(HC) Abuanbar v. Peery ( 2023 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ANTHONY LEWIS ABUANAR, Case No. 2:21-cv-00347-KJM-JDP (HC) 12 Petitioner, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 S. PEERY, 15 Respondent. 16 17 Petitioner Anthony Lewis Abuanar seeks a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 18 ECF No. 2. He alleges that: (1) the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction for gross 19 vehicular manslaughter; (2) the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence from 20 a blood draw because the warrant lacked probable cause; (3) the abstract of judgment is incorrect 21 because gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated is not a violent felony; and (4) he has an 22 unknown claim that he has not been able to raise because he lacks access to the law library. 23 Respondent has answered the petition, ECF No. 17, and petitioner has declined to file a traverse. 24 For the reasons stated below, I recommend that the petition be denied. 25 Background 26 I have reviewed the background summary articulated by the state appellate court on direct 27 appeal. It is correct and I reproduce it here: 28 1 On September 12, 2017, Michael Cesspooch was riding his bicycle when defendant abruptly swerved his truck off the road striking and 2 killing Cesspooch. After driving away, defendant pulled off into a nearby gravel lot, turned his lights off, and stopped his truck behind 3 an 18-wheeler. Witnesses approached defendant and told him he had just hit someone. Defendant responded, “[i]t’s okay. There’s 4 nothing wrong. It’s okay.” “I’m going back.” Defendant then accelerated out of the lot when he saw a police car driving his way. 5 This led to a five-mile police chase during which defendant drove over 100 miles an hour, failed to stop at multiple stop signs, and hit 6 an electrical box. Defendant eventually held a white object out of his truck indicating surrender and officers took him into custody. 7 When officers asked his name, defendant said his name was George Henry. Defendant told officers he “blacked out” and officers 8 described him as “sweating heavily,” “excited,” and having “uncontrollable movements.” A judge issued a search warrant for 9 defendant’s blood. The toxicology report showed several drugs in defendant’s system, including a high amount of methamphetamine. 10 Oroville Police Officer Ali Khan and Detective Raymond Stott 11 testified about defendant’s appearance on the night of the incident. Officer Khan said defendant appeared “excited,” “sweat[ed] 12 heavily,” had “uncontrollable movements” and “fast speech.” Officer Khan also testified defendant sang a song in the back of the 13 patrol car and initially lied about his name. When asked by the prosecutor if Officer Khan had seen effects like this before, he 14 responded, “I have [¶] . . . [¶] [n]ormally for people who are under the influence of a controlled substance or stimulant.” Detective 15 Stott testified defendant appeared “incoherent” and “didn’t seem to understand the questions.” 16 The prosecution also played and entered into evidence Officer 17 Khan’s body-worn camera video from that night. Defendant’s truck could be heard crashing into a patrol car on the video and 18 defendant could be heard saying he “blacked out.” Officer Khan explained defendant also appeared to be excited, sweating, and 19 breathing hard in the video.1 20 The prosecution called Sarah Porter, a forensic scientist, to testify about the effects of methamphetamine on the body. Porter first 21 noted defendant’s toxicology report indicated methamphetamine, tramadol, lidocaine, and carboxy delta-9 THC (marijuana). The 22 therapeutic range for methamphetamine is .02 to .05 milligrams per liter and Porter testified that the amount in defendant’s system 23 indicated abuse and would likely have an effect on him. The 24 1[Footnote in original text:] Defendant did not provide the video or the transcript of the video on appeal. Defendant states in his brief that the crash occurred because his truck was not in 25 park and it rolled into Officer Khan’s patrol car. However, during trial, Officer Khan testified defendant first crashed into a patrol car then failed to put his truck in park before leaving 26 the vehicle. Once his truck was dislodged from that patrol car, it rolled into Officer 27 Khan’s patrol car. Officer Khan’s testimony is consistent with the warrant stating defendant “ramm[ed]” a patrol car. As such, we resolve this issue consistent with Officer 28 Khan’s testimony. 1 second phase of methamphetamine abuse includes drowsiness, paranoia, hallucinations, and can cause a person to pass out. Porter 2 stated the other drugs in his blood likely did not have an effect on defendant due to their low levels. 3 Porter testified the most common type of vehicle crashes involving 4 individuals under the influence of methamphetamine are single- vehicle, drive-off-the-road-type accidents. After viewing the body- 5 worn camera video, Porter testified, “[j]ust with regard to that particular video, I would say there may be, there may be some 6 indicators that the—or some indicators that this person is potentially being affected by a drug such as methamphetamine.” 7 8 ECF No. 18-8 at 2-3. 9 Discussion 10 I. Legal Standards 11 A federal court may grant habeas relief when a petitioner shows that his custody violates 12 federal law. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241(a), (c)(3), 2254(a); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 374-75 13 (2000). Section 2254 of Title 28, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty 14 Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), governs a state prisoner’s habeas petition. See Harrington v. Richter, 15 562 U.S. 86, 97 (2011). To decide a § 2254 petition, a federal court examines the decision of the 16 last state court that issued a reasoned opinion on petitioner’s habeas claims. See Wilson v. Sellers, 17 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018); Van Lynn v. Farmon, 347 F.3d 735, 738 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Because, 18 here, neither the court of appeal nor the California Supreme Court issued a reasoned opinion on 19 the merits of this claim, we look to the trial court’s decision.”); McCormick v. Adams, 621 F.3d 20 970, 975-76 (9th Cir. 2010) (reviewing the decision of the court of appeal, which was last 21 reasoned decision of a state court); Gill v. Ayers, 342 F.3d 911, 917 n.5 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Because 22 the California Supreme Court denied review of Gill’s habeas petition without comment, we look 23 through the unexplained California Supreme Court decision to the last reasoned decision . . . as 24 the basis for the state court’s judgment.”) (internal quotations omitted). 25 Under AEDPA, a petitioner may obtain relief on federal habeas claims that have been 26 “adjudicated on the merits in state court proceedings” only if the state court’s adjudication 27 resulted in a decision (1) “contrary to, or [that] involved an unreasonable application of, clearly 28 1 established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” or (2) “based 2 on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court 3 proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). 4 II. Analysis 5 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence 6 Petitioner argues that insufficient evidence supports his conviction for gross vehicular 7 manslaughter while intoxicated. The state appellate court rejected this claim in a reasoned 8 decision: 9 Defendant argues the evidence was insufficient to establish gross negligence to support his conviction for gross vehicular 10 manslaughter while intoxicated. We disagree. “‘When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a 11 conviction, we review the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine whether it contains substantial 12 evidence—that is, evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value—from which a reasonable trier of fact could find the 13 defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’ [Citation.] ‘[T]he relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light 14 most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable 15 doubt.’” (People v. Lewis (2009) 46 Cal. 4th 1255, 1289.) 16 A conviction for gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated requires a finding of gross negligence. (Pen. Code,2 § 191.5, subd. 17 (a).) “Gross negligence is the exercise of so slight a degree of care as to raise a presumption of conscious indifference to the 18 consequences. [Citation.] ‘The state of mind of a person who acts with conscious indifferences to the consequences is simply, “I don’t 19 care what happens.” ’ [Citation.] The test is objective: whether a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have been 20 aware of the risk involved.” (People v. Bennett (1991) 54 Cal.3d. 1032, 1036.) Courts evaluate gross negligence in vehicular 21 manslaughter cases by considering, “‘the level of the defendant’s intoxication, the manner of driving, or other relevant aspects of the 22 defendant’s conduct resulting in the fatal accident.’” (Id. at p. 1039.) The finding of gross vehicular manslaughter while 23 intoxicated is “based on the overall circumstances surrounding the fatality.” (Id. at p. 1040.) 24 In Bennett, the defendant and two friends were drinking all 25 afternoon when defendant decided to drive. (People v. Bennett, supra, 54 Cal. 3d at pp. 1034-1035.) One friend rode with 26 defendant and the other followed in his own car. (Id. at p. 1034.) While driving, defendant weaved in and out of traffic. (Ibid.) After 27 passing several cars on a blind curve, defendant lost control of the car causing it to go off the road and roll over five or six times 28 killing his passenger. (Id. at pp. 1034-1035.) The defendant’s level 1 of intoxication played an integral role in finding gross negligence. (Id. at p. 1038.) “ ‘One who wilfully (sic) consumes alcoholic 2 beverages to the point of intoxication, knowing that he thereafter must operate a motor vehicle, thereby combining sharply impaired 3 physical and mental faculties with a vehicle capable of great force and speed, reasonably may be held to exhibit a conscious disregard 4 of the safety of others.’” (Ibid.) The court held there was sufficient evidence to support the conviction for gross vehicular manslaughter 5 while intoxicated. (Id. at p. 1040.) 6 Defendant’s case is similar to Bennett. The evidence presented at trial supports the conclusion that defendant was consciously 7 indifferent to the consequences of his actions. Defendant was under the influence of methamphetamine at the time he caused the fatal 8 incident. The expert testified the level of methamphetamine in defendant’s system indicated abuse. The abusive level of 9 methamphetamine in defendant’s system caused impairment, such as drowsiness, paranoia, and hallucinations. Indeed, as the expert 10 testified, drivers under the influence of methamphetamine commonly cause incidents of the nature involved here—single- 11 vehicle, drive-off-the-road incidents. Only in this case, when defendant drove off the road, he hit the victim who was on his 12 bicycle. Like in Bennett, the high level of a stimulant in defendant’s system supports the trial court’s finding of gross 13 negligence because it demonstrates a conscious disregard for the safety of others. 14 Defendant also relies on Nicolas and Leitgeb to argue he was not 15 grossly negligent. The defendant in Nicolas was found grossly negligent when she crashed into a car at 80 miles an hour killing the 16 driver of that car. (People v. Nicolas (2017) 8 Cal. App. 5th 1165, 1169-1170, 1172.) Evidence showed traffic had been at a complete 17 stop for 20 to 30 seconds before the crash. (Id. at p. 1170.) There was no evidence the defendant attempted to take any evasive action 18 before the crash. (Id. at p. 1172.) In the 17 minutes before the crash, defendant sent and received 14 text messages and answered 19 two phone calls. (Id. at p. 1170.) After the crash, the defendant did not assist the victim -- instead she asked for her phone. (Ibid.) The 20 court found the jury’s finding of gross negligence was supported by substantial evidence. (Id. at p. 1171.) 21 Also, in Leitgeb, the court found the defendant acted with gross 22 negligence when he veered across a corner in his car and hit a victim who was standing in a safety zone. (People v. Leitgeb 23 (1947) 77 Cal. App. 2d 764, 769-770.) The court found no condition on the road that would have inhibited the defendant’s 24 view of the pedestrian and therefore “the only reasonable explanation of defendant’s failure to see the decedent is that he was 25 not exercising even the slightest degree of care.” (Id. at p. 770.) 26 Defendant’s inattention to the bicyclist, just like the inattention to traffic in Nicolas and the inattention to the pedestrian in Leitgeb, 27 shows defendant’s conscious indifference. Defendant testified he did not remember hitting the bicyclist, evidencing his lack of 28 attention. Not only did defendant testify to not seeing the bicyclist, 1 but after witnesses told defendant he hit a person with his truck, defendant drove away—further demonstrating his conscious 2 indifference, like the defendant in Nicolas who requested her phone instead of assisting the victim. 3 Defendant argues his methamphetamine use and postcollision 4 conduct cannot support a finding of gross negligence and that the accident alone does not justify gross negligence. Not so. The trier 5 of fact is to consider, “all relevant circumstances.” (People v. Bennett, supra, 54 Cal. 3d at p. 1038.) Additionally, the court in 6 Nicolas explicitly said postcrime actions and statements are relevant considerations when determining gross negligence. 7 (People v. Nicolas, supra, 8 Cal. App. 5th at p. 1172.) While Von Staden does suggest the mere fact of a traffic accident does not 8 show gross negligence, the court held “gross negligence can be shown by the manner in which the defendant operated the vehicle, 9 that is, the overall circumstances (rather than the mere fact) of the traffic law violation.” (People v. Von Staden (1987) 195 Cal. App. 10 3d 1423, 1427.) Here, the surrounding circumstances of the incident—the abusive level of methamphetamine, hitting a 11 bicyclist, failing to render aid, fleeing from police, ramming a police car, and lying to an officer are all part of “the overall 12 circumstances” that show defendant’s conscious indifference and gross negligence. 13 Accordingly, we conclude the verdict is support[ed] by substantial 14 evidence. 15 ECF No. 18-8 at 8-11. The California Supreme Court issued a summary denial. ECF No. 18-12. 16 In reviewing the sufficiency of evidence to support a conviction, the question is “whether, 17 viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could 18 have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 19 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1974). If the evidence supports conflicting inferences, the reviewing court 20 must presume “that the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of the prosecution,” and 21 the court must “defer to that resolution.” Id. at 326. A jury’s credibility determination is 22 generally not subject to review during post-conviction proceedings. Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 23 298, 330 (1995) (“[U]nder Jackson, the assessment of the credibility of witnesses is generally 24 beyond the scope of review.”). The federal habeas court determines the sufficiency of the 25 evidence in reference to the substantive elements of the criminal offense as defined by state law. 26 Jackson, 443 U.S. at 324 n.16. 27 Here, the appellate court reasonably determined that sufficient evidence established that 28 petitioner was grossly negligent. It referenced the expert testimony showing that the level of 1 methamphetamine in petitioner’s system was indicative of abuse and evidence of petitioner’s 2 indifference to being told that he had struck someone with his car. The petition does not raise any 3 colorable argument as to why the evidence relied upon the appellate court was false or 4 misconstrued. Rather, it alleges only that petitioner’s motion to suppress the evidence obtained in 5 his blood draw should have been granted. ECF No. 2 at 7. That issue will be addressed below. 6 Here, I conclude that a rational trier of fact faced with the evidence cited by the appellate court, 7 could have found petitioner grossly negligent. This claim should be denied. 8 B. Fourth Amendment Claim 9 Petitioner alleges that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated when the trial court 10 denied his motion to suppress evidence obtained in a blood draw. He claims that the warrant used 11 to obtain the blood draw lacked probable cause. The appellate court rejected this claim: 12 Defendant contends the trial court erroneously denied his motion to suppress evidence from the blood draw because the warrant lacked 13 probable cause. The People assert there was probable cause to support the warrant, and even if there was not, the officer acted in 14 good faith and the evidence should not be suppressed. We conclude the warrant was supported by probable cause; as such, we 15 do not discuss the good faith exception. 16 . . . 17 Oroville Police Detective Shane Carpenter applied for a “DUI Blood Draw” search warrant the night of the incident. The warrant 18 application stated in whole: “The arrest was based on the following circumstances that were witnessed by me or, where indicated, were 19 witnessed by another officer who informed me of the circumstance. On 9/12/2017, at approximately 2027 hours, [defendant] . . . was 20 driving on Feather River Blvd. when he struck a pedestrian riding a bicycle. [Defendant] pulled over and told a witness that he had hit 21 someone on a bicycle. As Officers arrived on scene [defendant] took off in the vehicle he was driving. The vehicle pursuit ended 22 with [defendant] being arrested but not after ramming a patrol vehicle and lying to [an] Officer about his name. [Defendant] is 23 exhibiting common objective signed [sic] of being under the influence of some type of narcotic.” The magistrate issued the 24 warrant. 25 At a motion to suppress hearing, the court denied the motion and found probable cause supported the warrant. The court found the 26 magistrate could have drawn several reasonable inferences from the warrant to make a finding of probable cause. The factors included 27 the time of night, the fact that defendant acknowledged he hit someone, fled from the police, rammed a police car, lied about his 28 1 name, and exhibited common objective signs of being under the influence of a stimulant. 2 When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, “[w]e 3 defer to the trial court’s factual findings, express or implied, where supported by substantial evidence. In determining whether, on the 4 facts so found, the search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, we exercise our independent judgment.” 5 (People v. Glaser (1995) 11 Cal. 4th 354, 362.) 6 The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States provides: “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 7 houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon 8 probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be 9 seized.” A magistrate must decide whether probable cause exists to issue a search warrant. (People v. Scott (2011) 52 Cal. 4th 452, 10 483.) Probable cause is, “‘a state of facts as would lead a man of ordinary caution and prudence to believe and conscientiously 11 entertain a strong suspicion of the guilt of the accused.’” (People v. Hurtado (2002) 28 Cal. 4th 1179, 1188-1189.) “‘[Probable] cause 12 requires only a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity, not an actual showing of such activity.’” (People v. 13 Costello (1988) 204 Cal. App. 3d 431, 446.) 14 A blood draw is a search under the Fourth Amendment. (Birchfield v. North Dakota (2016) 579 U.S. ___ [195 L.Ed.2d 560, 574-575].) 15 The Supreme Court has always been firm in its position that a search warrant for a blood draw is preferable. “In those drunk- 16 driving investigations where police officers can reasonably obtain a warrant before a blood sample can be drawn without significantly 17 undermining the efficacy of the search, the Fourth Amendment mandates that they do so.” (Missouri v. McNeely (2013) 569 U.S. 18 141, 152 [185 L.Ed.2d 696, 707].) When an officer does obtain a search warrant, courts presume the warrant is valid because such 19 warrants may only be issued upon a showing of probable cause. (Walcyzk v. Rio (2d Cir. 2007) 496 F.3d 139, 155-156.) “Courts 20 have a ‘strong policy favoring search by warrant rather than upon other allowable basis.’ [Citations.] For this reason, when, as here, 21 the police do obtain a warrant, that warrant is presumed valid.” (People v. Amador (2000) 24 Cal. 4th 387, 393.) 22 Detective Carpenter obtained a search warrant for a blood draw, 23 and as such, we presume the warrant is valid; however, we review the evidence to determine if probable cause existed when the 24 magistrate issued the warrant. In determining whether probable cause existed, we consider the totality of the circumstances. 25 (Illinois v. Gates (1983) 462 U.S. 213, 238 [76 L.Ed.2d 527, 548].) There are several factors in this case, taken together, that establish 26 probable cause. These factors include: defendant hit a person, left the scene of the accident without rendering aid, fled from police, 27 rammed a police car, lied to officers about his identity, and exhibited common signs of being under the influence of a stimulant. 28 These factors indicate a substantial chance of criminal activity; in 1 fact, they show defendant likely committed multiple criminal actions while under the influence. Defendant exhibited a 2 consciousness of guilt in that he fled from capture and lied to officers, indicating something other than inadvertence caused 3 defendant to hit the victim. Further, not only did defendant hit someone while driving, he also caused property damage when he 4 hit a patrol car. This also shows defendant did not inadvertently hit the victim, but that something else was causing him to drive 5 unsafely for more than an isolated period. Combined with his abnormal behavior, probable cause supported the detective’s belief 6 that it may have been drug use. Considering the totality of the circumstances, there is sufficient evidence for a magistrate to find 7 probable cause. 8 Defendant disputes there was probable cause indicated in the warrant because the warrant consisted of conclusory statements and 9 lacked the officer’s basis of knowledge. The court, however, relied on other factors relevant to the totality of the circumstances inquiry 10 when making its decision, including the circumstances surrounding the crash, as well as defendant’s resulting behavior. Its reliance on 11 these other factors was sufficient to support its finding of probable cause. 12 Defendant further cites several cases where courts found probable 13 cause to support a blood draw and argues the circumstances of his collision did not rise to the level found sufficient in those cases. 14 But defendant fails to cite one case where a court did not find probable cause. Defendant cites to Chapel and contends, “the fact 15 of the collision was insufficient to establish probable cause that evidence of a crime would be found in [defendant’s] blood.” 16 (Citing U.S. v. Chapel (9th Cir. 1995) 55 F.3d 1416.) Chapel does not stand for that proposition. (Id. at p. 1417.) The only issue in 17 Chapel was whether officers had to arrest the defendant before drawing blood without a warrant, which it decided was not 18 required. (Ibid.) The Chapel court made no determination as to probable cause. (Id. at p. 1420.) As such, defendant’s argument is 19 without support. 20 In the other cases defendant cites, the defendants were not involved in multiple traffic collisions and did not exhibit the consciousness 21 of guilt defendant exhibited here. In Tennessee, the reviewing court upheld the trial court’s probable cause determination by 22 pointing to the defendant’s unsafe driving and his common objective signs of intoxication. (People v. Tennessee (1970) 4 Cal. 23 App. 3d 788, 792.) The unsafe driving consisted of the defendant weaving in between lanes three times and stopping too far into an 24 intersection on a red light. (Id. at p. 790.) Here, defendant clearly displayed unsafe driving. He hit and killed a bicyclist, led police on 25 a five-mile high-speed pursuit, and hit one patrol car. Likewise, in Trapane, the court found probable cause to arrest a drunk driving 26 suspect who displayed common objective signs of intoxication despite the officer never seeing the suspect drive. (People v. 27 Trapane (1991) 1 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 10, 12, 14.) In our case, officers observed defendant’s unsafe driving and noted defendant 28 displayed common signs of being under the influence of a 1 stimulant. (Id. at pp, 12, 14.) As such, the cases cited by defendant plainly demonstrate probable cause supported the search warrant 2 obtained here. 3 Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying the motion to suppress. 4 5 ECF No. 18-8 at 4-8. The California Supreme Court rejected the claim when it summarily denied 6 the petition for review. ECF No. 18-12. 7 No relief lies for this claim because, under the Supreme Court’s decision in Stone v. 8 Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 494 (1976), a habeas petitioner’s Fourth Amendment claims are barred if 9 he had a full and fair opportunity to litigate them below. “The relevant inquiry is whether 10 petitioner had the opportunity to litigate his claim, not whether he did in fact do so or even 11 whether the claim was correctly decided.” Ortiz-Sandoval v. Gomez, 81 F.3d 891, 899 (9th Cir. 12 1996). Here, petitioner was afforded a full and fair opportunity to litigate whether the warrant 13 was supported by probable cause, both before the trial court and on direct appeal. 14 C. Abstract of Judgment 15 Petitioner’s third claim is that the abstract of judgment should be corrected to reflect that 16 gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated is not a violent felony. ECF No. 2 at 8. This 17 claim is moot because the state court of appeal has agreed with petitioner in its decision and 18 directed that the abstract of judgment be changed. ECF No. 18-8 at 11-12. 19 D. Unknown Claim 20 Finally, petitioner alleges that he has a fourth, unknown claim that he cannot articulate 21 without additional access to the law library. ECF No. 2 at 10. Insofar as this claim is unknown 22 and not before me, it cannot warrant habeas relief. To the extent petitioner believes that his 23 constitutional rights have been violated by limited law library access, he may file a separate 24 section 1983 action raising that issue. 25 Accordingly, it is RECOMMENDED that the petition, ECF No. 2, be DENIED. 26 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 27 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days 28 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 1 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 2 “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the 3 objections shall be served and filed within fourteen days after service of the objections. The 4 parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to 5 appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez 6 v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 7 g IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: _ May 12, 2023 q——— 10 JEREMY D. PETERSON i UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11