Stiles v. Walmart, Inc. ( 2023 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 SHARIDAN STILES, et al., No. 2:14-cv-02234-DAD-DMC 12 Plaintiffs, 13 v. ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ REQUEST FOR RECONSIDERATION OF THE 14 WALMART, INC., et al., MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S MARCH 30, 2022 ORDER AND DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ 15 Defendants. MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION OF THE COURT’S NOVEMBER 8, 2022 ORDER 16 (Doc. Nos. 580, 590) 17 18 INTRODUCTION 19 This matter is before the court on plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration of the court’s 20 November 8, 2022 order granting in part defendants’ motions for partial summary judgment. 21 (Doc. No. 590.) On January 12, 2023, defendants filed an opposition to the pending motion, and 22 on January 24, 2023, plaintiffs filed a reply thereto. (Doc. Nos. 595, 596.) On January 25, 2023, 23 plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration was taken under submission on the papers. (Doc. No. 597.) 24 For the reasons explained below, the court will deny plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration of the 25 undersigned’s November 8, 2022 order. 26 In the pending motion, plaintiffs also request that the court grant them leave to depose 27 non-party Procter & Gamble (“P&G”) (Doc. No. 590 at 5, 21)—a request that plaintiffs 28 previously made on January 20, 2022 (Doc. No. 560) and that the assigned magistrate judge 1 denied on March 30, 2022. (Doc. No. 578) (noting that the deadline to depose P&G was May 22, 2 2020 and plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate good cause to reopen discovery, which had closed 3 nearly two years prior). On April 13, 2022, plaintiffs filed “objections” to the magistrate judge’s 4 March 30, 2022 order pursuant to Rule 72 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Doc. No. 5 580), which the court will construe as a request for reconsideration brought pursuant to Local 6 Rule 303.1 On April 20, 2022, defendants filed a response to plaintiffs’ pending request. For the 7 reasons explained below, the court will also deny plaintiffs’ request for reconsideration of the 8 magistrate judge’s March 30, 2022 order. 9 The court will not summarize the background of this case in this order and instead 10 incorporates by reference the background section in the court’s November 8, 2022 order granting 11 partial summary judgment in favor of defendants. (Doc. No. 588 at 2–7.) The court will 12 summarize additional procedural background, where relevant, in the analysis below. The court 13 will first address plaintiff’s request for reconsideration, followed by plaintiff’s motion for 14 reconsideration. 15 DISCUSSION 16 A. Request for Reconsideration of the Magistrate Judge’s March 30, 2022 Order 17 1. Legal Standard 18 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(a) provides that non-dispositive pretrial matters may 19 be referred to and decided by a magistrate judge, subject to review by the assigned district judge. 20 Fed. R. Civ. P. 72 (a); see also L.R. 303(c). The district judge shall modify or set aside any part 21 of the magistrate judge’s order which is “found to be clearly erroneous or contrary to law.” L.R. 22 303(f); see also 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A). Discovery motions are non-dispositive pretrial 23 motions which come within the scope of Rule 72(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A). Thus, the 24 orders of a magistrate judge addressing discovery motions are subject to the “clearly erroneous or 25 contrary to law” standard of review. Rockwell Intern., Inc. v. Pos-A-Traction Indus., Inc., 712 26 27 1 Plaintiffs did not comply with Local Rule 303, which requires a party seeking reconsideration of a magistrate judge’s ruling to caption such filing, “Request for Reconsideration by the District 28 Court of Magistrate Judge’s Ruling.” L.R. 303(c). 1 F.2d 1324, 1325 (9th Cir. 1983). The magistrate judge’s factual determinations are reviewed for 2 clear error, while legal conclusions are reviewed to determine whether they are contrary to law. 3 United States v. McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1200–01 (9th Cir. 1984), overruled on other grounds 4 by Estate of Merchant v. CIR, 947 F.2d 1390 (9th Cir. 1991). “A magistrate judge’s decision is 5 ‘contrary to law’ if it applies an incorrect legal standard, fails to consider an element of [the] 6 applicable standard, or fails to apply or misapplies relevant statutes, case law, or rules of 7 procedure.” Martin v. Loadholt, No. 1:10-cv-00156-LJO-MJS, 2014 WL 3563312, at *1 (E.D. 8 Cal. July 18, 2014). “[R]eview under the clearly erroneous standard is significantly deferential, 9 requiring a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Concrete Pipe & 10 Prod. of Cal., Inc. v. Constr. Laborers Pension Tr. for S. Cal., 508 U.S. 602, 623 (1993) (internal 11 quotation marks omitted); see also Sec. Farms v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 124 F.3d 999, 1014 (9th 12 Cir. 1997). Pursuant to Local Rule 303, the party seeking reconsideration must “specifically 13 designate the ruling, or part thereof, objected to and the basis for that objection.” L.R. 303(c). 14 Further, the Ninth Circuit has noted the “district court is given broad discretion in 15 supervising the pretrial phase of litigation.” Jorgensen v. Cassiday, 320 F.3d 906, 913 (9th Cir. 16 2003) (quoting Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 607 (9th Cir. 1992)). 17 “District courts have inherent power to control their dockets” up to and including dismissal of a 18 matter. Oliva v. Sullivan, 958 F.2d 272, 273 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing Hamilton Copper & Steel 19 Corp. v. Primary Steel, Inc., 898 F.2d 1428, 1429 (9th Cir. 1990)). This clearly includes the 20 ability of a district court to enforce scheduling orders.2 21 ///// 22 23 2 The scheduling order “controls the course of the action” unless modified by the court. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(d). Orders entered before the final pretrial conference may be modified only upon a 24 showing of “good cause.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b); see also Johnson, 975 F.2d at 608. Rule 16(b)’s “good cause” standard primarily considers the diligence of the party seeking the amendment. 25 Johnson, 975 F.2d at 609. “[C]arelessness is not compatible with a finding of diligence and offers no reason for a grant of relief.” Id. “Although the existence or degree of prejudice to the 26 party opposing the modification might supply additional reasons to deny a motion, the focus of 27 the inquiry is upon the moving party’s reasons for seeking modification.” Id. If the moving party was not diligent, the court’s inquiry should end. Id.; see also Sutter Davis Hospital v. United 28 States, No. 2:12-cv-2407-WBS-GGH, 2014 WL 28817, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 2, 2014). 1 2. Relevant Background 2 As summarized in the magistrate judge’s March 30, 2022 order that plaintiffs now 3 challenge, fact discovery in this case closed back on February 15, 2020, but the court thereafter 4 adopted the parties’ stipulations to extend only the deadline for plaintiffs to take the deposition of 5 P&G’s Rule 30(b)(6) witness to May 20, 2022. (See Doc. No. 578 at 2.) In the meantime, P&G 6 had moved to quash plaintiffs’ deposition subpoena in the U.S. District Court for the Southern 7 District of Ohio, and that court denied P&G’s motion “as to Topic 9—any information that P&G 8 may possess regarding Stiles or any Stiles product” and ordered that the P&G deposition be taken 9 on or before May 22, 2020. See Sharidan Stiles, et al., v. Walmart Inc., et al., No. 1:20-mc- 10 00002-SJD-SKB, Doc. No. 19 at 20 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 24, 2020) (the “Ohio order”). But that court 11 also “tie[d] the deadline to take P&G’s 30(b)(6) deposition to any extension of time given by the 12 Court in California to complete the other depositions in that case.” Id. at 20, n.15. Nonetheless, 13 plaintiffs did not take P&G’s deposition by the May 22, 2020 deadline, and that deadline was not 14 extended by this court at any point. Indeed, a week before that deadline, on May 15, 2020, 15 plaintiffs’ prior counsel3 notified P&G that plaintiffs would not proceed with the deposition. (See 16 Doc. No. 581 at 4) (citing Doc. No. 569-11). 17 3 Plaintiffs have been represented in this case by numerous counsel at different times. Plaintiff Sharidan Stiles initiated this action pro se in 2014, then plaintiff obtained counsel (the Alioto Law 18 Firm) in 2016, and attorney Joseph M. Alioto filed the second, third, and fourth amended 19 complaints, all of which added Stiles 7 U, Inc. as a named plaintiff. (See Doc. Nos. 1, 47, 56, 117, 142.) In May 2019, plaintiffs substituted different counsel (attorneys from the Dhillon Law 20 Group and Pierce Bainbridge LLP) in place of the Alioto Law Firm. (See Doc. Nos. 215–217.) In June 2019, an attorney from Mayer Brown LLP filed a notice of appearance on behalf of 21 plaintiffs but that attorney was terminated two months later. (See Doc. Nos. 227, 268.) In March 2020, attorneys from Michael Yamamoto LLP filed notices of appearance on behalf of plaintiffs. 22 (Doc. Nos. 411, 412.) In the months that followed, all of plaintiffs attorneys moved to withdraw 23 as counsel of record for plaintiffs, and the court granted those motions on July 14, 2020, providing that the withdrawal shall be effective “on September 18, 2020, or upon the filing of a 24 substitution of counsel by plaintiffs, whichever occurs first.” (Doc. No. 486 at 8). Because plaintiffs did not obtain counsel by that deadline, the court ordered plaintiffs to show cause why 25 the unrepresented corporate plaintiff Stiles 7 U, Inc. should not be dismissed. (Doc. No. 498.) In response, plaintiffs re-engaged with their original counsel, Joseph Alioto of the Alioto Law firm, 26 who filed a notice of appearance on behalf of plaintiffs on October 14, 2020. (Doc. No. 503.) On 27 November 5, 2020, attorney Josephine Leticia Alioto of the Veen Law Firm, PC filed a notice of appearance on behalf of plaintiffs as well. (Doc. No. 505.) Since that time, plaintiffs have 28 remained represented by the Alioto Law Firm and the Veen Law Firm. 1 On May 26, 2020, plaintiffs’ prior counsel filed a motion to withdraw as counsel of record 2 for plaintiffs, which the court granted on July 14, 2020. (Doc. No. 486 at 8.) Plaintiffs’ current 3 counsel resumed representation of plaintiffs on October 14, 2020. (Doc. No. 503.) At that point, 4 defendants had each already filed motions for partial summary judgment, but plaintiffs had not 5 yet filed oppositions thereto, so plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to file oppositions to those 6 motions, and the court granted that motion. (Doc. No. 514.) Plaintiffs filed opposition briefs and 7 supporting papers, and plaintiff’s current counsel appeared at the hearing on March 31, 2021, 8 after which the court took the motions under submission. (Doc. No. 541.) 9 On January 20, 2022, while the motions for partial summary judgment remained pending, 10 plaintiffs filed a motion captioned: “Motion for an Extension of Time to Take 30(b)(6) 11 Deposition of Proctor & Gamble.” (Doc. No. 560.) However, as the magistrate judge correctly 12 pointed out in the March 30, 2022 order denying that motion, “[b]ecause Plaintiffs seek to obtain 13 discovery after the close of discovery, Plaintiffs necessarily seek to re-open discovery,” and thus 14 plaintiffs’ motion is governed by Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; it is not simply 15 a request for an extension of time. (Doc. No. 578 at 3.) Pursuant to Rule 16, “[a] schedule may 16 be modified only for good cause and with the judge’s consent.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). The 17 magistrate judge concluded that plaintiffs had not demonstrated good cause to reopen discovery 18 to take the deposition of P&G given that: (i) discovery had long since closed; (ii) plaintiffs’ 19 motion was filed nearly twenty months after the court ordered deadline to depose P&G of May 20 22, 2020; (iii) plaintiffs’ counsel had not sufficiently “explain[ed] why they did not discover the 21 existence of the Ohio order until . . . October 2021,” nearly a year after they resumed representing 22 plaintiffs in this case; and (iv) dispositive motions had already been fully briefed, argued, and 23 taken under submission. (Doc. No. 578 at 3–4.) In particular, the magistrate judge noted that a 24 copy of the P&G’s motion to quash the subpoena was attached as an exhibit to a filing by 25 plaintiffs’ prior counsel on January 31, 2020, and thus “[u]pon a reasonable review of the docket, 26 Plaintiffs’ current counsel would have known about the Ohio case and order when they 27 reappeared in the action.” (Id. at 4.) For this reason, the magistrate judge was not persuaded by 28 plaintiffs’ explanation that “[a]lthough the Ohio Order was issued six months before [their] 1 counsel re-appeared to represent [them], the first time the Ohio Order came to the attention of the 2 [their current] counsel was nearly eighteen months later, on October 11, 2021.” (Id. at 3.) 3 On April 13, 2022, plaintiffs filed the pending request for reconsideration of the 4 magistrate judge’s March 30, 2022 order. (Doc. No. 580.) 5 3. Analysis 6 In the pending request for reconsideration, plaintiffs first argue that the magistrate judge 7 erred in finding that current counsel would have known about the Ohio order if they reviewed the 8 docket when they resumed representation of plaintiffs in October 2020. (Doc. No. 580 at 14.) 9 According to plaintiffs, this findings is “clearly erroneous” simply because the Ohio order never 10 appeared on the docket in this case. The undersigned disagrees. The magistrate judge did not 11 state that the Ohio order was filed on the docket in this case, but rather the magistrate judge noted 12 that plaintiffs’ counsel would have reasonably discovered the Ohio order because a copy of 13 P&G’s motion to quash was filed as an exhibit on the docket in this case. Plaintiffs next argue 14 that the magistrate judge “misunderstood” this particular exhibit (Doc. No. 342-7) and the reason 15 it was filed in the first place—to show that P&G “refused to produce a witness on any topic, and 16 instead, filed a motion to quash the deposition.” (Doc. No. 580 at 14.) But plaintiffs’ focus on 17 the purpose that prior counsel had for filing that exhibit on the docket is misplaced. Plaintiffs 18 ignore the fact that the exhibit includes a copy of the deposition notice/subpoena and P&G’s 19 motion to quash, which clearly states the Ohio court’s case number. Counsel exercising 20 reasonable diligence would have discerned from the deposition notice the reasons that plaintiffs’ 21 prior counsel sought to depose P&G and would have inquired further as to the Ohio court’s 22 decision on the motion to quash. Notably, plaintiffs’ current counsel states that they first became 23 aware of the Ohio order on October 11, 2021, but they do not explain how they became aware of 24 it. (E.g., perhaps counsel looked more closely at the docket in October 2021 and discovered the 25 copy of the subpoena at that point.) Thus, without knowing how counsel became aware of the 26 Ohio order, the court cannot conclude that such awareness could not have come much sooner. 27 Plaintiffs also contends that the magistrate judge “incorrectly asserted” that plaintiffs had 28 not explained what testimony P&G “has to offer that is so essential to plaintiffs’ case as to 1 overcome” prejudice to the defendants. (Id. at 14–15) (citing Doc. No. 578 at 4). Plaintiffs argue 2 that this assertion is incorrect because the P&G testimony is “plainly relevant.” (Doc. No. 580 at 3 14.) But again, plaintiffs miss the point. Although courts consider the likelihood that the 4 requested discovery will lead to relevant evidence as a factor in determining whether to reopen 5 discovery, here the magistrate judge was focusing on the factor of prejudice to defendants. In 6 quoting the challenged assertion, plaintiffs omitted the preceding sentence, which provided 7 further context, stating: “dispositive motions have been fully briefed, argued, and taken under 8 submission by the District Judge. Re-opening discovery at this stage of the proceedings could 9 mean starting over with dispositive motions, which could in turn result in substantial prejudice to 10 Defendants in terms of time and expense.” (Doc. No. 578 at 4.) 11 Lastly, plaintiffs argue that the magistrate judge unreasonably referred to their prior 12 counsels’ decision not to take the P&G deposition as scheduled as a “tactical decision.” (Doc No. 13 580 at 15.) Plaintiffs contend that their prior counsel “abandoned the deposition of P&G ‘in light 14 of the changed circumstances since noticing,’” and those “obvious” circumstances were that prior 15 counsel was preparing to file motions to withdraw as counsel. (Id.) However, plaintiffs’ prior 16 counsel had actually withdrawn the deposition notice to P&G, stating: “In light of the changed 17 circumstances since noticing, Stiles has elected not to proceed with the deposition.” (Doc. No. 18 569-11 at 2.) As defendants noted in their opposition to plaintiffs’ underlying motion to reopen 19 discovery and as they emphasize in their response to plaintiffs’ pending request for 20 reconsideration, plaintiffs’ prior counsel’s “proceeded with the deposition of another third party, 21 Robin Foshee,” even after withdrawing the deposition notice to P&G. (Doc. No. 581 at 4.) 22 Defendants argue that “plaintiffs’ prior counsel thus were capable of continuing to take 23 depositions and did so, and still ‘elected’ not to take P&G’s deposition.” (Id.) Plaintiffs do not 24 acknowledge this fact, which clearly undercuts their contention that the changed circumstances 25 referenced were “obvious.” Thus, the undersigned concludes that the magistrate judge did not 26 clearly err by referring to plaintiffs’ decision not to depose P&G as a tactical decision. 27 In sum, plaintiffs have not persuaded the undersigned that the magistrate judge’s March 28 30, 2022 order is clearly erroneous or contrary to law, such that the undersigned would have “a 1 definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” See Concrete Pipe & Prod. of 2 Cal., Inc., 508 U.S. at 623. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ request for reconsideration (Doc. No. 580) of 3 the magistrate judge’s March 30, 2022 order will be denied. 4 B. Motion for Reconsideration of November 8, 2022 Order 5 On November 8, 2022, the court issued an order granting in part the motions for partial 6 summary judgment filed by defendant Walmart, Inc. (“Walmart”) (Doc. No. 457) and defendant 7 American International Industries, Inc. (Doc. No. 473). (Doc. No. 588.) Therein, the court 8 granted summary judgment in favor of defendants on several of plaintiffs’ claims and dismissed 9 certain claims pursuant to plaintiffs’ withdrawal of those claims. (Id. at 37–38.) In the November 10 8, 2022 order, the court also denied as moot defendants’ motion for reconsideration of the court’s 11 order denying their motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ antitrust claims. (Id. at 38.) 12 Seven weeks later, on December 29, 2022, plaintiffs filed the pending motion for 13 reconsideration of that order. (Doc. No. 590.) 14 1. Legal Standard 15 Rule 54(b) provides that “any order or other decision, however designated, that 16 adjudicates fewer than all the claims . . . does not end the action as to any of the claims . . . and 17 may be revised at any time before the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the claims . . . .” Fed. 18 R. Civ. P. 54. In contrast, Rule 60(b) provides that “[o]n motion and just terms, the court may 19 relieve a party or its legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding,” for certain 20 reasons. Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) (emphasis added).4 Because the court’s November 8, 2022 order 21 ///// 22 ///// 23 ///// 24 ///// 25 ///// 26 4 In their memorandum of points and authorities, plaintiffs do not refer to any particular rule of 27 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure under which they seek reconsideration, nor do they state the applicable legal standard. In their notice of motion, plaintiffs’ state that their motion for 28 reconsideration is made pursuant to Rule 60(b) and Local Rule 230(j). (Doc. No. 592). 1 granting partial summary judgment is interlocutory and not final,5 Rule 54(b) provides the basis 2 for possible reconsideration of that order. See Doutherd v. Montesdeoca, No. 2:17-cv-02225, 3 2021 WL 1784917, at *2 (E.D. Cal. May 5, 2021) (applying Rule 54(b) as the “proper vehicle for 4 requesting reconsideration of the prior order” granting summary judgment to defendant because 5 that order was interlocutory in nature, not a final judgment); Frontier Fed. Sav. & Loan v. United 6 States, No. 2:89-cv-251-AAM, 1992 WL 155444, at *1 (E.D. Wash. Apr. 6, 1992) (noting that 7 Rule 54(b) is “the analytical starting point for the reconsideration (or possible reconsideration) of 8 an order granting or denying a motion for summary judgment (or partial summary judgment)”). 9 The Ninth Circuit has “long recognized ‘the well-established rule that a district judge always has 10 power to modify or to overturn an interlocutory order or decision while it remains interlocutory.’” 11 Credit Suisse First Bos. Corp. v. Grunwald, 400 F.3d 1119, 1124 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Tanner 12 Motor Livery, Ltd. v. Avis, Inc., 316 F.2d 804, 809 (9th Cir. 1963)); see also City of Los Angeles, 13 Harbor Div. v. Santa Monica Baykeeper, 254 F.3d 882, 885 (9th Cir. 2001) (“As long as a district 14 court has jurisdiction over the case, then it possesses the inherent procedural power to reconsider, 15 rescind, or modify an interlocutory order for cause seen by it to be sufficient.”) (citation omitted). 16 “Reconsideration is appropriate if the district court (1) is presented with newly discovered 17 evidence, (2) committed clear error or the initial decision was manifestly unjust, or (3) if there is 18 an intervening change in controlling law.” Sch. Dist. No. 1J, Multnomah Cnty., Or. v. ACandS, 19 Inc., 5 F.3d 1255, 1263 (9th Cir. 1993). A motion for reconsideration does not, however, give the 20 moving party a “second bite at the apple.” Weeks v. Bayer, 246 F.3d 1231, 1236 (9th Cir. 2001) 21 (citation omitted). 22 In addition, Local Rule 230(j) requires, in relevant part, that in moving for reconsideration 23 of an order denying or granting a prior motion, a party must show “what new or different facts or 24 5 “Orders granting partial summary judgment are, absent special circumstances, not appealable 25 final orders under § 1291 because partial summary judgment orders do not dispose of all claims and do not end the litigation on the merits.” Williamson v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 160 F.3d 26 1247, 1250 (9th Cir. 1998); see also Persistence Software, Inc. v. Object People, Inc., 200 F.R.D. 27 626, 627 (N.D. Cal. 2001) (“Unlike an order granting judgment, however, an order granting partial summary judgment is interlocutory in nature and does not terminate the action as to all of 28 the claims and parties.”). 1 circumstances are claimed to exist which did not exist or were not shown” previously, “what 2 other grounds exist for the motion,” and “why the facts or circumstances were not shown” at the 3 time the substance of the order which is objected to was considered. L.R. 230(j). 4 2. Analysis 5 In the pending motion for reconsideration of the November 8, 2022 order, plaintiffs argue 6 that reconsideration is warranted because the court “overlooked and/or misapprehended” the “law 7 of the case” as set forth in the court’s order denying defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ 8 antitrust claims, and the court “overlooked and/or misapprehended” certain evidence (i.e., a 9 December 2008 agreement between Walmart and P&G to reduce plaintiffs’ product output, and 10 an opinion by plaintiffs’ patent expert that defendants’ “accused razors both substantially and 11 entirely infringe on plaintiffs’ patent”). (Doc. No. 590 at 4–5.) Plaintiffs also argue that 12 reconsideration is appropriate in that “summary judgment is premature in this case because 13 plaintiffs did not have the opportunity to take the deposition of P&G.” (Id. at 4.) 14 Notably, as defendants emphasize in their opposition to plaintiffs’ motion (Doc. No. 595 15 at 9–11), the arguments advanced by plaintiffs simply do not address the applicable legal standard 16 or satisfy the Local Rule’s requirements with regard to motions for reconsideration. Plaintiffs do 17 not point to any new facts or circumstances, intervening change in the law, or manifest injustice. 18 Despite the fact that defendants highlighted this deficiency in their opposition brief, plaintiffs do 19 not address this in their reply brief. Rather, plaintiffs’ reply brief focuses on their argument that 20 summary judgment was premature. (Doc. No. 596 at 2–3.) Plaintiffs do not rebut or otherwise 21 respond to any of defendants’ counterarguments with regard to plaintiffs’ assertions that this court 22 “overlooked and/or misapprehended” the law of the case and certain evidence. Nevertheless, the 23 court will briefly address plaintiffs’ arguments. 24 First, plaintiffs’ law-of-the-case argument is essentially that their complaint survived 25 dismissal because they alleged facts sufficient to state each element of their antitrust claims, and 26 partial summary judgment should not have been granted because they produced evidence of a 27 genuine dispute of material fact as to one of those elements. (Doc. No. 590 at 5–8.) Plaintiffs’ 28 argument fails. As noted by defendants, the court’s order granting partial summary judgment was 1 based on plaintiffs’ failure to produce evidence of a genuine dispute of material fact as to three 2 other necessary elements of their antitrust claims. (Doc. No. 595 at 12.) 3 Second, plaintiffs’ argument that the court “overlooked and/or misapprehended” certain 4 evidence regarding plaintiffs’ patent infringement claims fails because that evidence is not new; 5 that evidence was already considered by the court in ruling on the motions for partial summary 6 judgment. That plaintiffs may disagree with the court’s evaluation of that evidence and the 7 findings reached thereon is not a sufficient basis for reconsideration. 8 Third, plaintiffs’ argument that partial summary judgment was premature is not well 9 taken. Plaintiffs purport to invoke Rule 56(d) as support for their argument that because they did 10 not have the opportunity to depose P&G, summary judgment was premature. (Doc. No. 590 at 9.) 11 Rule 56(d) provides that “[i]f a nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration that, for specified 12 reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition, the court may: (1) defer 13 considering the motion or deny it; (2) allow time to obtain affidavits or declarations or to take 14 discovery; or (3) issue any other appropriate order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d). However, such a 15 “motion must be brought before the summary judgment hearing.” United States v. Kitsap 16 Physicians Serv., 314 F.3d 995, 1000 (9th Cir. 2002); see also Mason v. United States, 120 F. 17 App’x 40, 43 (9th Cir. 2005) (affirming the district court’s granting of summary judgment and 18 denying Rule 56(d) motion, which was not filed “until after the district court had already issued 19 its order granting summary judgment”). Plaintiffs waited until after the court issued the order 20 granting partial summary judgment on November 8, 2022 to raise this argument. 21 Even if plaintiffs’ current counsel were given the benefit of the doubt with respect to their 22 explanation that they did not learn of the Ohio order until October 2021, that still does not explain 23 why plaintiffs did not request, at any point, that the court hold in abeyance the then-pending 24 motions for partial summary judgment to allow time for the P&G deposition and to supplement 25 the record. Moreover, it is odd for plaintiffs to now contend that the P&G deposition somehow 26 plays a crucial role in their ability to oppose to the motions for partial summary judgment. When 27 plaintiffs moved to reopen discovery to take the P&G deposition, plaintiffs had downplayed the 28 impact of the then-pending motions, contending that because the court had not yet ruled on those 1 | motions, there was no prejudice to defendants in reopening discovery for the P&G deposition to 2 | be taken. (Doc. No. 560 at 9.) Plaintiffs likewise downplayed the impact of those then-pending 3 || motions in their request for reconsideration, again focusing on the purported lack of prejudice to 4 || defendants, not the importance of the P&G deposition to plaintiffs’ ability to meaningfully 5 || oppose those motions. At neither point had plaintiffs argued that the P&G deposition was so 6 || critical that a ruling on the then-pending motions would be premature. Thus, plaintiffs’ 7 | “premature” argument fails. 8 In sum, none of plaintiffs’ arguments provide a sufficient basis for the court to reconsider 9 || the November 8, 2022 order.® Accordingly, plaintiffs motion for reconsideration (Doc. No. 590) 10 | will be denied. 11 CONCLUSION 12 For the reasons set forth above, 13 1. Plaintiffs’ request for reconsideration of the magistrate judge’s March 30, 2022 14 ruling (Doc. No. 580) is denied; and 15 2. Plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration of the court’s November 8, 2022 order (Doc. 16 No. 590) is denied. 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. 18 Dated: _ January 27, 2023 ») a A. 2d, ek 19 UNITED STATES DISTRICY JUDGE 20 | ——— ® In their reply brief, plaintiffs add a new and bizarre argument that this court must order a 21 rehearing of the motions for partial summary judgment because they have been deprived of their 0 opportunity to be heard. (Doc. No. 596 at 3-5). Plaintiffs contend that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require courts to hold hearings on dispositive motions (as opposed to take motions 23 || under submissions on the papers), and that absent a hearing with oral argument by the parties, the parties are not afforded an opportunity to be “heard.” (/d.) Plaintiffs cite no authority for this 24 | proposition, and indeed the Local Rules explicitly provide that a “motion may be submitted upon the record and briefs on file if. . . the Court so orders.” L.R. 230(g). In any event, the court 25 | heard oral argument on the motions for partial summary judgment at a hearing on March 30, 26 || 2021, at which plaintiffs’ current counsel appeared and argued. (Doc. No. 541.) Indeed, the official transcript from that hearing is filed on the docket in this case and is available for review, 27 || wcluding by the undersigned. (Doc. No. 558.) Thus, plaintiffs’ argument that they were not afforded an opportunity to be “heard” in opposition to the motions for partial summary judgment 28 || wholly lacks any merit. 12