(PC) Reid v. Allison ( 2023 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CARLTON L. REID, Case No.: 1:22-cv-01437-CDB (PC) 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO 13 v. DENY MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION AND TEMPORARY 14 C. ALLISON, et al., RESTRAINING ORDER 15 Defendants. (Doc. 2) 16 Clerk of the Court to Assign District Judge 17 14-DAY OBJECTION PERIOD 18 Plaintiff Carlton L. Reid is proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this civil rights 19 action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 20 I. RELEVANT BACKGROUND 21 Plaintiff filed his complaint in this action on November 8, 2022. (Doc. 1.) On that same 22 date, Plaintiff filed a “Notice of Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary 23 Injunction; Rule 65(a) Federal Rule of Civil Procedure.” (Doc. 2.) 24 More specifically, Plaintiff declares that on September 19, 2022, a JPay tablet was 25 removed from his cell during a search on Facility C at the Substance Abuse Treatment Facility 26 (SATF). (Doc. 2 at 2.) Three weeks later, Plaintiff received a “’cell search slip’” indicating the 27 reason for the removal was “’Per state policy’ that did not include a specific code number” for 1 came to Facility C “to collect/take JPay tablets from inmates.” Plaintiff declares the inmates were 2 told they “could (1) give them up, (2) after that day they would be considered contraband (3) our 3 data would go to the ‘cloud,’ and (4) our [families] would be responsible for obtaining our 4 remaining funds from JPay.” (Id.) Plaintiff declares these actions to be contrary to a June 28, 5 2022 memorandum indicating CDCR was aware the inmates had “received photos, videos and 6 messages, and have paid for some content” and indicated more information would be provided 7 concerning “how content will be moved to your new tablet, as well as how you will receive any 8 unused money left on your tablet.” (Id.) The memorandum further indicated inmates were 9 permitted to possess “two tablets during this transition period.” (Id.) Plaintiff further declares that 10 SATF “staff would issue JPay tablets to inmates who had already purchased them on June 30, 11 2022, and had done so in May 2022.” (Id. at 3.) 12 Plaintiff declares JPay kiosks were available in every section of Facility C and that 13 inmates could “’fund their media accounts with JPay from” their prison trust account via a 14 transfer using the kiosk. (Doc. 2 at 3.) Plaintiff declares such transactions have been permitted for 15 approximately five years following CDCR’s contract with “Global Telelink (now ViaPath but 16 will be referred to as GTL).” (Id.) 17 Further, Plaintiff declares neither CDCR nor its staff made clear to inmates who 18 purchased JPay tablets that the tablets were not their property, that CDCR was treating the 19 transaction as a “rental of their property,” or that the tablets and content “would not belong to 20 them throughout their sentence.” (Doc. 2 at 3.) 21 Plaintiff declares these actions are “a fraud upon the inmate population” because CDCR 22 did not advise the inmates they did not own the tablets and because the June 2022 memorandum 23 falsely stated the inmates would be permitted to “maintain ‘two’ tablets (JPay and GTL)” during 24 the transition period. (Doc. 2 at 3.) Plaintiff declares transfers “did not work” and that CDCR had 25 no authority “to employ” Plaintiff’s family members to recover money remaining on the JPay 26 account. (Id.) Plaintiff declares CDCR entered a contract with JPay, “did wire transfers for JPay, 27 and took means of proof of business done and money owed (Plaintiff’s)” and that he never 1 no longer function or the tablet(s) that CDCR is now dispossessing inmates of.” (Id.) He declares 2 the “takings of his property without due process or just compensation” have caused irreparable 3 harm “in that the tablet has value based upon the content that has been purchased and can only be 4 enjoyed” when it is used. (Id.) Plaintiff declares he has no ability, right or license to resell the 5 music or games that were a one-time purchase. (Id. at 4.) 6 Finally, Plaintiff declares “the Plaintiff(s) are entitled to a temporary restraining order 7 requiring the defendant(s) to refrain from taking any more tablets, and to return those that have 8 been taken, and to a preliminary injunction requiring the defendant(s) to carry out the order.” 9 (Doc. 2 at 4.) 10 In supporting memorandum of law, Plaintiff contends the “Plaintiff(s) seek a temporary 11 restraining order and preliminary injunction to ensure the violations do not continue and to have 12 returned what property has been taken.” (Doc. 2 at 5.) Plaintiff states the “Plaintiff(s) allege they 13 have been denied due process” under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. (Id.) Plaintiff argues 14 the “Plaintiff(s) are threatened with irreparable harm in that once the property is taken and sent 15 out of the institution,” that property cannot be returned or “reenter” the institution and thus 16 “Plaintiff(s) economical investment is lost.” (Id. at 6.) Both content and receipts are a complete 17 loss. (Id.) 18 Next, Plaintiff contends the balance of hardships favors the “Plaintiff(s).” (Doc. 2 at 6.) 19 Plaintiff argues “the present harm to Plaintiff(s) is the permanent loss of property that ranges from 20 the hundreds to thousands of dollars in money lost invested in the tablet(s) themselves and the 21 content purchased by and which can ‘only’ be enjoyed by use of the tablet.” (Id.) Plaintiff 22 essentially contends the defendants would not suffer because there will be “less paperwork, a less 23 hostile environment, and business as usual.” (Id.) 24 Plaintiff contends the “Plaintiff(s) have a great likelihood of success on the merits” 25 because “defendant(s) have done-dispossessing Plaintiff(s) of their property, defrauding 26 Plaintiff(s) out of their financial investment, and violating the Fifth and Fourteenth 27 Amendments.” (Doc. 2 at 6.) Plaintiff argues “even prisoners have the [C]onstitution as a barrier 1 is shown.” (Id. at 6-7.) Plaintiff further argues granting the requested relief “will serve the public 2 interest because it is always in the public interest for prison officials to obey the law, especially 3 the Constitution.” (Doc. 2 at 7.) 4 Lastly, Plaintiff contends “Plaintiff(s)” should not be required to post security because 5 “the specific property interest confronting Plaintiff(s) and prison official constantly, consistantly 6 [sic], and arbitrarily taking the specific property of JPay tablets” weighs in favor of this Court 7 granting relief “without requiring the posting of security.” (Doc. 2 at 7.) 8 II. DISCUSSION 9 A. Applicable Legal Standards 10 “A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy never awarded as of right.”1 Winter 11 v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008) (citation omitted). 12 A federal district court may issue emergency injunctive relief only if it has personal 13 jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the lawsuit. See Murphy Bros., 14 Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 350 (1999) (noting that one “becomes a party 15 officially, and is required to take action in that capacity, only upon service of summons or other 16 authority-asserting measure stating the time within which the party must appear to defend”). The 17 court may not attempt to determine the rights of persons not before it. See, e.g., Hitchman Coal & 18 Coke Co. v. Mitchell, 245 U.S. 229, 234-35 (1916); Zepeda v. INS, 753 F.2d 719, 727-28 (9th Cir. 19 1983); see also Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U.S. 682, 702 (1979) (injunctive relief must be 20 “narrowly tailored to give only the relief to which plaintiffs are entitled”). Under Federal Rule of 21 Civil Procedure 65(d)(2), an injunction binds only “the parties to the action,” their “officers, 22 agents, servants, employees, and attorneys,” and “other persons who are in active concert or 23 participation.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)(2)(A)-(C). “When a plaintiff seeks injunctive relief based on 24 claims not pled in the complaint, the court does not have the authority to issue an injunction.” 25 Pac. Radiation Oncology, LLC v. Queen’s Med. Ctr., 810 F.3d 631, 633 (9th Cir. 2015). 26 Requests for prospective relief are further limited by 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(1)(A) of the 27 1 “The standard for a [temporary restraining order] is the same as for a preliminary injunction.” Rovio E ntm’t Ltd. v. Royal Plush Toys, Inc., 907 F. Supp. 2d 1086, 1092 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (citing Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co. 1 Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), which requires the Court find that the “relief [sought] is 2 narrowly drawn, extends no further than necessary to correct the violation of the Federal Right, 3 and is the least intrusive means necessary to correct the violation of the Federal Right.” 4 On the merits, “[a] plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish that he is 5 likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of 6 preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the 7 public interest.” Glossip v. Gross, 576 U.S. 863, 876 (2015) (quoting Winter v. Natural Res. Def. 8 Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008)). “Under Winter, plaintiffs must establish that irreparable 9 harm is likely, not just possible, in order to obtain a preliminary injunction.” Alliance for the Wild 10 Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131 (9th Cir. 2011). 11 B. Analysis 12 1. Lack of Personal Jurisdiction 13 A review of the complaint filed November 8, 2022, reveals Plaintiff named CDCR 14 Secretary Cathline Allison and SATF Warden Theresa Cisneros as defendants. (Doc. 1 at 1, 3-4.) 15 Significantly however, no defendant has been served in this action, nor has any defendant filed an 16 appearance. Thus, this Court does not have personal jurisdiction over the named defendants and 17 may not act at this time. Murphy Bros., Inc., 526 U.S. at 350; Hitchman Coal & Coke Co., 245 18 U.S. at 234-35; Zepeda, 753 F.2d at 727-28. 19 2. Additional Plaintiffs 20 Plaintiff’s complaint includes a list of “Additional Plaintiff(s)” listing approximately 25 21 names. (Doc. 1 at 2.) Further, it states the “list of Plaintiffs is likely to grow and Plaintiff(s) do 22 wish to have an opportunity to amend and add to this list of those who have not had an 23 opportunity to join in the suit.” (Id.) 24 To the extent Plaintiff seeks relief on behalf of other prisoners, he has no standing to do 25 so. See Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 114 (1976) (“Ordinarily, one may not claim standing in 26 this Court to vindicate the constitutional rights of some third party”). Plaintiff also may not 27 represent a class of inmates in a putative class action. See Simon v. Hartford Life, Inc., 546 F.3d 1 adhered to the general rule prohibiting pro se plaintiffs from pursuing claims on behalf of others 2 in a representative capacity”); Claxton v. Ryan, No. CV 11–934–PHX–GMS (ECV), 2011 WL 3 2533554, at *1–2 (D. Ariz. June 27, 2011) (noting that pro se plaintiffs “may not appear as an 4 attorney for other persons in a class action”); Reed v. Board of Prison Terms, No. C 03–2917 5 MMC PR, 2003 WL 21982471, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 8, 2003) (“Pro se prisoner plaintiffs may 6 not bring class actions because they are not adequate class representatives able to fairly represent 7 and adequately protect the interests of the class”). 8 Even if this Court had personal jurisdiction over the named Defendants, as set forth 9 below, Plaintiff has not established that he is likely to succeed on the merits2 or that he is likely to 10 suffer irreparable harm. 11 3. PLRA Applicability 12 Additionally, Plaintiff’s requested relief runs afoul of the PLRA because the relief he 13 seeks is not narrowly drawn nor does it involve the least intrusive means necessary. That is so 14 because Plaintiff seeks relief beyond that which would provide him relief; he seeks relief for all 15 inmates. And as noted above, Plaintiff has no standing to do so. 16 4. The Winter Factors 17 A. The Merits 18 In deciding whether a preliminary injunction should issue, the likelihood of success on the 19 merits is the most important factor for the court to consider. Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. VidAngel, 20 Inc., 869 F.3d 848, 856 (9th Cir. 2017). Here, the Court is unable to find that Plaintiff has carried 21 his burden of demonstrating he is likely to succeed on the merits of this action because his motion 22 fails to identify legal authority that would entitle him to the relief he seeks. Winter, 555 U.S. at 23 20. 24 25 2 The Court’s finding relates only to the present motion. The Court has not screened Plaintiff’s complaint (Doc. 1) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. Thus, the Court does not express an opinion on 26 whether the factual allegations in the complaint are sufficient to state a cognizable claim that is “plausible on its face,” under the liberal pleading standards for pro se litigants. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 27 678 (2009); Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A., 534 U.S. 506, 512-13 (2002); Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 3 42 (9th Cir. 2010). 1 In his complaint,3 Plaintiff asserts his due process rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth 2 Amendments have been violated. He contends that in 2017 CDR entered a contract with JPay, 3 Inc. allowing the company to provide services and content to inmates through “their tablets and 4 kiosk. This was a pilot program that took place in approximately five (5) institutions,” including 5 SATF. (Doc. 1 at 4.) Plaintiff states that “[a]pparently, CDCR ‘gave’ tablets to inmates in certain 6 institutions and ‘sold’ tablets in other institutions.” (Id.) Plaintiff contends the tablets ranged fin 7 cost from $50 to $150, and that inmates could purchase “stamps for email, games that ranged in 8 prices, and music in which ‘singles’ usually cost $180 and albums cost more.” (Id.) Plaintiff 9 states the inmates’ family and friends could also make such purchases and send pictures. (Id.) 10 Plaintiff contends inmates who purchased tablets “like the institution Plaintiff(s) are 11 located were never told that the tablets would not be ‘their’ property by any memorandum or 12 purchase agreement within the institution.” (Doc. 1 at 4-5.) 13 Plaintiff alleges CDCR entered a contract with Global Tel*Link on December 31, 2020 to 14 provide tablets to the inmate population. (Doc. 1 at 5.) In 2021 and the first half of 2022, SATF 15 staff “issued JPay Inc. tablets to inmates who[] had purchase them.” (Id.) He claims the purchases 16 could be made by family and friends, at the kiosks located in the institution, or via “wire transfer 17 through the kiosk” from an inmate trust or prison account. (Id.) 18 Plaintiff contends inmates learned through word of mouth that the tablets would no longer 19 be permitted and that on a day in August 2022 SATF staff “came to the buildings” advising 20 inmates that “’inmate JPay tablets would now be considered contraband and to turn them over, 21 today would be the last day for amnisty [sic].” (Doc. 1 at 5.) The inmates were further advised 22 that “content would go to the ‘cloud’” and that their family “could contact JPay for any money” 23 remaining on an inmate’s account. (Id.) Plaintiff quotes language from a June 28, 2022 24 memorandum acknowledging inmates had “received photos, videos and messages, and have paid 25 3 Plaintiff’s complaint has not yet been screened, as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a), to 26 determine whether it states a cognizable claim or claims against any named Defendant. This Court is one of the busiest district courts in the nation. Complaints are generally screened in the order in which they 27 were filed; there are hundreds of pro se prisoner complaints pending screening in this Court. Plaintiff’s c omplaint will be screened in due course. 1 for some content,” and that more information would be provided about how to move that content 2 to their “new tablet” and how to “receive any unused money left” on a tablet. (Id.) The 3 memorandum also indicated inmates were allowed to have two tablets during the transition 4 period. (Id.) Plaintiff argues the actions taken in August 2022 conflict with the memorandum and 5 CDCR’s actions that followed on June 30, 2022, “passing out tablets and inmates property 6 interest in general.” (Id.) Plaintiff alleges he rarely received paper receipts for JPay transactions 7 and that any records would have “been primarily held or kept on the now deactivated JPay kiosk 8 or Plaintiff(s) tablets that CDCR is and has been confiscating.” (Id. at 5-6.) Because he does not 9 have proof in the form of receipts, Plaintiff cannot “formulate any resolution with JPay Inc. for 10 unused money or money spent for products or services not rendered.” (Id. at 6.) 11 Plaintiff argues his due process rights have been violated because “Plaintiff(s) have a 12 property interest in their tablet(s) and the content the tablets allow them access to that is 13 constitutionally protected” and that CDCR is taking “private property without due process or just 14 compensation.” (Doc. 1 at 6.) 15 By way of relief, Plaintiff’s complaint states the following: “Plaintiff(s) seek (1) 16 temporary restraining order and preliminary injunctive relief, (2) the return of their property, (3) 17 to retain their property, (4) compensation for property confiscated and the cost of sending it out of 18 the institution, and (4) Plaintiff(s) be granted leave to amend add Plaintiff(s) and granted ‘class 19 status.’” (Doc. 1 at 4.) Attached to Plaintiff’s complaint is a copy of correspondence dated June 20 28, 2022 on letterhead from the Office of Public and Employee Communications, State of 21 California, Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (Id. at 7.) 22 The Due Process Clause protects prisoners from being deprived of property without due 23 process of law. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 (1974). Additionally, prisoners have a 24 protected interest in their personal property. Hansen v. May, 502 F.2d 728, 730 (9th Cir. 1974). 25 However, while an authorized, intentional deprivation of property is actionable under the Due 26 Process Clause, see Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 532, n.13 (1984) (citing Logan v. 27 Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422 (1982)); Quick v. Jones, 754 F.2d 1521, 1524 (9th Cir. 1 “constitute a violation of the procedural requirements of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth 2 Amendment if a meaningful post-deprivation remedy for the loss is available.” Hudson 468 U.S. 3 at 533. The Due Process Clause is violated only when the agency “prescribes and enforces 4 forfeitures of property without underlying statutory authority and competent procedural 5 protections.” Nevada Dept. of Corrections v. Greene, 648 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing 6 Vance v. Barrett, 345 F.3d 1083, 1090 (9th Cir. 2003)) (internal quotations omitted). 7 Initially, the Court notes Plaintiff does not explicitly state he purchased the tablet removed 8 from his cell. In any event, it appears that Plaintiff is asserting an unauthorized or negligent 9 deprivation of property by state employees. If so, he cannot demonstrate a likelihood of success 10 on the merits where such a deprivation does not amount to a constitutional violation. See Hudson, 11 468 U.S. at 533. And, if Plaintiff is asserting an authorized and intentional deprivation of 12 property, amounting to an actionable constitutional violation, likelihood of success on the merits 13 cannot be determined at this stage of the proceedings because it is not known whether defendants 14 had the statutory authority or procedural protections allowing for such an action. See Greene, 648 15 F.3d at 1019. 16 Regarding Plaintiff’s references to a lack of “paper receipts” for past purchases, Plaintiff 17 makes no related assertion that such paper receipts are required for reimbursement and/or transfer 18 of past content, assuming that is Plaintiff’s argument. Hence, it is not clear that Plaintiff lacks a 19 meaningful post-deprivation remedy for this loss. 20 In sum, Plaintiff has not established he is likely to succeed on the merits. Therefore, his 21 motion should be denied. 22 B. Irreparable Harm 23 Plaintiff alleges the actions being taken at SATF concerning JPay tablets and related 24 access to content maintained on those tablets is causing irreparable harm to inmates. 25 “The equitable remedy is unavailable absent a showing of irreparable injury, a 26 requirement that cannot be met where there is no showing of any real or immediate threat that the 27 plaintiff will be wronged again—a likelihood of substantial and immediate irreparable injury.” 1 omitted). 2 The allegations in Plaintiff’s complaint and in his motion do not rule out the possibility 3 that harm may result from a continued inability to access his JPay tablet and/or its content. 4 However, the allegations are speculative, particularly concerning the likelihood of a substantial 5 and immediate irreparable injury. While Plaintiff’s declaration indicates that tablets like his were 6 to be turned in, sent home to family or friends, or confiscated as contraband, the June 28, 2022 7 memo attached to Plaintiff’s complaint states that as a result of a “pilot tablet program at five 8 prisons since 2018,” inmates “were able to buy, or were given, a tablet ….” It further indicates 9 that inmates “will now be given a tablet for free” and that such tablets “are being rolled out at all 10 prisons” and that “[t]here is no charge to receive” a tablet. Thus, it is possible a substitute tablet 11 will allow for continued access to similar systems and content. See, e.g., Sampson v. Murray, 415 12 U.S. 61, 90 (1974) (“The key word in this consideration is irreparable. Mere injuries, however 13 substantial, in terms of money, time and energy ... are not enough. The possibility that adequate 14 compensatory or other corrective relief will be available at a later date, in the ordinary course of 15 litigation, weighs heavily against a claim of irreparable harm,” quoting Virginia Petroleum 16 Jobbers Ass'n. v. FPC, 259 F.2d 921, 925 (D.C. Cir. 1958) (emphasis original)). 17 And although Plaintiff has concerns about the viability of transferring content maintained 18 on a JPay tablet to the state-owned tablet, Plaintiff’s concern amounts to only speculation rather 19 than a demonstration of a likely and substantial irreparable injury. A litigant “seeking 20 preliminary relief [must] demonstrate that irreparable injury is likely in the absence of an 21 injunction.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 22 (citation omitted) (emphasis added). “Issuing a preliminary 22 injunction based only on a possibility of irreparable harm is inconsistent with our characterization 23 of injunctive relief as an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a clear showing 24 that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Id. (citation omitted) (emphasis added). Here, Plaintiff 25 does not make a showing of a likely irreparable injury, only the possibility of one. 26 C. Balance of Equities & Public Interest 27 Plaintiff’s attempts to demonstrate that the balance of equities tips in his favor and that the 1 | meets these two Winter factors, he cannot meet all four required factors given the Court’s 2 | findings regarding the likelihood of success on the merits and irreparable harm. 3 I. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4 For the reasons set forth above, the Court RECOMMENDS that Plaintiff?s motion for a 5 || temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction (Doc. 2) be DENIED. 6 These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the District Judge assigned to 7 | this case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. section 636(b)(1). Within 14 days of the date of 8 || service of these Findings and Recommendations, Plaintiff may file written objections with the 9 | Court. The document should be captioned, “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and 10 | Recommendations.” Failure to file objections within the specified time may result in waiver of 11 | rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. 12 | Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 13 | IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: _ January 27, 2023 | ww RR 15 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11