(PC) Kohut v. Allison ( 2022 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JONATHAN KOHUT, Case No. 1:20-cv-01584-BAK (HBK) (PC) 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO DENY PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR A 13 v. TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER AND PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION1 14 K. ALLISON, et al., (Doc. No. 24) 15 Defendants. FOURTEEN-DAY OBJECTION PERIOD 16 ORDER TO ASSIGN DISTRICT JUDGE TO 17 THIS ACTION 18 19 Before the Court is Plaintiff Jonathan Kohut’s (“Plaintiff”) motion for a temporary 20 restraining order and preliminary injunction filed on May 2, 2022.2 (Doc. No. 24.) Plaintiff seeks 21 an order enjoining correctional officials at Pleasant Valley State Prison from imposing practices 22 that place limitations on special purchases and encroach on property rights secured by the First 23 and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution and article I, sections 2 & 7 of the 24 California Constitution. (Id.) For the following reasons, the undersigned recommends that the 25 Court deny Plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief. 26 27 1 The undersigned submits these factual findings and recommendations to the District Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 302. 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this civil rights 3 action filed under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. On November 6, 2020, Plaintiff and Andreana Winter (“Ms. 4 Winter”), Plaintiff’s former fiancé, initiated this action by filing a complaint together. (Doc. No. 5 1.) At all relevant times, Plaintiff was housed at Pleasant Valley State Prison (“PVSP”), and Ms. 6 Winter was an inmate housed at Central California Women’s Facility (“CCWF”). 7 The Court screened the complaint and found that it stated cognizable First Amendment 8 retaliation and Fourteenth Amendment due process claims against Defendants S. Van Insen, M. 9 Anaya, and John/Jane Doe #1 and #2. (Doc. No. 11.) The Court also severed Ms. Winter and her 10 claims. (Id.) Plaintiff elected to file an amended complaint and lodged a first amended complaint 11 (“1AC”) on February 14, 2022. (Doc. Nos. 13, 22.) 12 The Court reviewed the lodged 1AC and, by separate order issued on July 26, 2022, found 13 that it failed to comply with Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (Doc. No. 30.) The 14 Court ordered Plaintiff to file a second amended complaint (“2AC”) within thirty days. (Id.) At 15 present, there is no operative complaint in this case, and no defendant has been served. 16 II. APPLICABLE LAW 17 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 governs preliminary injunctions and temporary 18 restraining orders. Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(a)–(b). Under this rule, the Court may issue a preliminary 19 injunction only if the movant has given “notice to the adverse party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(a). 20 Local Rule 231(d) also requires notice and submissions in support of a motion for a preliminary 21 injunction, including (i) briefing on all legal issues implicated by the motion, (ii) affidavits 22 supporting the motion, including affidavits addressing irreparable harm, and (iii) a proposed 23 order. L.R. 231(d)(2)(i)–(iii). 24 The purpose of a temporary restraining order is to preserve the status quo before a 25 preliminary injunction hearing may be held; its provisional remedial nature is designed to prevent 26 irreparable loss of rights prior to judgment. Sierra On-Line, Inc. v. Phoenix Software, Inc., 739 27 F.2d 1415, 1422 (9th Cir. 1984). Rule 65 allows for TROs to issue without notice to the adverse 1 (A) specific facts in an affidavit or a verified complaint clearly show that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage will result to the movant before 2 the adverse party can be heard in opposition; and 3 (B) the movant’s attorney certifies in writing any efforts made to give notice and the reasons why it should not be required. 4 Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(1)(A)–(B). Under Local Rule 231(a), “[e]xcept in the most extraordinary of 5 circumstances,” the court will not issue a TRO in the absence of actual notice or a showing of 6 efforts made to provide notice to the adverse party. L.R. 231(a) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)). 7 The analysis for issuance of a TRO is “substantially identical” to the analysis for a 8 preliminary injunction. See Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co. v. John D. Brush & Co., 240 F.3d 832, 839 9 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001). A preliminary injunction is “an extraordinary remedy” and may issue only if 10 the movant establishes: (1) likelihood of success on the merits; (2) likelihood of irreparable harm 11 in the absence of preliminary relief; (3) that the balance of equities tips in his/her favor; (4) that 12 an injunction is in the public interest. Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 13 (2008). The movant bears the burden of satisfying all four prongs. Alliance for the Wild Rockies 14 v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1135 (9th Cir. 2011). A preliminary injunction will not issue if the 15 movant merely shows irreparable harm is possible; a showing of likelihood is required. Id. at 16 1131. An injunction may only be awarded upon a clear showing that the movant is entitled to 17 relief. Winter, 555 U.S. at 22 (citation omitted). 18 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and in considering a request for 19 preliminary injunctive relief, the Court is bound by the requirement that as a preliminary matter, 20 it have before it an actual case or controversy. City of L.A. v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 102 (1983); 21 Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Ams. United for Separation of Church & State, Inc., 454 U.S. 22 464, 471 (1982). If the Court does not have an actual case or controversy before it, it has no 23 power to hear the matter in question. Id. Requests for prospective relief are further limited by 24 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(1)(A), which requires that the Court find the “relief [sought] is narrowly 25 drawn, extends no further than necessary to correct the violation of the Federal right, and is the 26 least intrusive means necessary to correct the violation of the Federal right.” 27 Furthermore, the pendency of this action does not give the Court jurisdiction over prison 1 officials in general. Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 491–93 (2009); Mayfield v. 2 United States, 599 F.3d 964, 969 (9th Cir. 2010). The Court’s jurisdiction is limited to the 3 parties in this action and to the viable legal claims upon which this action is proceeding. 4 Mayfield, 599 F.3d at 969; Summers, 555 U.S. at 491–93. 5 The injunctive relief sought must relate to the claims brought in the complaint. See Pac. 6 Radiation Oncology, LLC v. Queen’s Med. Ctr., 810 F.3d 631, 633 (9th Cir. 2015) (“When a 7 Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief based on claims not pled in the complaint, the court does not have 8 the authority to issue an injunction.”). Absent a nexus between the injury claimed in the motion 9 and the underlying complaint, the Court lacks the authority to grant Plaintiff any relief. Id. at 636. 10 The Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) imposes additional requirements on prisoner 11 litigants seeking preliminary injunctive relief against prison officials. In such cases, 12 “[p]reliminary injunctive relief must be narrowly drawn, extend no further than necessary to 13 correct the harm the court finds requires preliminary relief, and be the least intrusive means 14 necessary to correct that harm.” 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(2); Villery v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr., No. 1:15- 15 cv-00987-DAD-BAM, 2016 WL 70326, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 6, 2016). As the Ninth Circuit has 16 observed, the PLRA places significant limits upon a court’s power to grant preliminary injunctive 17 relief to inmates, and “operates simultaneously to restrict the equity jurisdiction of federal courts 18 and to protect the bargaining power of prison administrators—no longer may courts grant or 19 approve relief that binds prison administrators to do more than the constitutional minimum.” 20 Gilmore v. People of the State of Cal., 220 F.3d 987, 998-99 (9th Cir. 2000). 21 Finally, state governments have “traditionally been granted the widest latitude in the 22 dispatch of [their] own internal affairs.” Rizzo v. Goode, 423, U.S. 362, 378 (1976) (citations 23 omitted). This deference applies even more strongly when the court is asked to involve itself in 24 the administrative decisions of a prison. See Turner v. Safely, 482 U.S. 78, 85 (1987); Sandin v. 25 Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 482–83 (1995). 26 III. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 27 The undersigned finds Plaintiff has failed to satisfy his burden to justify issuance of a 1 26, 2022, this Court entered an order requiring Plaintiff to file a second amended complaint upon 2 a finding that Plaintiff’s lodged first amended complaint failed to comply with Rule 8 of the 3 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (Doc. No. 30.) Because the lodged 1AC may not proceed, no 4 operative complaint is in effect until Plaintiff files and the Court screens the 2AC. Thus, no 5 complaint has been served on any defendant, and no defendant has appeared in this case. 6 Without an operative complaint and service on defendants, there is no case or controversy 7 before the Court. City of L.A. v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 102 (1983); Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. 8 Ams. United for Separation of Church & State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 471 (1982). The Court’s 9 jurisdiction is limited to the parties in this action and to the viable legal claims upon which this 10 action is proceeding. Summers, 555 U.S. at 491–93; Mayfield, 599 F.3d at 969. In the current 11 posture, the Plaintiff has not established that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over his 12 claims or personal jurisdiction over the prospective defendants or prison officials in general. See 13 Zepeda v. U.S. Immigration Svc., 753 F.2d 719, 727 (9th Cir. 1985) (“A federal court may issue 14 an injunction if it has personal jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the 15 claim; it may not attempt to determine the rights of persons not before the court.”). 16 Moreover, Plaintiff is unable to satisfy the Winter factors for the issuance of a preliminary 17 injunction. Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. Without an operative complaint, the Court cannot find that 18 Plaintiff has shown a likelihood of success on the merits. 19 The undersigned finds this is not an extraordinary circumstance warranting the issuance of 20 a preliminary injunction and recommends the denial of Plaintiff’s motion for a temporary 21 restraining order or a preliminary injunction. 22 Accordingly, it is ORDERED: 23 The Clerk of Court is directed to assign a District Judge to this matter. 24 It is RECOMMENDED: 25 Plaintiff’s motion for temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction (Doc. No. 26 11) be DENIED. 27 //// 1 NOTICE TO PARTIES 2 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District Judge 3 | assigned to the case pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen (14) 4 | days after being served with these findings and recommendations, a party may file written 5 | objections with the Court. The document should be captioned, “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 6 | Findings and Recommendations.” Parties are advised that failure to file objections within the 7 | specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 8 | 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 9 Dated: __July 27,2022 Mihaw. □□□ foareA Hack 11 HELENA M. BARCH-KUCHTA UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28