(PC) Penn v. Warden of Kern Valley State Prison ( 2022 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MARLIN PENN, Case No. 1:18-cv-01482-AWI-HBK (PC) 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO GRANT DEFENDANTS’ EXHAUSTION- 13 v. BASED MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 14 A. LUCAS, Appeals Coordinator; M. HERNANDEZ, Correctional Counselor, FOURTEEN-DAY OBJECTION PERIOD 15 II.; CHRISTIAN PFEIFFER, Warden KVSP; (Doc. No. 54) 16 Defendants. 17 18 Pending before the Court is the exhaustion-based motion for summary judgment filed on 19 behalf of Defendants Hernandez and Pfeiffer. (Doc. No. 54, “MSJ”). Plaintiff filed a response in 20 opposition. (Doc. No. 64-65). Defendants filed a Reply. (Doc. No. 69). For the reasons below, 21 the undersigned recommends the district court grant Defendants’ MSJ. 22 BACKGROUND 23 A. Summary of Plaintiff’s Operative Complaint 24 Plaintiff Marlin Penn is a prisoner proceeding pro se on his second amended complaint 25 filed under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 stemming from events that occurred while confined at Kern Valley 26 State Prison. (Doc. No. 19, “SAC”). As screened, the SAC stated a First Amendment retaliation 27 claim against Defendants Hernandez and Lucas when Hernandez warned Plaintiff that he would 28 “take action” against him for filing an administrative appeal; and, if he didn’t withdraw his 1 appeal, he would make Plaintiff wish he had withdrawn the appeal. (Doc. No. 23 at 7). Plaintiff 2 also states that Hernandez told him to withdraw his complaint or else he would “regret it” and 3 placed Penn on “c-status.” (Id.). As to Lucas, who is not a part of the instant MSJ, Penn alleges 4 Lucas refused to file six staff complaints, thereby engaging in biased and prejudicial behavior 5 “geared to protect staff.” (Id.). Lucas then labeled Plaintiff as an inmate who was abusing the 6 appeal system. (Id.). 7 The SAC also stated an Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement and a First 8 Amendment retaliation claim against Warden Pfeiffer. Both the conditions of confinement claim 9 and the retaliation claim stemmed from Plaintiff’s allegations that that Warden Pfeiffer “ordered” 10 staff to place Plaintiff in a cell that had no electricity for two months because of his grievance 11 writing. (Id. at 9). 12 B. Defendants’ Exhaustion-Based MSJ 13 Defendants Pfeiffer and Hernandez move for summary judgment on the basis that Plaintiff 14 failed to exhaust his available administrative remedies fully and properly as to them. (Doc. No. 15 54). In support, Defendants submit: Statement of Undisputed Facts and Conclusions of Law 16 (Doc. No. 54-3), declaration of appeals coordinator, A. Leyva, with attached exhibits consisting 17 of over 300 pages of appeals tracking system documents (Doc. Nos. 54-4 to 54-5), declaration of 18 Howard E. Moseley, Associate Director of the Office of Appeals (OOA) formerly named the 19 Inmate Appeals Branch (IBA) (Doc. No. 54-6), with exhibits consisting of over 500 pages of 20 documents titled “inmate/parolee appeals tracking system.” Defendants argue there is no genuine 21 dispute of material fact as to whether Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies 22 concerning the incidents at issue. Specifically, Defendants submit there is no grievance 23 concerning Plaintiff’s claim that Warden Pfeiffer ordered Plaintiff to a cell without electricity for 24 two months. (Doc. No. 54 at 2, 5-6). Plaintiff did not mention Pfeiffer or Hernandez by name, 25 much less raise issue with the alleged actions. (Id. at 6). Further as to Pfeiffer specifically, in 26 Log No. KVSP-0-18-02451 on August 21, 2018, the grievance alleged “facility electricians,” not 27 Pfeiffer, turned off the water, not electric, in his cell while conducting routine maintenance and 28 forgot to turn it on. (Id. at 2). 1 C. Plaintiff’s Opposition to Exhaustion-Based MSJ 2 Plaintiff opposes Defendants’ MSJ. (Doc. No. 64). The response consists of 62 pages, 3 including exhibits, and includes irrelevant arguments regarding a confidential settlement 4 conference before a United States magistrate judge. (Doc. No. 64 at 10). Plaintiff submits a 5 memorandum, dated June 18, 2018, attaching his “inmate/parolee appeals tracking system” 6 documents (id. at 15-18), a memorandum, dated March 26, 2018, concerning an RVR and other 7 grievances unrelated to the incident at issue in this action (id. at 21-29), a letter dated, January 31, 8 2018, authored by Plaintiff titled “staff misconduct/appeals not filed!” regarding false RVRs (id. 9 at 31-43), and one alleging A. Lucas “refused to file or return” appeals (id. at 43), an “assignment 10 roster” (id. at 46), an appeal abuse warning memo, dated October 31, 2018, noting Plaintiff filed 11 more than one appeal for review within fourteen calendar days (id. at 48), a document titled 12 “declaration” that does not contain the requisite oath (id. at 50), duplicative appeals tracking 13 system (id. at 52-57), and a bed request dated May 10, 2018, which Plaintiff identifies as his 14 move to the cell with no electricity (id. at 59-62). As it pertains to the exhaustion of 15 administrative remedies, Plaintiff makes one primary argument—that Defendant A. Lucas 16 “refused to file them.” (Doc. Nos. 64-65). Plaintiff further asserts that grievances appropriately 17 placed in the appeal box were “not logged or returned.” (Doc. No. 65 at 3). 18 D. Defendants’ Reply to Plaintiff’s Opposition 19 In reply, Defendants argue the Court should not consider Plaintiff’s conclusory assertions 20 because they are not sufficient to raise a dispute of material fact when Plaintiff has not provided 21 evidence to demonstrate there exists a grievance that names either Hernandez or Pfeiffer. (Doc. 22 No. 69 at 1-3) (other citations omitted). Further Defendants argue Plaintiff does not deny 23 Defendants’ evidence but instead asserts Lucas lost or destroyed grievances against Hernandez 24 and Pfeiffer. (Id. at 1-2). Defendants in closing request a hearing to address any questions of 25 fact, if the Court is inclined to find this record presents a genuine issue of material fact. (Id. at 3). 26 Attached to Defendants’ Reply is a chart detailing the material facts, Plaintiff’s opposition, and 27 Defendants’ response thereto (Doc. No. 69-1), and a Declaration of A. Lucas explaining the 28 appeals tracking software utilized by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation 1 and attesting under oath that he never lost, destroyed, or failed to respond to any of Plaintiff’s 2 inmate grievances or appeals. (Doc. No. 69-2). 3 APPLICABLE LAW 4 A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD 5 Summary judgment is appropriate when there is “no genuine dispute as to any material 6 fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is 7 material where it is (1) relevant to an element of a claim or a defense under the substantive law 8 and (2) would affect the outcome of the suit. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 9 247 (1987). The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of proving the 10 absence of a genuine dispute of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). 11 When the moving party has met this burden, the nonmoving party must go beyond the pleadings 12 and set forth specific facts, by affidavits, deposition testimony, documents, or discovery 13 responses, showing there is a genuine issue that must be resolved by trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 14 56(c)(1); Pacific Gulf Shipping Co. v. Vigorous Shipping & Trading S.A., 992 F.3d 893, 897 (9th 15 Cir. 2021). A mere “scintilla of evidence” in support of the nonmoving party’s position is 16 insufficient. In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010). Rather, the 17 evidence must allow a reasonable juror, drawing all inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, 18 to return a verdict in that party’s favor. Id. 19 In an exhaustion-based summary judgment motion, the defendant bears the initial burden 20 of establishing “that there was an available administrative remedy, and that the prisoner did not 21 exhaust that available remedy.” Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162, 1172 (9th Cir. 2014). If the 22 defendant carries that burden, “the burden shifts to the prisoner to come forward with evidence 23 showing that there is something in his particular case that made the existing and generally 24 available administrative remedies effectively unavailable to him.” Id. The ultimate burden of 25 persuasion remains, however, with defendant. Id. 26 The undersigned has carefully reviewed and considered all arguments, points and 27 authorities, declarations, exhibits, statements of undisputed facts and responses thereto, if any, 28 objections, and other papers filed by the parties. The omission to an argument, document, paper, 1 or objection is not to be construed that the undersigned did not consider the argument, document, 2 paper, or objection. Instead, the undersigned thoroughly reviewed and considered the evidence it 3 deemed admissible, material, and appropriate for purposes of issuing these Findings and 4 Recommendations. 5 B. Exhaustion Under the PLRA 6 Under the PLRA, “[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under [42 7 U.S.C. § 1983], or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other 8 correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. 9 § 1997e(a). The exhaustion requirement “applies to all inmate suits about prison life.” Porter v. 10 Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 532 (2002). It is condition precedent to filing a civil rights claim. 11 Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 93 (2006). 12 The PLRA recognizes no exception to the exhaustion requirement, and the court may not 13 recognize a new exception, even in “special circumstances.” Ross v. Blake, 578 U.S. 632, 648 14 (2016). The one significant qualifier is that “the remedies must indeed be ‘available’ to the 15 prisoner.” Id. at 639. A prison’s internal grievance process controls whether the grievance 16 satisfies the PLRA exhaustion requirement. Jones, 549 U.S. at 218. 17 C. CDCR Applicable Grievance Procedures 18 CDCR’s administrative remedy process governs this action.1 See Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, 19 § 3084.1 (2018). At the time relevant to this action, a prisoner was required to proceed through 20 three formal levels of review, unless otherwise excused under the regulation, to exhaust available 21 remedies. Id., § 3084.5. A prisoner initiates the exhaustion process by submitting a CDCR Form 22 602, Inmate/Parolee Appeal (“grievance”). Id., §§ 3084.2(a), 3084.8(b). The grievance must 23 “describe the specific issue under appeal and the relief requested” and “shall list all staff 24 member(s) involved and shall describe their involvement in the issue.” Id., § 3084.2(a). The 25 prisoner “shall state all facts known and available to him/her regarding the issue being appealed at 26 27 1 The Court cites to the regulations in force at the relevant time period. In June 2020, these regulations were amended and changed the former three-step “appeal” process to a two-step process generally. See 28 Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, § 3480-3487 (2022). 1 the time of submitting the Inmate/Parolee Appeal Form, and if needed, the Inmate Parolee/Appeal 2 Form Attachment.” Id., § 3084.2(a)(4). If the inmate does not have information concerning the 3 identity of the person at issue, he or she must provide any other available information that would 4 assist the appeals coordinator in identifying who is at fault. Id., § 3084.2(a)(3). 5 If dissatisfied with the first-level response, the prisoner must appeal to the second level. 6 Like the first level appeal, the second level is handled by the institution. Id., § 3084.2(c). The 7 appeal must be submitted within thirty calendar days of “[t]he occurrence of the event or decision 8 being appealed,” or “[u]pon first having knowledge of the action or decision being appealed,” or 9 “upon receiving an unsatisfactory department response to an appeal filed.” Id., § 3084.8(b)(1)- 10 (3). 11 After the second-level response, a dissatisfied prisoner must appeal to the third level of 12 review. Id., §§ 3084.2(d), 3084.7(c), 3084.8(d). This review is handled by CDCR’s Office of 13 Appeals. Id., § 3084.2(d). The appeal must be served by mail to the Appeals Chief, again within 14 thirty calendar days. Id. §§ 3084.2(d), 3084(b)(1)-(3). It is this third level of review that exhausts 15 administrative remedies. Id., §§ 3084.1(b), 3084.7(d)(3). 16 ANALYSIS 17 As previously stated, the undersigned considers the entire record and deems only those 18 facts, which are properly supported by evidence, as true and undisputed. 19 A. Material Facts Regarding Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies 20 Following a thorough review of the evidence submitted, the undersigned finds these 21 material facts are deemed undisputed, unless otherwise indicated: 22 • Plaintiff was a state prisoner in the custody of CDCR and incarcerated at KVSP at 23 all times relevant to this cause of action. (Doc. No. 19 at 6). 24 • Relevant to the instant motion, the operative Complaint alleges a retaliation claim 25 against both Correctional Officer Hernandez and Warden Pfeiffer, and conditions 26 of conferment claim as to Pfeiffer. (Doc. No 19 at 5-6, 9; Doc. No. 23 at 7-9). 27 Regarding Hernandez, Plaintiff’s claim stems from his averment that Hernandez 28 threatened to take action against Plaintiff for filing grievance number KVSP-0-17- 1 02306 and told him that he would “regret it” if he didn’t withdraw the grievance. 2 (Doc. No. 19 at 6, 9; Doc. No. 23 at 7-9). Regarding Pfeiffer, that he directed a 3 cell move to support Hernandez’s threat and further directed Plaintiff be housed in 4 Facility B in a cell that did not possess electricity due to Plaintiff’s grievance 5 filing. (Doc. No. 19 at 10; Doc. No. 23 at 7-9). 6 • Since August 2008, Office of Appeals (OOA) receives, reviews, and maintains all 7 appeals not related to health care issues. (Doc. No. 54-6 at 2, ¶2). When OOA 8 receives an appeal, it is assigned tracking log number and entered into a computer 9 system for each inmate. This system can then generate an Appeal History Report 10 including: the inmate’s name, CDCR number, the appeal log number, the appeal 11 issue, the date the appeal was received, the underlying grievance log number, the 12 date the appeal is closed, and final disposition of the appeal. (Id. at 2, ¶3). 13 • The programs, referred to as the “Electronic Records Management” (ERMS) and 14 “Strategic Offender Management System” (SOMS) maintain and file each 15 inmates’ grievances. (Doc. No. 69-2 at 2). 16 • KVSP utilizes a program called the Inmate Appeals Tracking System (IATS) that 17 records all appeals filed by inmates including rejected and canceled appeals. (Doc. 18 No. 69-2 at 2, ¶5). 19 • During Plaintiff’s incarceration at KVSP, he filed twenty grievances at the first or 20 second level response. (Doc. No. 54-5 at 3, ¶12; Doc. No. 54-6 at 9-10). 21 • From October 1, 2017 through December 31, 2019, Plaintiff filed and received 22 fifteen final third level determinations from the OOA. (Doc. No. 54-6 at 3, ¶¶8, 23 10). 24 • Plaintiff did not file any inmate grievance referring by name to either Warden 25 Pfeiffer or correctional officer Hernandez. (Doc. No. 54-5 at 5, ¶14; Doc. No. 54- 26 6 at 3 ¶¶7-8; Doc. No. 69-2 at 2, ¶ 5). Nor did any of Plaintiff’s grievances 27 identify the claims at issue in this lawsuit. (Doc. No. 54-6 at 4, ¶11.). 28 • Plaintiff never filed a grievance regarding Plaintiff’s conditions of confinement 1 claim concerning not having electricity in his cell for a prolonged time. (Doc. No. 2 54-6 at 3, ¶8; see also Doc. No. 54-4 at 5, ¶13; see Doc. No. 54-6 at 3). Instead in 3 Appeal Log No. 1817066 (an appeal of Grievance Log No. KVSP-18-02451), 4 Plaintiff alleged a member of the maintenance or plumbing staff deliberately 5 turned off water in his cell in Facility B on August 15, 2018. (Doc. No. 54-6 at 4, 6 ¶9). There is no reference to Warden Pfeiffer in this grievance and no mention of 7 being without electricity for a prolonged time. (Id.). 8 • None of the other 14 third level appeals filed by Plaintiff between October 1, 2017 9 and December 31, 2019 contain allegations concerning not having electricity for a 10 prolonged time in retaliation for grievance filing. (Doc. No. 54-6 at 3-4, ¶10). 11 C. Claims against Defendants Pfeiffer and Hernandez are Unexhausted 12 To properly exhaust administrative remedies, Plaintiff must follow CDCR’s grievance 13 process requiring inmates to submit an appeal through three levels of review. The rules also 14 require the inmate to identify who is responsible for the alleged wrongdoing and the date of the 15 alleged wrongdoing. To the extent the inmate cannot identify who is responsible, then the inmate 16 is supposed to include some information to identify the person in the future. 17 Regarding Plaintiff’s claim against Defendant Pfeiffer regarding the alleged prolonged 18 lack of electricity, the undisputed evidence of record shows the sole living conditions grievance 19 Plaintiff submitted concerned a lack of water, not electricity, and did not reference Defendant 20 Pfeiffer. (Doc. No. 54-4 at 3) (citing Doc. No. 54-5 at 242). In other words, Plaintiff never 21 complained that Warden Pfeiffer intentionally directed that he be placed in a cell that did not have 22 electricity for a prolonged time. Instead, Plaintiff submitted appeal no. KVSP-0-18-02451, 23 processed through the final level of review, and alleged maintenance staff at KVSP turned off the 24 water in his cell in Facility B while doing routine maintenance and failed to turn it back on. (Doc. 25 No. 54-5 at 242-245). While Plaintiff did allege the actions were deliberate and asked that 26 whoever was responsible be remanded, the grievance was resolved by memorandum dated 27 November 16, 2018. (Id. at 243). As noted in the letter sent to Plaintiff, his grievance was 28 “partially granted,” but further determined there was no information to substantiate the water 1 issue was deliberate. (Id. at 243). 2 Similarly, the undisputed evidence of record reveals none of Plaintiff’s twenty non- 3 medical grievances ever mentioned Hernandez by name, much less that he threatened to retaliate 4 against Plaintiff if he continued to file grievances. As set forth above, CDCR’s exhaustion rules 5 require an inmate to identify the perpetrator of the alleged wrongdoing by name, or position, or 6 otherwise sufficiently describe them to give notice to the CDCR and in effort to resolve the claim. 7 Plaintiff in conclusory terms claims not all his grievances were filed. Specifically, 8 Plaintiff claims he filed a grievance about Pfeiffer but alleges it was not filed, or claims Lucas 9 destroyed it. He also claims he filed a grievance about officer Hernandez, but it was not filed, or 10 it was “canceled out.” Lucas presents a declaration, under oath, that he never destroyed any of 11 Plaintiff’s grievances. (Doc. No. 69-2). 12 The PLRA requires exhaustion unless circumstances render administrative remedies 13 otherwise “effectively unavailable.” Sapp v. Kimbrell, 623 F.3d 813, 822 (9th Cir. 2010) 14 (quoting Nunez v. Duncan, 591 F.3d 1217, 1226 (9th Cir. 2010)). Administrative remedies are 15 effectively unavailable where an inmate attempts to exhaust his administrative remedies but is 16 “thwarted by improper screening.” Id. at 823. For Plaintiff to avail himself of this exception to 17 the exhaustion requirement, he must establish that (1) he actually filed a grievance or grievances 18 that, if pursued through all levels of administrative appeals, would have sufficed to exhaust the 19 claim that he seeks to pursue in federal court; and (2) prison officials screened his grievance or 20 grievances for reasons inconsistent with or unsupported by applicable regulations. Id. at 823-24, 21 828. 22 Aside from conclusory allegations, Plaintiff presents no evidence to substantiate his 23 conclusory claims that prison official’s refusal to file his grievances thwarted the process. He 24 attaches no grievances reflecting that he grieved the claims at issue involving Defendants Pfeiffer 25 or Hernandez. Buckley v. Johnson, 2019 WL 3817393 * (E.D. Cal. Aug. 14, 2019) (adopting in 26 full findings and recommendations to dismiss based on lack of exhaustion and noting a plaintiff 27 failed to provide any documentation to support contention that remedies were unavailable to 28 him). Vague and conclusory allegations are insufficient to create a genuine dispute of material 1 fact. See Sapp, 623 F.3d at 823-24 (plaintiff bears burden of demonstrating exception to 2 exhaustion requirement based on prison officials’ misconduct thwarted attempts to exhaust 3 remedies); Jeffries v. Fields, 2014 WL 994908 * 18 (C.D. Cal. March 10, 2014) (stating 4 conclusory allegations are insufficient to demonstrate that failure to exhaust was excused by 5 prison officials’ misconduct). Instead, Plaintiff offers only his own self-serving statements that 6 his grievances were destroyed or otherwise were not filed. This is insufficient to raise a genuine 7 issue of material fact. Rodgers v. Reynaga, No. CV 1-06-1083-JAT, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8 84840, 2009 WL 2985731, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2009) ("To grant Plaintiff an exception to 9 PLRA's demand for exhaustion based solely on Plaintiff's self-serving testimony that his 10 grievance was surreptitiously destroyed by prison officials would completely undermine the 11 rule."); Avery v. Virga, No. 2:11-cv-1945-KJM-EFP (TEMP), 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 82544, at 12 *28 (E.D. Cal. June 24, 2016) (plaintiff’s claim without further evidence that a mailroom officer 13 caused his grievance to be lost did not show a genuine issue of material fact as to exhaustion). 14 Further, Plaintiff’s allegation that Lucas destroyed or intentionally lost some grievances is too 15 vague and conclusory that Lucas lost grievances directed against Pfeiffer and Hernandez. And 16 Plaintiff does not allege as to his claim against Lucas that these are the grievances that Lucas lost 17 or destroyed. “The allegation that some grievances were lost or destroyed is not sufficient to 18 support the inference that plaintiff's administrative remedies was wrongfully obstructed for all of 19 his claims, particularly when there is ample evidence that many of plaintiff's grievances were 20 recorded and responded to through the director's level of review.” Crayton v. Hedgpeth, Case 21 No. C-08-00621 WHA(PR), 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54165, at *21 (E.D. Cal. May 18, 2011). 22 Similar to Crayton, the record reflects Plaintiff was familiar with the CDCR exhaustion 23 procedures and the process was available to him considering the number of grievances Plaintiff 24 filed through the third level during the period at issue. Thus, had Plaintiff filed grievances on 25 these claims, he certainly would have at least inquired about the status of the grievances after not 26 receiving a response to any of the grievances at the first level. Because the uncontroverted 27 evidence demonstrates that Plaintiff did not submit a grievance concerning his claim concerning 28 being placed in a cell without electricity by Defendant Pfeiffer for a prolonged time and/or for 1 | retaliatory reasons nor for his claim that Defendant Hernandez threatened him for filing a 2 | grievance, these claims must be dismissed pursuant to the PLRA. 42 U.S.C. 8 1997e(a); 3 | Woodford, 548 U.S. at 85-86, 90. 4 CONCLUSION 5 Defendants satisfied their burden of proving both that administrative remedies were 6 | available to Plaintiff and Plaintiff failed to fully exhaust his available administrative remedies as 7 | to Plaintiff's Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement claim against Warden Pfeiffer and his 8 | retaliation claims against both Pfeiffer and correctional officer Hernandez. Plaintiff's conclusory 9 | allegations that he filed grievances that went unfiled, are not supported by any evidence. Based 10 || upon the undisputed evidence, Defendants Pfeiffer and Hernandez’ exhaustion based MSJ should 11 | be granted. 12 Accordingly, it is RECOMMENDED: 13 1. The motion for summary judgment filed on behalf of Defendants Pfeiffer and 14 | Hernandez (Doc. No. 54) be GRANTED and the claims against Defendants Pfeiffer and 15 || Hernandez be dismissed. 16 2. This case proceed against Defendant Lucas only. 17 NOTICE TO PARTIES 18 || These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District Judge 19 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen (14) 20 | days after being served with these findings and recommendations, a party may file written 21 | objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 22 | Findings and Recommendations.” Parties are advised that failure to file objections within the 23 | specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 24 | 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). °° | Dated: _ December 13, 2022 Mihaw. □□ fares Back 26 HELENA M. BARCH-KUCHTA 4 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 28 11