [Step 5, continued] The claimant has at least a high school 24 education (20 CFR 404.1564). 25 9. [Step 5, continued] Transferability of job skills is not material to the determination of disability because using the Medical-Vocational 26 Rules as a framework supports a finding that the claimant is “not disabled,” whether or not the claimant has transferable job skills (See 27 SSR 82-41 and 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 2). 28 1 10. [Step 5, continued] Work exists in significant numbers in the national economy that the claimant could perform (20 CFR 404.1569 2 and 404.1569(a)). 3 11. The claimant has not been under a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, from January 12, 2018, through the date of this 4 decision (20 CFR 404.1520(g)). 5 AR 17-22. As noted, the ALJ concluded that plaintiff was “not disabled” under Title II of the 6 Act. AR 22. 7 VI. ANALYSIS 8 Plaintiff alleges that the ALJ erred by (1) failing to acknowledge and evaluate lay witness 9 testimony; (2) improperly discrediting plaintiff; and (3) improperly discrediting plaintiff’s 10 treating physician opinion. ECF No. 19 at 6-20. 11 A. The ALJ Properly Rejected Plaintiff’s Subjective Testimony 12 The ALJ provided sufficient reasons for rejecting plaintiff’s subjective testimony 13 regarding her impairments. Evaluating the credibility of a plaintiff’s subjective testimony is a 14 two-step process. First, the ALJ must “determine whether the claimant has presented objective 15 medical evidence of an underlying impairment which could reasonably be expected to produce 16 the pain or other symptoms alleged. . . . In this analysis, the claimant is not required to show that 17 her impairment could reasonably be expected to cause the severity of the symptom she has 18 alleged; she need only show that it could reasonably have caused some degree of the symptom.” 19 Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1014 (9th Cir. 2014) (internal citations omitted). Objective 20 medical evidence of pain or fatigue itself is not required. Id. (internal citations omitted). Second, 21 if the ALJ does not find evidence of malingering, the ALJ may only reject the claimant’s 22 testimony by offering “specific, clear and convincing reasons for doing so.” Id. (internal citations 23 omitted). The Ninth Circuit has “repeatedly warned that ALJs must be especially cautious in 24 concluding that daily activities are inconsistent with testimony about pain, because impairments 25 that would unquestionably preclude work and all the pressures of a workplace environment will 26 often be consistent with doing more than merely resting in bed all day.” Id. at 1016. 27 The ALJ summarizes plaintiff’s testimony as follows: “[t]he claimant alleges that she has 28 intense depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress despite taking multiple medications. The 1 side effects of her medication cause nausea, heartburn, memory loss, constipation, dizziness, 2 chest tightness, and cause her to feel shaky. She stopped working because she was unable to 3 handle stress. She does not engage in hobbies. There are days when she is unable to leave her 4 house due to low motivation.” AR 18. The ALJ’s opinion states that plaintiff’s testimony is 5 discredited because it is “not entirely consistent with the evidence.” AR 20. The ALJ’s review of 6 the evidence primarily points to notes from Granite Pointe Psychiatry Group, which treated 7 plaintiff for alcohol dependence, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. 8 AR 19. The ALJ points to notes reflecting “normal mental status examination findings” such as 9 full orientation, no psychomotor agitation or retardation, linear thought process, adequate 10 memory, sufficient attention and concentration, and appropriate insight and judgment. AR 20. 11 The ALJ’s reasons for discounting plaintiff’s subjective testimony are legally sufficient. 12 “Contradiction with the medical record is a sufficient basis for rejecting the claimant’s subjective 13 testimony.” Carmickle v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F. 3d 1155, 1161 (9th Cir. 2008). For 14 example, although plaintiff alleged difficulties starting and completing tasks, clinicians repeatedly 15 found “grossly intact” cognition, adequate memory, and sufficient attention and concentration. 16 AR 20, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346. Plaintiff’s medical records, cited by the ALJ, are largely 17 unremarkable: she had normal speech, exhibited good eye contact, and showed no signs of 18 psychomotor agitation or retardation. AR 337, 340, 342, 344, 346. Though plaintiff continued to 19 complain of depression and anxiety into early 2020, examinations performed at the time again 20 showed grossly intact cognition, “sufficient” attention and concentration, and no deficits in 21 memory. AR 20, 674, 676. The ALJ adequately relied on the medical record to sufficiently 22 support the decision to discredit plaintiff’s symptom allegations. 23 The ALJ also relied on plaintiff’s daily activities to discredit plaintiff’s allegations of 24 debilitating depression and anxiety symptoms. AR 20. An ALJ may reject a claimant’s 25 testimony by pointing to “contradictions in the claimant’s own testimony about his activities of 26 daily living.” Batson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1196 (9th Cir. 2004). 27 Plaintiff reported that with medication treatment, she was able to plan a three-week trip to Africa 28 with a Christian mission. AR 20, 340. Plaintiff later reported her trip went “well overall,” and 1 she denied any medication side effects. AR 342. Despite her allegations of difficulty starting and 2 completing tasks, plaintiff reported that, during her trip, she worked on a guesthouse, doing tasks 3 such as painting, setting up furniture, and installing vinyl floors. AR 20, 45-48. Though a 4 plaintiff may be disabled and still able to take a vacation or travel, the type of complex 5 international travel documented in the record strongly contradicts plaintiff’s alleged symptoms. 6 The ALJ reasonably rejected Plaintiff’s symptom allegations given their inconsistency with such 7 activities. AR 20. 8 B. The ALJ’s Treatment of Lay Witness Testimony is Harmless Error at Most 9 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by failing to consider the written lay witness testimony 10 of plaintiff’s husband, Allen Jarrett (AR 277–284), and son, Corey Southerland (AR 224–231). 11 The Commissioner does not dispute that the ALJ omitted discussion of these opinions; instead, 12 the Commissioner argues that the new Social Security regulation revisions published in 2017 13 eliminate the requirements articulated in earlier caselaw regarding the ALJ’s evaluation of lay 14 witness testimony. ECF No. 23 at 8-10, citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(d). 15 Here, regardless of the applicable standard, any error is harmless. The third-party 16 statements describe the same limitations to which plaintiff testified, and, for the reasons set forth 17 above, plaintiff has not shown that the ALJ erred in discounting her testimony. Accordingly, the 18 ALJ also provided adequate reasons for discounting the third-party testimony. See Valentine v. 19 Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 694 (9th Cir. 2009) (because “the ALJ provided 20 clear and convincing reasons for rejecting [the claimant's] own subjective complaints, and 21 because [the lay witness’s] testimony was similar to such complaints, it follows that the ALJ also 22 gave germane reasons for rejecting [the lay witness’s] testimony”); see also, Johnson v. Kijakazi, 23 2022 WL 3998572, at *2 (9th Cir. Sep. 1, 2022) (finding harmless error in ALJ’s failure to 24 address lay statements where the lay statements were similar to plaintiff’s properly rejected 25 testimony in a case applying the 2017 regulations). Because of this, if error occurred, the error 26 was harmless and does not require remand. 27 //// 28 //// 1 C. The ALJ Adequately Assessed the Physician Opinions 2 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ improperly discounted the opinions of her treating 3 psychiatrist, Elena Rapoport, M.D. ECF No. 19 at 16-20; AR 352–355, 408–412. With respect 4 to medical opinions, new regulations apply to claims filed on or after March 27, 2017, which 5 change the framework evaluation of medical opinion evidence. Revisions to Rules Regarding the 6 Evaluation of Medical Evidence, 2017 WL 168819, 82 Fed. Reg. 5844-01 (Jan. 18, 2017); 20 7 C.F.R. § 404.1520c. The new regulations provide that the ALJ will no longer “give any specific 8 evidentiary weight . . . to any medical opinion(s)” but instead must consider and evaluate the 9 persuasiveness of all medical opinions or prior administrative medical findings from medical 10 sources and evaluate their persuasiveness. Revisions to Rules, 2017 WL 168819, 82 Fed. Reg. 11 5844, at 5867-68; see 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(a) and (b). 12 The factors for evaluating the persuasiveness of a physician opinion include 13 supportability, consistency, relationship with the claimant (including length of the treatment, 14 frequency of examinations, purpose of the treatment, extent of the treatment, and the existence of 15 an examination), specialization, and “other factors that tend to support or contradict a medical 16 opinion or prior administrative medical finding” (including, but not limited to, “evidence showing 17 a medical source has familiarity with the other evidence in the claim or an understanding of our 18 disability program’s policies and evidentiary requirements”). 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(1)-(5). 19 Supportability and consistency are the most important factors, and therefore the ALJ is required 20 to explain how both factors were considered. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(b)(2). Supportability and 21 consistency are defined in the regulations as follows: 22 (1) Supportability. The more relevant the objective medical evidence and supporting explanations presented by a medical source are to 23 support his or her medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s), the more persuasive the medical opinions or prior 24 administrative medical finding(s) will be. 25 (2) Consistency. The more consistent a medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s) is with the evidence from other 26 medical sources and nonmedical sources in the claim, the more persuasive the medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical 27 finding(s) will be. 28 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(1)-(2). 1 The ALJ may, but is not required to, explain how the other factors were considered. 20 2 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(b)(2). However, when two or more medical opinions or prior administrative 3 findings “about the same issue are both equally well-supported . . . and consistent with the record 4 . . . but are not exactly the same,” the ALJ must explain how “the other most persuasive factors in 5 paragraphs (c)(3) through (c)(5)” were considered. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(b)(3). The Ninth 6 Circuit has confirmed that the new regulatory framework eliminates the “treating physician rule” 7 and displaces the longstanding case law requiring an ALJ to provide “specific and legitimate” or 8 “clear and convincing” reasons for rejecting a treating or examining doctor’s opinion. Woods v. 9 Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785 (9th Cir. 2022). Still, in rejecting any medical opinion as unsupported or 10 inconsistent, an ALJ must provide an explanation supported by substantial evidence. Id. In sum, 11 the ALJ “must ‘articulate . . . how persuasive’ [he or she] finds ‘all of the medical opinions’ from 12 each doctor or other source . . . and ‘explain how [he or she] considered the supportability and 13 consistency factors’ in reaching these findings.” Id. (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(b), 14 404.1520(b)(2)). 15 Here, the ALJ reviewed the opinions of Dr. Rapoport and State agency medical consultant 16 Michael Dennis, Ph.D. AR 20-21.4 The ALJ summarized Dr. Dennis’s opinion as stating that 17 “claimant has a severe mental impairment; she could understand and remember simple 18 instructions; she could complete simple instructions and follow directions without additional 19 assistance; she might have moderate difficulties maintaining adequate attention, concentration, 20 persistence, and pace as needed to complete a full workday/week; she could maintain appropriate 21 behavior in a context of social demands and public contact; she could be aware of ordinary 22 hazards, make simple decision, utilize transportation, and cope with the demands of a typical 23 work-like environment. With such limitations, Dr. Dennis ultimately concluded that the claimant 24 could perform simple 1- to 2-step tasks.” AR 20. The ALJ found Dr. Dennis’s opinion 25 persuasive, and noted that it accounts for waxing and waning of symptoms. AR 21. 26 27 4 The ALJ also reviewed the opinion of State agency consultant Paul Klein, Psy. D., who opined that plaintiff had no severe mental impairment. AR 21. The ALJ found this opinion 28 unpersuasive, and that conclusion is not issue here. 1 With respect to Dr. Rapoport, the ALJ concluded that the opinions were not persuasive 2 because even though they were supported by citations to mental status examination findings, they 3 were not consistent with the evidence – specifically Dr. Rapoport’s own records and plaintiff’s 4 statements recorded in those records. AR 21. For example, the ALJ noted that despite opining 5 that plaintiff had only fair to poor ability to perform even simple instructions, Dr. Rapoport’s own 6 examinations recorded normal findings, including “grossly intact” cognition, adequate memory, 7 and sufficient attention and concentration. AR 21, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346. Further, Dr. 8 Rapoport’s own examination notes showed plaintiff reported she was having success with her 9 treatment. AR. 21, 680 (“Overall she is pleased with treatment.”), 410. 10 As a secondary basis for finding inconsistency, the ALJ found Dr. Rapoport’s opinions 11 were inconsistent with plaintiff’s reported daily activities: in contrast to the opinion that plaintiff 12 had fair to poor ability to perform almost all activities, the record showed that she shopped in 13 stores, drove a car, managed her own finances, attended bible study, and performed household 14 chores. AR 21, 254-57. Moreover, as discussed above, plaintiff was able to take an international 15 mission trip to Africa where she worked on a guesthouse, doing tasks such as painting, setting up 16 furniture, and installing vinyl floors. AR 20, 45-48. The ALJ reasonably found Dr. Rapoport’s 17 opinions were unpersuasive under the factors set out by the revised regulations. 18 In her reply brief, plaintiff appears to argue that the ALJ erred by crediting Dr. Dennis’s 19 opinion without addressing the supportability and consistency factors. ECF No. 26 at 7. To the 20 extent plaintiff argues that this was error, the argument is undeveloped and therefore not 21 considered. Indep. Towers of Washington v. Washington, 350 F.3d 925, 930 (9th Cir. 2003) 22 (declining to consider arguments not articulated.) To the extent plaintiff argues that the ALJ 23 erred by not giving the treating physician’s opinion more weight than the opinion of a consulting 24 physician, the 2017 regulations eliminated the rule giving presumptive weight to treating 25 physician opinions. There is no error here. 26 VII. CONCLUSION 27 For the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 28 1. Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 19), is DENIED; ] 2. The Commissioner’s cross-motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 23), is 2 | GRANTED; 3 3. The Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment for the Commissioner, and close this case. 4 | DATED: September 15, 2023 . ~ 5 Ctlhter— Lane 6 ALLISON CLAIRE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 12