(PC) Bryant v. Kibler ( 2023 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 KEVIN D. BRYANT, No. 2:21-CV-0060-TLN-DMC-P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 BRIAN KIBLER, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a prisoner proceeding pro se, brings this civil rights action pursuant to 18 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s first amended complaint, ECF No. 39. 19 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief 20 against a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. 21 § 1915A(a). The Court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if it: (1) is frivolous or 22 malicious; (2) fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted; or (3) seeks monetary relief 23 from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). Moreover, 24 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that complaints contain a “short and plain statement 25 of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). This means 26 that claims must be stated simply, concisely, and directly. See McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 27 1177 (9th Cir. 1996) (referring to Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e)(1)). These rules are satisfied if the 28 complaint gives the defendant fair notice of the plaintiff’s claim and the grounds upon which it 1 rests. See Kimes v. Stone, 84 F.3d 1121, 1129 (9th Cir. 1996). 2 In order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain 3 factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp 4 v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-56 (2007). The complaint must contain “enough facts to state a 5 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the 6 plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 7 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 8 “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a 9 sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). 10 The mere possibility of misconduct will not suffice to meet this standard. See id. at 679. Because 11 Plaintiff must allege with at least some degree of particularity overt acts by specific defendants 12 that support the claims, vague and conclusory allegations fail to satisfy this standard. 13 14 I. PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATIONS1 15 Plaintiffs names the following Defendants: (1) Kathleen Allision, Secretary of 16 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”); (1) Brian Kibler, Warden of 17 High Desert State Prison (“HDSP”); (3) Jason Picket, Warden of HDSP; (4) Robert Peery, 18 Associate Warden of HDSP; (5) Dr. Kevin Rueter, Chief Medical Executive of HDSP; (6) Dr. 19 Taber, Chief Physician of HDSP; (7) Joseph Bick, Director of California Correctional Health 20 Care Services (“CCHCS”); (8) Diana Toche, Undersecretary of CCHCS; (9) Connie Gipson, 21 Director of Division of Adult Institutions; (10) Matt Williams, Captain at HDSP; (11) Does 1-10, 22 top officials of CDCR, CCCS, HDSP, and San Quentin prisons; (12) C. Barrier, Correctional 23 Officer at HDSP; and (13) S. Gates, Chief, Health Care Correspondence and Appeals Branch at 24 CCHCS. See ECF No. 39, pgs. 4-7. Defendants are sued in their individual and official 25 1 The Court notes Plaintiff’s first amended complaint is 151 pages, most of which 26 are lengthy exhibits. Plaintiff is cautioned that it is the Court’s duty to evaluate the factual allegations within a complaint, not to wade through exhibits in order to determine the basis for 27 Plaintiff’s claims. For screening purposes, the Court must assume that Plaintiff’s factual allegations are true; therefore, it is generally unnecessary to submit exhibits in support of 28 1 capacities. See id. 2 Plaintiff alleges violations of the Eighth Amendment based on Defendants’ 3 knowledge that Plaintiff was at high risk for complications of Covid-19, yet approved the transfer 4 of inmates to HDSP from San Quentin Prison, with inadequate testing procedures in place, and 5 that Defendants failed to properly test and isolate the incoming inmates, resulting in Plaintiff 6 contracting the Covid-19 virus. See generally, ECF No. 39, pgs. 8-12. It appears that Plaintiff is 7 currently housed at R.J. Donovan Correctional Facility but was housed at the HDSP at the time of 8 the alleged injury. See id., pgs. 1, 9. 9 Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Allison, Bick, Toche, Gipson, 10 Kibler, Picket, Peery, Rueter, Taber and Does were deliberately indifferent in the way they 11 handled the Covid-19 pandemic when they approved the transfer of inmates from California 12 Institute for Men to San Quentin Prison without following proper safety precautions. See id., pg. 13 8. Without proper testing for the virus, the prison had no way of knowing whether the transferred 14 inmates were infected or not, and Defendants and Does were aware of such before the transfers 15 occurred. See id., pgs. 8-9. Plaintiff claims that the transfer of these inmates occurred between 16 May 28, 2020 and May 30, 2020, and that even though some of the inmates to be transferred had 17 symptoms consistent with Covid-19, those inmates were placed on buses where there was no 18 physical distancing. See id., pg. 9. Thereafter, around June 8, 2020, Defendants and Does began 19 transferring inmates from San Quentin Prison to HDSP, and within days there was an outbreak of 20 Covid-19 that started in the unit where those transferred inmates were housed. Plaintiff was 21 housed on the same yard where the outbreak occurred. See id. Plaintiff argues that despite a 22 state-wide emergency lockdown, Defendants and Does defied that lockdown order by transferring 23 inmates between prisons. See id. 24 On December 6, 2020, Plaintiff’s cellmate tested positive for Covid-19 and was 25 moved to a quarantine building, but alleges that other inmates that tested positive were left in the 26 building and not transferred for isolation. See id. On December 7, 2020, Plaintiff was tested for 27 the virus, but the results were negative. See id. However, on December 8, 2022,2 Plaintiff asserts 28 1 that he began to have Covid-19 symptoms, which became increasingly more severe, he had 2 trouble breathing, but he was afraid to allow prison staff to move or take him to the hospital 3 “because they might force me onto a ventilator and cause me to die.” Id. On December 15, 2020, 4 Plaintiff received a positive test result to the Covid-19 virus. See id. Plaintiff claims that he has 5 medical conditions that put him at a high risk of contracting the virus, and submitted a grievance 6 requesting release, which was ultimately denied. See id. As a result of this infection, Plaintiff 7 alleges that he is suffering from long term and possibly permanent lung damage, fluid and 8 congestion in his lungs, trouble breathing, and no sense of smell. See id. 9 Plaintiff contends that Defendants and other prison staff failed to follow safety 10 guidelines by refusing to wear masks correctly, or at all. See id., pg. 10. In support of this 11 allegation, Plaintiff states that he spoke to a Lieutenant at the prison and was told that officials 12 from CDCR and CCHSC were aware of prison staff not following safety guidelines and had 13 ordered an investigation into such conduct. See id. Particularly, Plaintiff claims that Defendants 14 Kibler, Pickett, and Peery—top administrative officials at HDSP—failed to enforce the safety 15 guidelines by the prison staff, and failed to discipline for violations of these guidelines. See id. 16 Plaintiff contends that he personally witnessed Defendants Williams, Kibler, 17 Pickett, Peery, and numerous other CDCR officials not wearing their masks correctly, or at all, 18 while interacting with staff or inmates, as well as not following the distancing protocols. See id., 19 pg. 11. In November 2020, Defendant Barrier failed to wear his mask correctly while passing out 20 uncovered food trays and interacting with the inmates in the housing unit, and that Plaintiff filed a 21 grievance regarding this conduct. See id., pgs. 10-11. As a result of this grievance, Plaintiff 22 claims that he was retaliated against by a Sergeant Rigling and threatened by Defendant Williams, 23 who said that if Plaintiff kept filing grievances regarding prison officials’ failure to follow Covid- 24 19 safety guidelines, that he “would be retaliated against” and “would never be able to prove 25 anything.”3 Id., pg. 10. According to Plaintiff, prior to Plaintiff testing positive, on December 3, 26 2020, Dr. Davis4 went to Plaintiff’s cell to check on him because he had a “high risk medical 27 3 Plaintiff neither names Sergeant Rigling nor claims retaliation in this complaint. 28 1 status” and was at an “extremely high risk of contracting the coronavirus and dying from it due to 2 all [his] underlying medical conditions.” See id. Plaintiff states that, in spite of Dr. Davis 3 identifying Plaintiff as high risk, Defendant Gates, the person responsible for processing his 4 grievance appeals, ignored the status and denied his appeal, without ever interviewing or talking 5 to his physicians or Plaintiff. See id. In response to Plaintiff’s habeas petition, Plaintiff claims 6 that the CCHCS Defendants and Does falsely stated that Plaintiff was not at a high risk and thus 7 his habeas petition was denied. See id., pg. 11. 8 Further, Plaintiff states that Defendant Reuter, as Chief Medical Executive at 9 HDSP, oversees his medical staff and training required regarding retaliation, discriminating, and 10 “obstructing inmates from receiving medical care.” Id. Plaintiff alleges that, despite this training, 11 Plaintiff was denied a refill of his inhaler when he suffered difficulty breathing and was only 12 provided the inhaler after he filed a health care grievance. See id. However, Plaintiff asserts that 13 because of the Covid-19 infection, even the inhaler doesn’t help with his breathing. See id. 14 Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages. See id., pg. 12. 15 16 II. DISCUSSION 17 Plaintiff’s first amended complaint appears to assert the following Eighth 18 Amendment legal theories: (1) failure to protect; and (2) deliberate indifference to medical needs. 19 Plaintiff also appears to assert a due process claim. For the reasons discussed below, Plaintiff 20 will be provided a further opportunity to amend. 21 A. Eighth Amendment 22 The treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under which the 23 prisoner is confined are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment, which prohibits cruel 24 and unusual punishment. See Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993); Farmer, 511 U.S. at 25 832. The Eighth Amendment “embodies broad and idealistic concepts of dignity, civilized 26 standards, humanity, and decency.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102 (1976). Conditions of 27 confinement may, however, be harsh and restrictive. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 28 (1981). Nonetheless, prison officials must provide prisoners with “food, clothing, shelter, 1 sanitation, medical care, and personal safety.” Toussaint v. McCarthy, 801 F.2d 1080, 1107 (9th 2 Cir. 1986), abrogated in part on other grounds by Sandin v. Connor, 515 U.S. 472 (1995). A 3 prison official violates the Eighth Amendment only when objectively, the official’s act or 4 omission is so serious such that it results in the denial of the minimal civilized measure of life’s 5 necessities; and subjectively, the prison official acted unnecessarily and wantonly for the purpose 6 of inflicting harm. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. Thus, a prison official must have a “sufficiently 7 culpable mind.” See id. 8 1. Failure to Protect 9 Under these principles, prison officials have a duty to take reasonable steps to 10 protect inmate’ safety. See Hoptowit v. Ray, 682 F.2d 1237, 1250-51 (9th Cir. 1982); Farmer, 11 511 U.S. at 833. Liability exists only when two requirements are met: (1) objectively, the 12 prisoner was incarcerated under conditions presenting a substantial risk of serious harm; and (2) 13 subjectively, prison officials knew of and disregarded the risk. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. The 14 very obviousness of the risk may suffice to establish the knowledge element. See Wallis v. 15 Baldwin, 70 F.3d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir. 1995). Prison officials are not liable, however, if evidence 16 is presented that they lacked knowledge of a safety risk. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 844. The 17 knowledge element does not require that the plaintiff prove that prison officials know for a 18 certainty that the inmate’s safety is in danger, but it requires proof of more than a mere suspicion 19 of danger. See Berg v. Kincheloe, 794 F.2d 457, 459 (9th Cir. 1986). Finally, the plaintiff must 20 show that prison officials disregarded a risk. Thus, where prison officials actually knew of a 21 substantial risk, they are not liable if they took reasonable steps to respond to the risk, even if 22 harm ultimately was not averted. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 844. 23 Construing Plaintiff’s complaint liberally, the Court finds for screening purposes 24 that Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that he was incarcerated under conditions posing a 25 substantial risk of serious harm and that Defendants were deliberately indifferent to that harm. 26 The transfer of potentially infected inmates and lack of isolation after, as well as the lack of 27 distancing during that transfer, created a substantial risk of serious harm, which Defendants 28 disregarded by failing to enforce their own policies or follow proper safety precautions, such as 1 testing or isolating transferred inmates, using masks, providing adequate sanitation, hygiene 2 supplies, providing personal protective equipment to inmates, or ensuring inmates and staff 3 followed proper distancing protocols. As a result, Plaintiff was infected with Covid-19. 4 Plaintiff’s first amended complaint, however, does not sufficiently connect the 5 alleged failure to protect from the serious risk posed by Covid-19 to the named defendants, 6 particularly the many supervisory personnel named. To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the 7 plaintiff must allege an actual connection or link between the actions of the named defendants and 8 the alleged deprivations. See Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. 9 Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976). “A person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional 10 right, within the meaning of § 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's 11 affirmative acts, or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the 12 deprivation of which complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). 13 Vague and conclusory allegations concerning the involvement of official personnel in civil rights 14 violations are not sufficient. See Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). 15 Rather, the plaintiff must set forth specific facts as to each individual defendant’s causal role in 16 the alleged constitutional deprivation. See Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 634 (9th Cir. 1988). 17 Supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of their 18 employees. See Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989) (holding that there is no 19 respondeat superior liability under § 1983). A supervisor is only liable for the constitutional 20 violations of subordinates if the supervisor participated in or directed the violations. See id. The 21 Supreme Court has rejected the notion that a supervisory defendant can be liable based on 22 knowledge and acquiescence in a subordinate’s unconstitutional conduct because government 23 officials, regardless of their title, can only be held liable under § 1983 for his or her own conduct 24 and not the conduct of others. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676 (2009). Supervisory 25 personnel who implement a policy so deficient that the policy itself is a repudiation of 26 constitutional rights and the moving force behind a constitutional violation may, however, be 27 liable even where such personnel do not overtly participate in the offensive act. See Redman v. 28 Cty. of San Diego, 942 F.2d 1435, 1446 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc), abrogated on other grounds by 1 Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1994).). 2 When a defendant holds a supervisory position, the causal link between such 3 defendant and the claimed constitutional violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. 4 Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 5 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations concerning the involvement of supervisory personnel in 6 civil rights violations are not sufficient. See Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th 7 Cir. 1982). “[A] plaintiff must plead that each Government-official defendant, through the 8 official’s own individual actions, has violated the constitution.” Iqbal, 662 U.S. at 676. 9 Plaintiff will be provided an opportunity to amend in order to link each named 10 defendant, including supervisory defendants, to the alleged failure to protect from the risk posed 11 by Covid-19. 12 2. Deliberate Indifference to Medical Needs 13 Deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s serious illness or injury, or risks of serious 14 injury or illness, also gives rise to a claim under the Eighth Amendment. See Estelle, 429 U.S. at 15 105; see also Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. An injury or illness is sufficiently serious if the failure to 16 treat a prisoner’s condition could result in further significant injury or the “unnecessary and 17 wanton infliction of pain.” McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059 (9th Cir. 1992), overruled 18 on other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc); see 19 also Doty v. County of Lassen, 37 F.3d 540, 546 (9th Cir. 1994). Factors indicating seriousness 20 include whether a reasonable doctor would think that the condition is worthy of comment; 21 whether the condition significantly impacts the prisoner’s daily activities; and whether the 22 condition is chronic and accompanied by substantial pain. McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059. 23 The requirement of deliberate indifference is less stringent in medical needs cases 24 than in other Eighth Amendment contexts because the responsibility to provide inmates with 25 medical care does not generally conflict with competing penological concerns. See id. at 1060. 26 Thus, deference need not be given to the judgment of prison officials as to decisions concerning 27 medical needs. See Hunt v. Dental Dep’t, 865 F.2d 198, 200 (9th Cir. 1989). The complete 28 denial of medical attention may constitute deliberate indifference. See Toussaint, 801 F.2d at 1 1111. Delay in providing medical treatment, or interference with medical treatment, may also 2 constitute deliberate indifference. See Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1131. Where delay is alleged, 3 however, the prisoner must also demonstrate that the delay led to further injury. See McGuckin, 4 974 F.2d at 1060. Further, negligence in diagnosing or treating a medical condition does not, 5 however, give rise to a claim under the Eighth Amendment. See Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106. 6 Moreover, a difference of opinion between the prisoner and medical providers concerning the 7 appropriate course of treatment does not give rise to an Eighth Amendment claim. See Jackson v. 8 McIntosh, 90 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1996). 9 Generally, there is no question that Covid-19 is a serious communicable disease 10 and poses a substantial risk of serious harm to those exposed. See e.g., Helling, 509 U.S. at 33 11 (finding prison officials may not “be deliberately indifferent to the exposure of inmates to a 12 serious, communicable disease”); see also Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678, 682-83 (1978); 13 Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1050 (9th Cir. 2007) (recognizing a cause of action under 14 the Eighth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for an alleged policy of not screening inmates for 15 infectious diseases and for housing contagious and healthy individuals together during a known 16 “epidemic of hepatitis C”); see, e.g., Wilson v. Williams, 961 F.3d 829, 840 (6th Cir. 2020) (“The 17 Covid-19 virus creates a substantial risk of serious harm leading to pneumonia, respiratory 18 failure, or death.”); Plata v. Newsom, 445 F. Supp. 3d 557, 559 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (“The Covid-19 19 pandemic is ‘unprecedented,’ and no one questions that it poses a substantial risk of serious harm 20 to [prison inmates].” (citation omitted)); Burgess v. Newsom, No. 1:21-cv-00077-SAB (PC), 21 2021 WL 4061611, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 7, 2021) (stating “COVID-19 is a serious 22 communicable disease”), report and recommendation adopted by 2021 WL 4975140 (E.D. Cal. 23 Oct. 25, 2021). Here, Plaintiff has satisfied the objective requirement. Covid-19 is a serious 24 communicable disease that poses a substantial risk of serious harm to Plaintiff due to his exposure 25 to the virus. 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 In this instance, however, Plaintiff fails to satisfy the subjective requirement. The 2 key inquiry is not whether Defendants perfectly responded, complied with every guideline, or 3 whether their efforts ultimately averted the risk; instead, the question is whether they reasonably 4 responded or disregarded the risk. Plaintiff asserts that his cellmate tested positive for Covid-19 5 and was moved to a quarantine building, but alleges that other inmates that tested positive were 6 left in the building and not transferred for isolation. Moreover, Plaintiff contends that he was 7 afraid to allow prison staff to move or take him to the hospital “because they might force me onto 8 a ventilator and cause me to die.” See ECF No. 39, pg. 9. Plaintiff goes on to state that he was 9 tested several times on December 7, 2020 and December 15, 2020. See id. Thus, Defendants did 10 not consciously disregard the risk of further harm to Plaintiff because Defendants identified, 11 tested, and moved to quarantine his cellmate and seemingly attempted to address Plaintiff’s 12 medical needs, but Plaintiff refused. Plaintiff’s allegations demonstrate that he was provided 13 medical care even if he did not accept it. Because Plaintiff has not alleged facts that the actions 14 Defendants took in response to the alleged risk were not reasonable or that Defendants 15 consciously disregarded any substantial risk of serious harm to Plaintiff, without more, Plaintiff 16 fails to state a claim for a violation of Eighth Amendment. 17 If Plaintiff is alleging that Defendants delayed in providing medical treatment to 18 Plaintiff because he was only provided his inhaler after he filed a grievance, Plaintiff must 19 demonstrate that Defendants’ delay caused further injury. Plaintiff has not alleged facts to show 20 that any delay caused further injury to Plaintiff. In fact, Plaintiff asserts that because of the 21 Covid-19 infection, not the delay in medical care, the inhaler doesn’t help with his breathing. 22 Relatedly, to the extent that Plaintiff is alleging Defendants should have provided a 23 different course of treatment in response to his positive Covid-19 test, a difference of opinion in 24 medical treatment does not constitute deliberate indifference. Plaintiff must show that the 25 treatment given was medically unacceptable under the circumstances, which Plaintiff has failed to 26 do here. Plaintiff fails to allege any facts to show that Defendants’ course of treatment was 27 medically unacceptable under the circumstances or in conscious disregard of an excessive risk to 28 Plaintiff’s health. In other words, Plaintiff’s allegations that Defendants failed to provide 1 adequate medical care after he contracted the virus is only a conclusion, not a fact. Without more, 2 negligence in the provision of medical care does not violate the Eighth Amendment. 3 Finally, Plaintiff fails to indicate what actions each Defendant personally took or 4 failed to take after Plaintiff contracted Covid-19 that resulted in deliberate indifference. As 5 discussed above, Plaintiff must allege an actual connection or link between the actions of the 6 named Defendants and the alleged deprivations. As to the supervisor Defendants, Plaintiff must 7 plead facts which allege that a defendant through their own individual actions, violated the 8 Constitution. The conclusory allegations contained in Plaintiff’s amended complaint are 9 insufficient to state a claim of supervisory liability. 10 Therefore, Plaintiff has not alleged facts to state a claim for deliberate indifference 11 as to Plaintiff’s medical needs under the Eighth Amendment for which relief can be granted. 12 Plaintiff will be provided an opportunity to amend. 13 B. Due Process 14 Plaintiff does not state a cognizable claim for relief here for violation of the Due 15 Process Clause related to his grievance process. Inmates lack a liberty interest in the processing 16 of an inmate appeal because there is no “separate constitutional entitlement to a specific prison 17 grievance procedure.” Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 860 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Mann v. 18 Adams, 855 F.2d 639, 640 (9th Cir. 1988)). A prison official’s denial of an inmate appeal does 19 not qualify as a constitutional violation. See id. Plaintiff alleges that he submitted a grievance 20 requesting that he be released due to his high risk status, but Defendant Gates, the person 21 responsible for processing his grievance appeals, ignored Plaintiff’s purported status and denied 22 his appeal, without ever interviewing or talking to his physicians or Plaintiff. See ECF No. 39, 23 pgs. 9, 10, 12. To the extent Plaintiff seeks relief against any Defendant for deciding his 24 grievances or administrative appeals in a particular way, Plaintiff lacks a liberty interest in this 25 regard. Defendant Gates’s denial of Plaintiff’s grievance and/or appeals does not amount to a 26 constitutional violation and thus Plaintiff fails to state a claim. 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 III. CONCLUSION 2 Because it is possible that the deficiencies identified in this order may be cured by 3 amending the complaint, Plaintiff is entitled to leave to amend prior to dismissal of the entire 4 action. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126, 1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). Plaintiff is 5 informed that, as a general rule, an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. See 6 Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258, 1262 (9th Cir. 1992). Thus, following dismissal with leave to 7 amend, all claims alleged in the original complaint which are not alleged in the amended 8 complaint are waived. See King v. Atiyeh, 814 F.2d 565, 567 (9th Cir. 1987). Therefore, if 9 Plaintiff amends the complaint, the Court cannot refer to the prior pleading in order to make 10 Plaintiff's amended complaint complete. See Local Rule 220. An amended complaint must be 11 complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. See id. 12 If Plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, Plaintiff must demonstrate how the 13 conditions complained of have resulted in a deprivation of Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See 14 Ellis v. Cassidy, 625 F.2d 227 (9th Cir. 1980). The complaint must allege in specific terms how 15 each named defendant is involved, and must set forth some affirmative link or connection 16 between each defendant’s actions and the claimed deprivation. See May v. Enomoto, 633 F.2d 17 164, 167 (9th Cir. 1980); Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). 18 Finally, Plaintiff is warned that failure to file an amended complaint within the 19 time provided in this order may be grounds for dismissal of this action. See Ferdik, 963 F.2d at 20 1260-61; see also Local Rule 110. Plaintiff is also warned that a complaint which fails to comply 21 with Rule 8 may, in the Court’s discretion, be dismissed with prejudice pursuant to Rule 41(b). 22 See Nevijel v. North Coast Life Ins. Co., 651 F.2d 671, 673 (9th Cir. 1981). 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / ] Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 2 1. Plaintiff's first amended complaint is dismissed with leave to amend; and 3 2. Plaintiff shall file a second amended complaint within 30 days of the date 4 | of service of this order. 5 6 || Dated: January 17, 2023 Svc 7 DENNIS M. COTA 8 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 9 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 13