Beard v. County of Stanislaus ( 2022 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 SHANE BEARD, et al., Case No. 1:21-cv-00841-DAD-SAB 12 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ 13 v. MOTION TO COMPEL PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS 14 COUNTY OF STANISLAUS, et al., ORDER VACATING JULY 13, 2022 15 Defendants. HEARING 16 (ECF Nos. 32, 34, 35) 17 18 Currently before the Court is Plaintiffs Shane Beard, Hilda Perez, and N.P.’s 19 (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) motion to compel Defendant County of Stanislaus (“Defendant”)1 to 20 produce documents in response to Plaintiff Beard’s requests for production (“RPD”), set one. 21 (ECF No. 32.) Defendant filed an opposition and the parties filed a joint statement re: discovery 22 disagreement on June 29, 2022 (ECF Nos. 34, 35.) The Court finds this matter suitable for 23 decision without oral argument and the parties will not be required to appear on July 13, 2022. 24 See Local Rule 230(g). For the reasons explained herein, Plaintiffs’ motion shall be granted in 25 part and denied in part, Defendant County of Stanislaus shall provide, no later than August 11, 26 2022, all documents responsive to the requests for production identified in Plaintiff Beard’s 27 1 The Court notes multiple defendants have been named in this action. However, the instant motion to compel is directed only at Defendant County of Stanislaus, which shall be referred to herein as “Defendant” for purposes of 1 RPDs, pursuant to the terms set forth herein, and Plaintiffs are awarded sanctions in the amount 2 of $2,146.50. 3 I. 4 BACKGROUND 5 A. Factual Background and Pleading Allegations 6 Plaintiff N.P. is the son of Plaintiffs Beard and Perez. Non-party minors A.S., C.P., V.P., 7 and D.P. are the children of Perez and other partners. At all relevant times, Beard and Perez 8 lived in separate residences, and N.P. lived primarily with Perez. 9 On July 12, 2019, a social services referral was generated. The reporting party alleged 10 that A.S. reported he was touched inappropriately in the shower by V.P., and that V.P. and C.P. 11 hit him on the head but Perez did nothing about it. An investigation ensued, with the end result 12 that on July 19, 2019, N.P. was removed from Beard’s custody and on July 24, 2019, the juvenile 13 court determined at a detention hearing that N.P. needed continued detention. An amended 14 juvenile dependency petition was filed on August 16, 2019. The juvenile case eventually 15 concluded on April 15, 2020. 16 Plaintiffs allege the individual Defendant social workers fabricated information, generally 17 misrepresented the situation, and withheld exculpatory information during their investigation and 18 in their reports and warrant application, notably that N.P. was not involved in the aforementioned 19 situation, was no longer living with V.P. and C.P., and was not in any danger and therefore 20 should not have been removed from Beard’s custody. Plaintiffs further allege Defendant County 21 of Stanislaus promulgates unconstitutional policies and fails to properly train its social workers. 22 B. Procedural Background and Discovery Dispute 23 Plaintiffs initiated this action against Defendant County of Stanislaus and Defendant 24 social workers Eric Anderson, April Cobbs, Mariela Gomez, David Granados, Stephanie 25 Herrera, Shari Johnson, Shynelle Jones, and Gloria Solorio on May 24, 2021. (ECF No. 1.) The 26 complaint asserts federal and state claims against Defendants for violations of the Fourth and 27 Fourteenth Amendments, Monell liability, intentional infliction of emotional distress, false 1 Plaintiffs served Defendant with Plaintiff Beard’s RPD on November 30, 2021. (ECF 2 No. 32 at 6; Powell Decl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 32-1; Ex. A, ECF No. 32-1 at 7–24.) On December 28, 3 2021, defense counsel emailed Plaintiffs’ counsel seeking an extension of time to produce 4 responses, which were previously due on December 30, 2021. (ECF No. 32 at 6; Powell Decl. ¶ 5 7; Ex. B, ECF No. 32-1 at 26–27.) Defendants requested an extension up to and including 6 January 18, 2022, to respond to the discovery. (ECF No. 32-1 at 26.) Plaintiffs’ counsel agreed 7 to the extension up to January 18, but cautioned that if Plaintiffs received “a plethora of specious 8 objections instead of good faith compliance . . . it [would be] unlikely that extensions will be 9 given in the future.” (Id.) 10 Defendant did not produce any responses by January 18, 2022. (ECF No. 32 at 6; Powell 11 Decl. ¶ 8.) On January 20, 2022, Plaintiffs’ counsel sent an email to defense counsel, notifying it 12 of the missed deadline. (ECF No. 32 at 6; Powell Decl. ¶ 9; Ex. C, ECF No. 32-1 at 29–30.) 13 That same day, Defense counsel replied “[These] are due today and responses will be produced 14 today” (ECF No. 32-1 at 29), and later produced the responses by email (Powell Decl. ¶ 11). 15 The responses produced by email were not accompanied by any documents, and no privilege log 16 was provided, despite a number of attorney-client privilege objections asserted in the responses. 17 (Id.; see also Ex. D, ECF No. 32-1 at 32–57.) Defendant confirms no responsive documents 18 were produced at that time because they “were still being compiled.” (Swingle Decl. ¶ 5; ECF 19 No. 35 at 3.) 20 On March 24, 2022, the parties met and conferred via telephone. (ECF No. 32 at 7; 21 Powell Decl. ¶ 13.) Plaintiffs’ position was that, because of the late service of responses, 22 Defendant had waived its objections and if Defendant did not produce good faith responses 23 without objections by the end of business on March 28, 2022, Plaintiffs would file a motion to 24 compel. (ECF No. 32 at 7; Powell Decl. ¶¶ 14–15.) Plaintiffs’ counsel sent an email on March 25 25, 2022, memorializing the call and Plaintiff’s position.2 (Powell Decl. ¶ 16; Ex. E, ECF No. 26 32-1 at 61–62.) Plaintiffs assert they did not receive any revised or completed responses to the 27 2 The parties also discussed stipulating to a protective order. On March 31, 2022, the Court entered a protective 1 RPDs, or a privilege log, as of March 28, 2022. (Powell Decl. ¶ 18.) 2 Defendant asserts responsive documents were uploaded to a flash drive and placed in the 3 US Mail to Plaintiffs on February 28, 2022. (ECF No. 35 at 1, 2; Swingle Decl. ¶ 6.) The record 4 does not indicate that the parties met and conferred further on the point of Defendant’s 5 objections to the RPDs or to discuss whether the production of documents was received. 6 On June 22, 2022, Plaintiffs filed the instant motion to compel, which was fully briefed 7 as previously detailed. (ECF Nos. 32, 34, 35.) Defense counsel maintains this is the first they 8 became aware that Plaintiffs had not received the February 28 document production. (See 9 Swingle Decl. ¶¶ 6–9.) On June 23, 2022, the parties exchanged emails and Defendants resent 10 the previously produced responses via US Mail. (ECF No. 35 at 1–3.) 11 On June 24, 2022, the parties met and conferred via phone conference. (Id. at 2.) 12 Plaintiffs maintain this was the first time they heard Defendant’s assertion that responses were 13 originally sent on February 28, as Plaintiffs never received any responses. (Id.) Moreover, 14 Plaintiffs challenge the veracity of Defendant’s position, stating counsel made further inquiries 15 as to the status of the production of documents on February 12 and 20, 2022, but did not receive 16 any response from Defendant. (Id.; Ex. G, ECF No. 32-1 at 69–71.)3 Defense counsel proffers 17 he was aware the parties had a few communications around that time, but it was his 18 understanding all along that the responsive documents had been produced. (Swingle Decl. ¶ 7; 19 ECF No. 35 at 3.) Further, upon learning of Plaintiffs’ position of never receiving the documents 20 via the June 22 motion to compel, Defendant resent the documents to Plaintiffs, via flash drive in 21 the US Mail, on June 23, 2022. (Swingle Decl. ¶ 8; ECF No. 35 at 3.) 22 It appears Defendant only responded to the issues of whether responsive documents were 23 produced and whether the untimeliness of the responses to the RPDs was justified, but not the 24 issue pertaining to the lack of a privilege log or the sufficiency of the objections asserted in the 25 January 20 responses with which Plaintiffs take issue. (See ECF No. 35 at 3.) Plaintiffs state 26 3 Plaintiffs’ reference to the February 12 and 20, 2022 emails to defense counsel are included as entries in counsel’s billing records, though the specific communication/s the entries describe were not attached. There is one attorney 27 billing entry dated February 12, 2022, which provides “em [sic] to Swingle re: haven’t produced the RFPD served 11/30 – way overdue, objections waived. This is request m&c. . .” (ECF No. 32-1 at 69.) No further February 1 that, as of the date of the June 24 conference, they have still not received the responsive 2 documents. (Id. at 1.) 3 II. 4 LEGAL STANDARD 5 Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows a party to obtain discovery 6 “regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and 7 proportional to the needs of the case, considering the importance of the issues at stake in the 8 action, the amount in controversy, the parties’ relative access to relevant information, the parties’ 9 resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or 10 expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). 11 “Information within this scope of discovery need not be admissible in evidence to be 12 discoverable.” Id. “Evidence is relevant if: (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less 13 probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining 14 the action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. 15 As relevant here, Rule 34 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that 16 A party may serve on any other party a request within the scope of Rule 26(b): 17 (1) to produce and permit the requesting party or its representative 18 to inspect, copy, test, or sample the following items in the responding party’s possession, custody, or control: 19 (A) any designated documents or electronically stored 20 information—including writings, drawings, graphs, charts, photographs, sound recordings, images, and other data or data 21 compilations—stored in any medium from which information can be obtained either directly or, if necessary, after translation by the 22 responding party into a reasonably usable form. . . . 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a). “The party to whom the request is directed must respond in writing within 24 30 days after being served. . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(B). A party’s response “may state an 25 objection to a requested form for producing electronically stored information. If the responding 26 party objects to a requested form—or if no form was specified in the request—the party must 27 state the form or forms it intends to use.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(D). 1 production where the opposing party fails to produce documents as requested under Rule 34. 2 Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(3(B)(iv). Rule 37 provides in pertinent part: 3 (a) Motion for an Order Compelling Disclosure or Discovery. 4 (1) In General. On notice to other parties and all affected persons, a party may move for an order compelling disclosure or discovery. 5 The motion must include a certification that the movant has in good faith conferred or attempted to confer with the person or 6 party failing to make disclosure or discovery in an effort to obtain it without court action. 7 8 Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 (emphasis in original). Rule 37 states that “an evasive or incomplete 9 disclosure, answer, or response must be treated as a failure to disclose, answer, or respond.” Fed. 10 R. Civ. P. 37(a)(4). The party opposing the discovery bears the burden of resisting disclosure. 11 Bryant v. Armstrong, 285 F.R.D. 596, 600 (S.D. Cal. 2012). 12 A party “who has responded to an interrogatory, request for production, or request for 13 admission—must supplement or correct its disclosure or response . . . as ordered by the court.” 14 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e)(1)(B). If a party fails to do so, “the party is not allowed to use that 15 information or witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the 16 failure was substantially justified or is harmless.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). “In addition to or 17 instead of this sanction, the court, on motion and after giving an opportunity to be heard: (A) 18 may order payment of the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by the failure; 19 (B) may inform the jury of the party’s failure; and (C) may impose other appropriate sanctions, 20 including any of the orders listed in Rule 37(b)(2)(A)(i)–(vi).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1)(A)–(C). 21 III. 22 ANALYSIS 23 The instant motion to compel seeks: (1) an order compelling production of all documents 24 responsive to Plaintiff Beard’s RPDs, set one; (2) responses without objections; and (3) 25 sanctions. (ECF No. 32 at 9–12.) 26 A. Order Compelling Production of Documents 27 Plaintiffs argue Defendant did not produce responsive documents with their written 1 were mailed on February 28 but Plaintiff apparently did not receive them. Further, Defendant 2 asserts that, after it discovered the documents were not received (on June 22), Defendant re- 3 mailed the documents (again, via flash drive) to Plaintiffs the very next day (June 23). 4 Plaintiffs challenge the veracity of Defendant’s averment that the documents were 5 produced via mail on February 28. In support of the challenge, Plaintiffs note follow up emails 6 were sent to defense counsel on February 12 and 20—to which Defendant did not respond— 7 which impute knowledge to Defendant that Plaintiffs had not received any responses. However, 8 the fact that follow up emails requesting production were sent prior to February 28 is not 9 inconsistent with Defendant’s position that it served responses by mail on February 28 and had 10 no reason to believe the responses were not actually received by Plaintiffs. Indeed, the record 11 does not reflect that Plaintiffs attempted to meet and confer on the issue of missing documents at 12 any time after the February 12 and 20 emails but before filing the instant motion to compel on 13 June 22. The Court currently has no reason to discount the averments made by defense counsel, 14 as an officer of the Court and under penalty of perjury, that a flash drive was mailed on February 15 28, even if Plaintiffs ultimately did not receive it. 16 As to the copy of documents Defendant mailed via flash drive on June 23, Plaintiffs 17 maintain in the June 29 joint statement that they had not yet received any documents as of the 18 date of the meet and confer conference (June 24). Given the crafting of this language, it remains 19 unclear to the Court whether Plaintiffs subsequently received the documents; however, the joint 20 statement does not indicate the documents were received as of its filing date, Defendant does not 21 discuss whether Plaintiff confirmed receipt of the documents in its June 29 opposition to the 22 motion to compel, and no subsequent status updates indicating receipt have been filed in this 23 matter. 24 On this record, it appears Plaintiffs have not yet received responsive documents from 25 Defendant. Furthermore, it remains undisputed that Defendant’s responses to Plaintiff that were 26 emailed (late) on January 20 did not contain any responsive documents because “they were still 27 being compiled.” (Swingle Decl. ¶ 5.) Yet there is no indication that Defendant requested, or 1 apart from the written responses to the RPDs. In light of the untimeliness of Defendant’s 2 responses and to the extent Plaintiffs have not received a document production, the Court shall 3 grant Plaintiffs’ request for an order compelling Defendants to produce the responsive 4 documents. 5 B. Responses Without Objections 6 Plaintiffs further argue Defendant’s responses should be produced without objections 7 pursuant to Rule 37(a)(5), and because Defendant’s objections are unmeritorious. 8 As an initial matter, the Court notes an independent review of Plaintiff Beard’s requests 9 reveals the requests are “reasonably calculated to the discovery of admissible evidence.” 10 Moreover, Defendant does not dispute this point in its opposition to the motion to compel or the 11 joint statement. (See generally ECF Nos. 34, 35.) Nor does Defendant address Plaintiffs’ 12 arguments regarding the impropriety of its objections in either the opposition to the motion to 13 compel or under its positional statement in the joint statement of discovery dispute. (See 14 generally id.) By failing to address the issue regarding its objections, Defendant thus concedes 15 these arguments. See Gordon v. Davenport, No. C 08-3341 SI, 2009 WL 322891, at *4 n.4 16 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 9, 2009) (“Indeed, plaintiff does not even address his third cause of action in his 17 opposition brief, suggesting that he concedes defendants’ assertion that he fails to state facts 18 giving rise to a claim for relief.”), aff’d sub nom. Gordon v. State Bar of Cal., 369 F. App’x. 833 19 (9th Cir. 2010); Tatum v. Schwartz, No. Civ. S-06-01440 DFL EFB, 2007 WL 419463, at *3 20 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 5, 2007) (“[Plaintiff] tacitly concedes this claim by failing to address defendants’ 21 argument in her opposition.”); see also Ramirez v. Ghilotti Bros. Inc., 941 F. Supp. 2d 1197, 22 1210 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (deeming argument conceded where plaintiff failed to address it in 23 opposition); Adams v. Starbucks Corp., No. SACV 20-00225 JVS(KESx), 2020 WL 4196248, at 24 *6 (C.D. Cal. Jul. 9, 2020) (same); Certified Nutraceuticals, Inc. v. Oleofarm Sp. z o.o., No. 25 3:17-cv-1088-BEN-WVG, 2018 WL 1245261, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 9, 2018) (same). 26 Plaintiffs’ motion is also meritorious for the reasons briefly discussed herein. 27 1. Waiver of Objections 1 with a Rule 34 request for production, asserting any applicable objections. Fed. R. Civ. P. 2 34(b)(2)(A)–(C). Generally, “a failure to object to discovery requests within the time required 3 constitutes a waiver of any objection.” Richmark Corp. v. Timber Falling Consultants, 959 F.2d 4 1468, 1473 (9th Cir. 1992). However, Rule 33, governing interrogatories, allows courts to 5 excuse a party’s failure to timely assert objections “for good cause.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 6 33(b)(4); see Davis v. Fendler, 650 F.2d 1154, 1160 (9th Cir. 1981) (noting failure to object 7 constitutes waiver under Rule 33 “in the absence of an extension of time or good 8 cause” (emphasis added)). Although Rule 34 does not contain an analogous express “good 9 cause” exception, courts “generally agree that there is no reason to treat waiver under Rule 10 34 any different than Rule 33.” Ocean Garden Prod. Inc. v. Blessings Inc., Nos. CV-18-00322- 11 TUC-RM and CV-19-00284-TUC-RM, 2020 WL 4284383, at *1 (D. Ariz. Jul. 27, 12 2020) (quoting Liguori v. Hansen, No. 2:11-cv-00492-GMN-CWH, 2012 WL 760747, at *12 (D. 13 Nev. Mar. 6, 2012). Accordingly, courts “retain discretion to relieve a late or non-responding 14 party from the potentially harsh consequences associated with waiver.” Liguori, 2012 WL 15 760747, at *11. 16 Nonetheless, Rule 34(b) does not impose a per se waiver penalty for untimely discovery 17 responses. Cf. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for Dist. of Mont. 18 (Burlington), 408 F.3d 1142, 1149 (9th Cir. 2005) (rejecting a “per se waiver rule that deems a 19 privilege waived if a privilege log is not produced within Rule 34’s 30-day time limit”). 20 Certainly, courts will not hesitate to order objections waived when a responding party offers no 21 explanation for its failure to respond to discovery requests or when many months go by without a 22 response to the propounding party. See, e.g, Stewart v. Fu, No. 2:19-cv-0286-JAM-CKD, 2021 23 WL 516709, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 11, 2021); Gutterglove, Inc. v. Lasell, No. 2:17-cv-01372- 24 WBS-CKD, 2018 WL 4698325, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 28, 2018) (permitting defendants to assert 25 objections based upon attorney client privilege and work product doctrine but deeming all other 26 objections waived, commenting “A clash of personalities with opposing counsel does not excuse 27 one from complying with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”). Indeed, this Court recently 1 without objections, where the responding parties failed to provide responses, objections, or an 2 opposition to the motion. (ECF No. 28.) 3 Here, it is undisputed that Plaintiff’s RPDs were initially served on November 30, 2021, 4 and due on December 30, 2021; that Defendants received cumulative extensions to January 18, 5 2022; and that Defendants did not produce any responses of any kind until at least January 20. 6 Notwithstanding Plaintiffs’ substantive issues with the responses, the responses produced on 7 January 20 were untimely. 8 In opposition to the Plaintiffs’ motion, however, defense counsel proffer they 9 inadvertently calendared January 20, 2022, as the due date for the responses. (Swingle Decl. ¶ 10 4.) Counsel further avers that, “[w]hile not certain, it is suspected that the response date may 11 have been calendared in accordance with California law which allows for two days for service by 12 email.” (Id.) Further, Defendant notes that as soon as the error was brought to counsel’s 13 attention, Defendant served responses. 14 The Court finds sufficient cause good cause exists to excuse Defendant’s untimely 15 assertion of objections to Plaintiff’s RPDs and will not deem the objections waived on this basis. 16 2. Objections Based on Privilege 17 Discovery can be limited by the attorney work product privilege, which “protects from 18 discovery documents and tangible things prepared by a party or his representative in anticipation 19 of litigation.” In re Grand Jury Subpoena (Mark Torf/Torf Env’t Mgmt.), 357 F.3d 900, 906 (9th 20 Cir. 2004) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)). However, such protection only extends to (1) 21 “documents and tangible things” (2) “prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial” (3) “by or 22 for another party or by or for that other party’s representative.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3). “The 23 fact that a person is a lawyer does not make all communications with that person privileged.” 24 U.S. v. Ruehle, 583 F.3d 600, 607 (9th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted.) Nor does the privilege 25 “protect facts concerning the creation of work product or facts contained within the work 26 product.” Garcia v. City of El Centro, 214 F.R.D. 587, 591 (S.D. Cal. 2003) (citations omitted). 27 “Only when a party seeking discovery attempts to ascertain facts, “which inherently reveal the 1 Id. 2 When a party withholds information otherwise discoverable by claiming that the information is privileged or subject to protection 3 as trial-preparation material, the party must: 4 (i) expressly make the claim; and 5 (ii) describe the nature of the documents, communications, or tangible things not produced or disclosed—and do so in a manner 6 that, without revealing information itself privileged or protected, will enable other parties to assess the claim. 7 8 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(5). “The party asserting the work product privilege bears the burden of 9 proving that the material withheld meets the standards established for material to be classified as 10 work product.” Garcia, 214 F.R.D. at 591; Bruno v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, No. 2:17-cv- 11 327-WBS-EFB, 2019 WL 633454, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2019) (citing Ruehle, 583 F.3d at 12 608). If the court finds the work product privilege applies, the burden shifts, and the party 13 seeking the discovery must demonstrate a substantial need for the materials, and show that such 14 materials cannot be obtained without undue hardship or by alternative means. See Fed. R. Civ. 15 P. 26(b)(3). 16 Here, Defendant claimed attorney work product privilege (among other objections) in 17 identical responses to Plaintiffs’ RPD Nos. 40–61, which seek “ALL DOCUMENTS, 18 COMMUNICATIONS, records, writing, reports, e-mail AND other electronic communications 19 in YOUR possession AND control which support the contentions made” in each of Defendant’s 20 twenty-two affirmative defenses.4 (ECF No. 32-1 at 50–56.) 21 Yet Defendant did not produce a privilege log with its responses. Therefore, Defendant 22 has not met its burden under Rule 26(b)(5) to establish the privilege. Garcia, 214 F.R.D. at 591; 23 Bruno, 2019 WL 633454, at *4 (citing Ruehle, 583 F.3d at 608); see also Burlington, 408 F.3d at 24 1149 (on RPDs, noting boilerplate objections are insufficient to assert a privilege). 25 4 The Court additionally notes Defendant objected to RPD Nos. 38 and 39 on the basis that the request “improperly calls for the disclosure of privileged information,” without specifying what privilege was being invoked. (ECF No. 26 32-1 at 49–50.) RPD Nos. 38 and 39 seek documents relating to grievances or complaints against the County relating to behavior similar to that alleged in the instant action. (See id.) While Plaintiffs only expressly take issue 27 with the objections purportedly based on attorney-client and work product privilege, these vague and unspecified privilege objections are also insufficient for the reasons detailed herein and must be equally addressed by Defendant 1 Nevertheless, in the interest of fairness, the Court acknowledges that ordering Defendant 2 to produce material protected by attorney-client privilege or the work product doctrine could 3 result in extreme prejudice to Defendants. The Court does not wish to unduly punish Defendants 4 for the apparent failings of their attorney. Accordingly, in producing amended responses, the 5 Court will permit Defendant to either produce a privilege log in compliance with the Federal 6 Rules of Civil Procedure concurrently with its responses or produce the documents without 7 asserting the privilege. 8 3. Improper General Objection 9 Finally, Plaintiff argues Defendant improperly incorporated “General Objections” into all 10 its responses and applied the same “unmeritorious objections” in response to all RPDs. 11 Defendant’s three-page opposition, the argument for which is repeated in the parties’ separately- 12 filed joint statement, does not address Plaintiffs’ motion with respect to the boilerplate objections 13 issue in any manner. (See generally ECF Nos. 34, 35.) 14 Responses to requests for production “must be complete, explicit and responsive. If a 15 party cannot furnish details, he should say so under oath, say why and set forth the efforts he 16 used to obtain the information. He cannot plead ignorance to information that is from sources 17 within his control.” Hash v. Cate, No. C 08-03729 MMC (DMR), 2012 WL 6043966, at *2 18 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 5, 2012); see also Louen v. Twedt, 236 F.R.D. 502, 505 (E.D. Cal. 2006) (the 19 requesting party “is entitled to individualized, complete responses to each of the requests . . . , 20 accompanied by production of each of the documents responsive to the request, regardless of 21 whether the documents have already been produced.”); Burnett v. U.S., No. EDCV 15-1707- 22 CAS (KKx), 2016 WL 3392263, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Jun. 14, 2016) (“Plaintiff has a duty to 23 undertake a diligent search and reasonable inquiry in order to adequately respond to requests for 24 production.”); Ransom v. Marquez, No. 1:10-cv-00397-AWI-GS-PC, 2015 WL 2380860, at *5 25 (E.D. Cal. May 18, 2015) (“In responding to discovery requests, a reasonable inquiry must be 26 made, and if no responsive documents or tangible things exist, Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(g)(1), the 27 responding party should so state with sufficient specificity to allow the Court to determine 1 In fact, the Court finds the objections appear boilerplate, as they are nearly identical in 2 response to each RPD, and with the result that Defendant did not produce any responsive 3 documents with its responses to Plaintiffs’ RPDs. More specifically, the Court notes Defendant 4 provides the exact same objections in each response to Plaintiffs’ RPDs: 5 This request is objected to on the basis that it is vague, ambiguous, overbroad and unintelligible as phrased. This request is also 6 objected to on the basis that it seeks information that is neither relevant to nor is reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of 7 admissible evidence. . . . 8 (ECF No. 32-1 at 34–50 (responses to RPD Nos. 1–39).) With respect to RPD Nos. 3, 6, 9, and 9 20, and solely on the basis of these objections, Defendant refuses to produce any documents, 10 stating, “Without waiving those objections and, after a reasonable search and diligent inquiry, 11 responding party is unaware of any documents responsive to this request at the present time. 12 Discovery is continuing and responding party reserves its right to amend this response at a later 13 date.” (Id. at 34–37, 42.) Conversely, with respect to RPD Nos. 1–2, 4–5, 7–8, 10–19, and 21– 14 23, Defendant agrees to produce documents, stating, “Without waiving those objections and, 15 after a reasonable search and diligent inquiry, responding party will comply with this request by 16 producing all responsive documents in its possession. Discovery is continuing.” (Id. at 34–43.) 17 Though, as noted, Defendant has not yet identified or produced the actual documents. 18 The remainder of Defendant’s responses incorporate the above-quoted objections with 19 additional boilerplate objections. For example, in response to Plaintiff’s requests pertaining to 20 communications between Defendants and various health facilities about the Plaintiffs (RPD Nos. 21 24–37),5 Defendant add the objections that it is “unable to comply with this request as phrased” 22 and that “this request is objected to on the grounds that it violates F.R.C.P. 34 in that it is 23 directed to each and every department of the County of Stanislaus, which renders this request 24 hopelessly overbroad [and] . . . is not limited to a reasonable time.”6 (Id. at 43–49.) Similarly, 25 Defendant’s responses to RPD Nos. 38–61 assert the aforementioned objections plus invoke 26 5 RPD Nos. 36 and 37 seek communications to and from the Plaintiffs. 27 6 It bears mentioning that the relevant time period Plaintiffs identified as pertaining to each of their requests “is the period of January 1, 2018, through the date of response/production pursuant to this Request for Production of 1 privilege without a privilege log, as previously discussed. (Id. at 49–56.) 2 The Court admonishes Defendant that boilerplate objections do not suffice, are not well- 3 received by this Court, and will usually be met with boilerplate overrulings. See, e.g., Fed. R. 4 Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(B), (C); Burlington, 408 F.3d at 1149 (boilerplate objections are insufficient to 5 assert a privilege); Paulsen v. Case Corp., 168 F.R.D. 285, 289 (C.D. Cal. 1996) (finding 6 objections of “overbroad, unduly burdensome, unduly redundant to other discovery, oppressive, 7 calls for narrative. Discovery has only just begun” were general or boilerplate objections, 8 “which are not proper objections.”); McLeod, Alexander, Powel & Apffel, P.C. v. Quarles, 894 9 F.2d 1482, 1485 (5th Cir. 1990) (objections that requests were overly broad, burdensome, 10 oppressive, and irrelevant were insufficient to meet party’s burden to explain why discovery 11 requests were objectionable); Panola Land Buyers Ass’n v. Shuman, 762 F.2d 1550, 1559 (11th 12 Cir. 1985) (conclusory recitations of expense and burdensomeness are not sufficiently specific to 13 demonstrate why discovery is objectionable). 14 The Court finds Defendant’s use of such boilerplate objections particularly egregious 15 where Plaintiffs granted Defendant two extensions of time to produce responses, and at the end 16 of that time, Defendant not only failed to timely respond, but also only produced responses with 17 the aforementioned boilerplate objections and zero documents (the documents purportedly being 18 provided over a month later). Nor is it apparent that Defendant knew which documents were and 19 were not responsive to Plaintiff’s requests at the time it served responses with only objections, as 20 defense counsel acknowledges that, at the time the responses were served on Plaintiffs, the 21 documents themselves “were still being compiled.” (Swingle Decl. ¶ 5.) 22 On this record, it is not apparent that Defendant made a reasonable inquiry and exercised 23 due diligence in responding to Plaintiff Beard’s RPDs, in compliance with Rule 26(g)(1). For 24 these reasons, Plaintiff’s motion to compel shall be granted. Defendant shall be required to 25 produce amended responses, without objections, except as to the responses in which the 26 attorney-client privilege was invoked; those responses shall be amended consistent with the 27 Court’s order at subsection B.2. 1 C. Sanctions 2 If a motion to compel discovery is granted, the Court must order the “party or deponent 3 whose conduct necessitated the motion, the party or attorney advising that conduct, or both to 4 pay the movant’s reasonable expenses incurred in making the motion, including attorney’s fees” 5 unless: “(i) the movant filed the motion before attempting in good faith to obtain the disclosure 6 or discovery without court action; (ii) the opposing party’s nondisclosure, response, or objection 7 was substantially justified; or (iii) other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” Fed. 8 R. Civ. P. 37(a)(5)(A). If the motion is denied, the court must “require the movant, the attorney 9 filing the motion, or both to pay the party or deponent who opposed the motion its reasonable 10 expenses incurred in opposing the motion, including attorney’s fees,” however the court “must 11 not order this payment if the motion was substantially justified or other circumstances make an 12 award of expenses unjust.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(5)(B). Where the motion is granted in part and 13 denied in part, the court “may, after giving an opportunity to be heard, apportion the reasonable 14 expenses for the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(5)(C). 15 Furter, if a party fails to obey an order to provide or permit discovery, the court may issue 16 further just orders, which may include: “(i) directing that the matters embraced in the order or 17 other designated facts be taken as established for purposes of the action, as the prevailing party 18 claims; (ii) prohibiting the disobedient party from supporting or opposing designated claims or 19 defenses, or from introducing designated matters in evidence; (iii) striking pleadings in whole or 20 in part; (iv) staying further proceedings until the order is obeyed; (v) dismissing the action or 21 proceeding in whole or in part; (vi) rendering a default judgment against the disobedient party; or 22 (vii) treating as contempt of court the failure to obey any order except an order to submit to a 23 physical or mental examination.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A). “Instead of or in addition to the 24 [other sanctions outlined in the Rule,] the court must order the disobedient party, the attorney 25 advising that party, or both to pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by 26 the failure, unless the failure was substantially justified or other circumstances make an award of 27 expenses unjust.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(C). 1 the costs of bringing the instant motion but also certain meet and confer efforts, such as the 2 informal discovery dispute conference. The fees are further broken down in the billable hours 3 spreadsheet (ECF No. 32-1 at 69–71), indicating almost 1.5 hours of attorney time was spent, at 4 a rate of $700 per hour (totaling $910.00), and approximately 25.9 hours of paralegal time 5 (totaling $3,865.00). While Plaintiffs do not provide the exact paralegal rate, it appears the rate 6 is approximately $150.00 per hour. (ECF No. 32 at 11; ECF No. 32-1 at 69–71.) 7 Defendant opposes an award of attorney’s fees on the basis that it acted in good faith in 8 producing the responsive documents by mail on February 28, 2022, and had no reason to know 9 that Plaintiffs did not receive that original production until Plaintiffs filed the instant motion to 10 compel on June 22. Furthermore, as soon as Defendant learned that Plaintiffs had not received 11 its initial production, Defendant re-served the documents via flash drive through the US Mail on 12 June 23, 2022. (ECF No. 34 at 2; Swingle Decl. ¶¶ 6–9.) Defendant argues Plaintiffs were not 13 prejudiced by the two-day delay in providing responses (referring to the written responses 14 without documents served on January 20 instead of January 18); and that the documents were 15 produced on February 28. (Swingle Decl. ¶ 9.) 16 Despite finding the two-day calendaring error sufficient good cause to excuse 17 Defendant’s untimely responses on January 20, however, the court cannot agree that the failure 18 to produce any responsive documents until February 28 was substantially justified so as to 19 preclude an award of attorneys’ fees. Defendant has provided no explanation for the failure to 20 produce documents with its responses to Plaintiffs’ RPDs on January 20, nor is there any 21 indication Defendant sought or was granted an additional extension of time to produce the 22 documents on February 28. Moreover, the Court does not find Defendant made a reasonable 23 inquiry and exercised due diligence in responding to Plaintiff Beard’s RPDs in compliance with 24 Rule 26(g)(1) when, after receiving extensions of time to produce responses, Defendant only 25 responded with boilerplate objections and no documents, and thereafter did not produce any 26 documents until over a month later. As a result of Defendant’s conduct, Plaintiffs were 27 prejudiced (in the form of delayed responses and actual production of documents). Accordingly, 1 Having determined that an award of some reasonable expenses is warranted, the Court 2 now turns to calculate appropriate and reasonable attorneys’ fees. “[U]nder federal fee shifting 3 statutes the lodestar approach is the guiding light in determining a reasonable fee.” Antoninetti 4 v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc., 643 F.3d 1165, 1176 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal punctuation and 5 citations omitted); see also Sanchez Y Martin, S.A. de C.V. v. Dos Amigos, Inc., No. 6 17CV1943-LAB-LL, 2019 WL 3769191 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2019) (applying lodestar to calculate 7 reasonable attorneys’ fees under Rule 37)(b)(2)(C) for failure to comply with discovery order). 8 The Ninth Circuit has explained the lodestar approach as follows: 9 The lodestar/multiplier approach has two parts. First a court determines the lodestar amount by multiplying the number of 10 hours reasonably expended on the litigation by a reasonable hourly rate. The party seeking an award of fees must submit evidence 11 supporting the hours worked and the rates claimed. A district court should exclude from the lodestar amount hours that are not 12 reasonably expended because they are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary. Second, a court may adjust the lodestar 13 upward or downward using a multiplier based on factors not subsumed in the initial calculation of the lodestar. The lodestar 14 amount is presumptively the reasonable fee amount, and thus a multiplier may be used to adjust the lodestar amount upward or 15 downward only in rare and exceptional cases, supported by both specific evidence on the record and detailed findings by the lower 16 courts that the lodestar amount is unreasonably low or unreasonably high. 17 18 Van Gerwin v. Guarantee Mut. Life Co., 214 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal citations 19 and punctuation omitted). 20 Under the lodestar method, the Court will first determine the appropriate hourly rate for 21 the work performed, and that amount is then multiplied by the number of hours properly 22 expended in performing the work. Antoninetti, 643 F.3d at 1176. The district court has the 23 discretion to adjust the number of hours claimed or the lodestar, but is required to provide a clear 24 but concise reason for the fee award. Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1398 (9th Cir. 1992). 25 The lodestar amount is to be determined based upon the prevailing market rate in the relevant 26 community. Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 896 (1984). 27 1. Reasonable Hourly Rates 1 relevant community, Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 (1984), which in this matter is the Fresno Division 2 of the Eastern District of California. “To inform and assist the court in the exercise of its 3 discretion, the burden is on the fee applicant to produce satisfactory evidence—in addition to the 4 attorney’s own affidavits—that the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in the 5 community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience and 6 reputation.” Blum, 465 U.S. at 895 n.11. 7 Here, as noted, Plaintiffs indicate an attorney fee rate of $700.00 per hour and a paralegal 8 rate of approximately $150.00 per hour. (See ECF No. 32 at 11; ECF No. 32-1 at 69–71.) 9 However, the declaration of counsel does not provide any information to support a finding that 10 $700.00 per hour is a reasonable rate under the circumstances of this case.7 For example, 11 counsel notes he is licensed to practice before all superior courts of the State of California, all 12 Ninth Circuit District Courts and is a member in good standing to the bar to the U.S. Supreme 13 Court (Powell Decl. ¶ 1), but he does not indicate how many years he has been practicing law, 14 what area/s he has practiced in, or any other experiential information that would assist the Court 15 in determining a reasonable lodestar amount. Nor has counsel presented caselaw regarding the 16 prevailing market rate in the relevant community which, in this matter, is the Fresno Division of 17 the Eastern District of California. At most, Plaintiffs identify one case in which Plaintiffs’ 18 counsel was awarded fees at the hourly rate of $700.00. (ECF No. 32 at 11 n.4 (citing Ex. F, 19 Steward v. Cnty. of Santa Clara, No. 18-cv-04119-SI (N.D. Cal. Jan. 10, 2022), ECF No. 32-1 at 20 64–67).) However, the Court remains unpersuaded that this single case, which arises from the 21 Northern District of California, is indicative of the reasonable rates for services in the Fresno 22 Division of the Eastern District of California. Thus, the Court relies on its own knowledge of 23 customary legal local rates and experience with the legal market in setting a reasonable hourly 24 rate. Ingram v. Oroudjian, 647 F.3d 925, 926 (9th Cir. 2011). 25 7 In his declaration, Mr. Powell states “It is important in the context of requesting attorneys fees and/or sanctions in this motion to advise the court that the undersigned until recently has been handling six lawsuits against Stanislaus 26 County and its social workers, though one recently settled and has been closed, and another has been consolidated. Problems of the nature complained of in this motion to compel have occurred to some degree or another in every 27 single one. (Powell Decl. ¶ 4.) The Court is not unsympathetic to counsel’s experiences during protracted disputes with opposing counsel; however, this statement is insufficient for the Court to assess Mr. Powell’s experience as an 1 In the Fresno Division of the Eastern District of California, across a variety of types of 2 litigation generally, attorneys with experience of twenty or more years of experience are awarded 3 $325.00 to $400.00 per hour, attorneys with ten to twenty years of experience are awarded 4 $250.00 to $350.00 per hour, attorneys with five to ten years of experience are awarded $225.00 5 to $300.00 per hour, and less than $200.00 per hour for attorneys with less than five years of 6 experience. See In re Taco Bell Wage & Hour Actions, 222 F. Supp. 3d 813, 839 (E.D. Cal. 7 2016) (noting attorneys in Fresno Division with twenty or more years of experience are awarded 8 $350.00 to $400.00 per hour, and attorneys with less than fifteen years of experience are awarded 9 $250.00 to $350.00 per hour); Garcia v. FCA US LLC, No. 1:16-cv-0730-JLT, 2018 WL 10 1184949, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 7, 2018) (awarding $400.00 per hour to attorney with nearly 11 thirty years of experience; $300.00 per hour to attorney with nearly fifteen years of experience; 12 $250.00 per hour to attorney with ten years of experience; $225.00 per hour to attorneys attorney 13 with five years of experience; and $175.00 per hour to attorney with less than five years of 14 experience); Mike Murphy’s Enterprises, Inc. v. Fineline Indus., Inc., No. 1:18-cv-0488-AWI- 15 EPG, 2018 WL 1871412, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 19, 2018) (awarding attorney with over twenty 16 years of experience the $325.00 per hour requested, the $300.00 per hour requested by attorney 17 with nearly twenty years of experience, and attorney with seven years of experience the 18 requested $250.00 per hour); TBK Bank, SSB v. Singh, No. 1:17-cv-00868-LJO-BAM, 2018 19 WL 1064357, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 23, 2018), report and recommendation adopted, No. 1:17-cv- 20 00868-LJO-BAM, 2018 WL 3055890 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 21, 2018) (awarding attorneys with over 21 thirty-five years of experience $400.00 per hour, attorney with twenty years of experience 22 $350.00 per hour; and attorney with ten years of experience $300.00 per hour); Phillips 66 Co. v. 23 California Pride, Inc., No. 1:16-cv-01102-LJO-SKO, 2017 WL 2875736, at *16 (E.D. Cal. Jul. 6, 24 2017), report and recommendation adopted, No. 1:16-cv-01102-LJO-SKO, 2017 WL 3382974 25 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 7, 2017) (awarding attorney with twenty-years of experience $400.00 per hour); 26 Roach v. Tate Publ’g & Enters., No. 1:15-cv-00917-SAB, 2017 WL 5070264, at *10 (E.D. Cal. 27 Nov. 3, 2017) (awarding attorney with sixteen years of experience $325.00 per hour in copyright 1 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 5, 2015) (in a wage and hour class action finding reasonable rate of $350.00 per 2 hour for attorneys with more than twenty years of experience and $275.00 per hour for attorney 3 with fourteen years of experience). Recently, this Court approved attorneys’ fees in an FLSA 4 action that totaled approximately thirty-one percent (31%) of the common fund, and in 5 performing a lodestar cross-check, found the corresponding rates of $450.00 per hour for a 6 partner with nineteen years of experience, $400.00 per hour for a senior associate attorney with 7 an unspecified amount of years of experience, and a rate of $325.00 per hour for an associate 8 with eight years of experience, to be reasonable. Englert v. City of Merced, No. 1:18-cv-01239- 9 NONE-SAB, 2020 WL 2215749, at *13 (E.D. Cal. May 7, 2020). 10 Accordingly, based on the absence of supporting information and the Court’s own 11 familiarity with the relevant legal market, the Court finds a reasonable rate for the services of 12 attorney Robert Powell is $350.00 per hour. 13 Similarly, Plaintiffs do not provide any declarations or other supporting evidence to 14 establish that $150.00 is a reasonable paralegal rate for this matter, even though the billable 15 spreadsheet indicates three different paralegals worked on the instant matter. (See ECF No. 32-1 16 at 69–71.) However, the Court has, in many instances, determined that $115.00 is a reasonable 17 paralegal rate and shall apply that rate here, in the absence of any supporting evidence from 18 Plaintiffs. See Trujillo v. Singh, No. 1:16-cv-01640-LJO-EPG, 2017 WL 1831941, at *3 (E.D. 19 Cal. May 8, 2017); accord, e.g., Trujillo v. GH Food Mart, Inc., No. 1:20-cv-00368-AWI-SKO, 20 2020 WL 4697139, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 13, 2020); Trujillo v. La Valley Foods, Inc., No. 1:16- 21 cv-01402-AWI-BAM, 2017 WL 2992453, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Jul. 14, 2017); Trujillo v. Lakhani, 22 No. 1:17-cv-00056-LJO-SAB, 2017 WL 1831942, at *7 (E.D. Cal. May 8, 2017). 23 2. Reasonable Number of Hours 24 As noted, Plaintiffs seek attorneys’ fees in the amount of $4,775.00, which covers not 25 only the costs of bringing the instant motion but also certain meet and confer efforts, a total of 26 approximately 1.5 attorney hours and 25.9 paralegal hours. It appears Plaintiffs seek to recover 27 fees for the entirety of entries provided on the billable hours spreadsheet (ECF No. 32-1 at 69– 1 excessive, as follows. 2 Attorney Powell spent .5 hours reviewing the motion to compel drafted by his paralegals, 3 and 1 hour in meet and confer efforts—which consist of .2 hours drafting an email to defense 4 counsel, and .3 hours attending the March 24, 2022 meet and confer phone conference, and .3 5 hours reviewing emails and documents. The Court finds these amounts are reasonable. 6 However, the Court finds the paralegal time billed—25.9 hours—is excessive. Notably, 7 the instant discovery dispute does not involve detailed, substantive arguments regarding the 8 sufficiency of several varied discovery responses and objections, but concerns the failure to 9 produce any documents, the use of boilerplate and general objections in the responses, and the 10 contention that objections are waived because the responses were two days late. Yet the 11 paralegals billed over 22.0 hours for drafting the seven-page motion; the Court finds this amount 12 of time excessive and shall reduce it to 12.0 hours. As to the meet and confer efforts, the Court 13 finds some of the work identified by the paralegals appears duplicative and therefore excessive. 14 For example, two of the three paralegals both billed for the time they spent attending the June 24, 15 2022 meet and confer telephonic conference—which also overlaps with the time billed by 16 attorney Powell—and then also billed for the time to draft memorandum notes about the 17 meeting. Similarly, the three paralegals all bill time for various communications they engaged in 18 with attorney Powell and each other regarding the limited meet and confer communications that 19 actually occurred in this case and review/drafting memorandum therefrom. The Court finds 20 these entries are excessive and shall reduce times billed from 3.9 hours to 2.1 hours. Thus, the 21 Court finds 14.1 hours is reasonable for the paralegals’ work on this discovery issue. 22 3. Reasonable Attorneys’ Fee Award 23 The Court finds that: (1) attorney Robert Powell reasonably expended 1.5 hours at a reasonable 24 rate of $350.00 per hour, for a total of $525.00; and (2) paralegals Mari Carrington, Sarah Paulson, 25 and Sean Reichhold reasonably expended a combined total of 14.1 hours in this action, at a 26 reasonable rate of $115.00 per hour, for a total of $1,621.50. Accordingly, the Court finds that 27 Plaintiffs are entitled to attorneys’ fees in the amount of $2,146.50. 1 IV. 2 CONCLUSION AND ORDER 3 Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 4 1. The hearing on Plaintiffs’ motion to compel set for July 13, 2022, at 10:00 a.m. is 5 hereby VACATED; 6 2. Plaintiffs’ motion to compel Defendant County of Stanislaus’s production of 7 documents (ECF No. 32), is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part; 8 3. Defendant is ordered to produce amended responses and responsive documents to 9 Plaintiff Shane Beard’s Requests for Production, Set One, without objections, 10 except for any re-asserted objections based on the attorney-client privilege; 11 4. Any objections based on the attorney-client privilege shall be accompanied by a 12 privilege log, in compliance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; 13 5. The responses and responsive documents shall be served no later than August 14 11, 2022; and 15 6. No later than August 11, 2022, defense counsel shall pay Plaintiffs’ counsel the 16 sum of $2,146.50 for expenses incurred in bringing this motion, pursuant to 17 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(a)(5){A). 18 19 IT IS SO ORDERED. DAM Le 20 | Dated: _July 12, 2022 _ ee UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 22 23 24 25 26 27 28