Gastelum v. Central Valley Hospitality LLC ( 2022 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 FERNANDO GASTELUM, Case No. 1:21-cv-01079-JLT-SAB 12 Plaintiff, SECOND AMENDED FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDING 13 v. DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT 14 CENTRAL VALLEY HOSPITALITY LLC dba FAIRFIELD INN & SUITES BY (ECF Nos. 20, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28) 15 MARRIOTT BAKERSFIELD CENTRAL, FOURTEEN DAY DEADLINE 16 Defendant. 17 18 Plaintiff Fernando Gastelum (“Plaintiff”) is proceeding pro se in this accessibility 19 litigation pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and state law against Defendant 20 Central Valley Hospitality LLC, doing business as Fairfield Inn & Suites by Marriott Bakersfield 21 Central (“Defendant” or “Central Valley Hospitality”). Currently before the Court is Plaintiff’s 22 motion for default judgment, filed on March 21, 2022. (ECF No. 20.) Having considered the 23 moving papers, the declarations and exhibits attached thereto, Plaintiff’s initial supplemental 24 briefing, as well as the Court’s file and Plaintiff’s subsequent filings, the Court issues the 25 following second amended findings and recommendations recommending Plaintiff’s motion for 26 default judgment be DENIED for inadequate service of the summons and complaint. 27 /// /// 1 I. 2 BACKGROUND 3 A. Procedural History 4 Plaintiff initiated this action on July 12, 2021. (ECF No. 1.) On October 25, 2021, 5 Plaintiff submitted an executed summons as to Defendant. (ECF No. 10.) Defendant did not 6 appear or respond in this action. Thereafter, Plaintiff filed an application to enter default and a 7 renewed motion to enter default against Defendant. (ECF Nos. 13, 16.) On January 24, 2022, 8 default was entered against Defendant. (ECF No. 18.) 9 On March 21, 2022, Plaintiff filed the instant motion for default judgment. (ECF No. 10 20.) The Court, finding it could not determine whether service of process was properly effected 11 or whether Plaintiff adequately alleged his claims, ordered Plaintiff to file supplemental briefing 12 to address these issues. (ECF No. 21.) The hearing on the motion was continued to June 1, 13 2022, to permit Plaintiff time to supplement his motion. Plaintiff was also ordered to serve 14 notice to Defendant regarding the new hearing date and to file proofs of service with the Court. 15 (Id.) Plaintiff did not file any additional notice or proof of service with the Court, but indicated 16 he emailed the documents to attorney Daniel Klingenberger, who is purportedly representing 17 Defendant in this matter. No oppositions were filed. On April 22, 2022, Plaintiff filed 18 supplemental briefing in response to the Court’s March 24, 2022 order. (ECF No. 22.) On May 19 26, 2022, the Court vacated the June 1, 2022 hearing, finding that the motion was suitable for 20 decision without oral argument. (ECF No. 24.) On June 9, 2022, the Court issued findings and 21 recommendations to deny the motion due to inadequate service of process. (ECF No. 25.) The 22 parties were granted fourteen days to file any objections to the findings and recommendations. 23 (Id. at 16–17.) 24 On June 27, 2022, instead of filing objections to the findings and recommendations, 25 Plaintiff filed a “Motion to Accept New Proof of Service of Process, Grant Defendant Time to 26 Respond, and Place Case on Active Calendar,” which the Court construed as further 27 supplemental briefing in support of his motion for default judgment, with a request, if granted, to 1 Defendant an extension of time to file a response to the complaint. (ECF No. 26.) In the 2 supplemental briefing, Plaintiff proffered that, in response to the Court’s findings and 3 recommendations, he “engaged a new process server who personally served Defendant’s 4 statutory agent on June 20, 2022.” (ECF No. 26 at 1 (citing id. at 3 (proof of service)).) 5 On July 7, 2022, the Court issued amended findings and recommendations, again 6 recommending denial of Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment on the basis of defective service 7 of process and noting Plaintiff’s supplemental briefing and subsequent service did not cure the 8 original defects. (ECF No. 27.) The parties were granted fourteen days to file objections to the 9 amended findings and recommendations. 10 On July 20, 2022, again, instead of filing objections to the findings and 11 recommendations, Plaintiff filed a motion to accept new proof of service of process, grant 12 Defendant time to respond, and place case on active calendar. (ECF No. 28.) Attached to this 13 filing is an amended proof of service dated June 20, 2022, and a copy of the statement of 14 information page from the Office of the Secretary of State for the limited liability company 15 Central Valley Hospitality, which was filed and signed on June 16, 2022. The Court construes 16 Plaintiff’s July 20, 2022 filing as further supplemental briefing in support of Plaintiff’s motion 17 for default judgment, with a request, if granted, to set aside the entry of default against 18 Defendant Central Valley Hospitality LLC, and grant Defendant an extension of time to file a 19 response to the complaint. 20 B. Plaintiff’s Allegations 21 The complaint asserts claims for violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act 22 (“ADA”), and “California civil rights law” against Defendant Central Valley Hospitality LLC, 23 doing business as Fairfield Inn & Suites by Marriott Bakersfield Central.1 (ECF No. 1 at 1.) 24 Plaintiff clarifies in the instant motion for default judgment that he seeks relief from violations of 25 the ADA and California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act. (ECF No. 20 at 2.) This is one of sixteen 26 1 Plaintiff’s complaint does not identify discrete claims for relief. While his complaint states that the hotel in question “was not compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act and the California’s civil rights laws and 27 California disabled person’s law” (ECF No. 1 ¶ 4), he does not identify the particular statute or statutes on which he bases his state law claims. In view of the complaint’s request for “[d]amages under California law for $4,000 per 1 cases Plaintiff has initiated, pro se, in the Eastern District.2 The Court additionally notes 2 Plaintiff appears to have brought approximately 133 similar ADA cases, represented by former 3 counsel Peter Strojnik, in the Phoenix, Arizona area. See, e.g., Gastelum v. Canyon Hosp. LLC, 4 No. CV-17-02792-PHX-GMS, 2018 WL 2388047 (D. Ariz. May 25, 2018) (citing ten related 5 cases and noting 133 other accessibility cases brought by Plaintiff in Arizona). Plaintiff alleges 6 Defendant operates a hotel, a public accommodation under the ADA and California’s civil rights 7 laws. (ECF No. 1 at 1; ECF No. 20 at 2.) 8 Plaintiff reports he is “missing a leg and use[s] a wheelchair for mobility.” (ECF No. 1 ¶ 9 1.) Plaintiff does not allege where he resides in the complaint; however, the caption of the 10 complaint lists Plaintiff’s address as being in Casa Grande, Arizona. (See id.) Defendant owns 11 or operates a hotel located at 3540 Rosedale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93308 (the “Hotel”). (Id. at ¶ 12 2.) Plaintiff visited the Hotel on July 4, 2021. (Id. at ¶ 3.) According to Plaintiff, when he got 13 to the Hotel, he “noted that it was not compliant with the Americans with Disabilities act and the 14 California’s civil rights laws and California disabled person’s laws.” (Id. at ¶ 4.) Specifically, 15 Plaintiff alleged: 16 a. No access aisle in passenger loading zone. This condition makes it more difficult for me to enter and exit the lobby on 17 the shortest possible route. 18 b. Doors require twisting of the wrist. This condition makes it more difficult for me to enter through the doors. 19 c. Doors require greater than five pounds of force to open. 20 This condition makes it more difficult for me to enter through the doors. 21 d. Unsecured carpets. This condition makes it more difficult 22 for me to move my wheelchair over unsecured carpets. 23 24 2 See Gastelum v. Bed Bath & Beyond Inc., No. 2:21-cv-02274-KJM-DB; Gastelum v. Nw. Target LLC, No. 1:21- cv-01164-JLT-BAK; Gastelum v. Nandi Laksh Inc., No. 1:21-cv-01201-DAD-BAK; Gastelum v. TC Heritage Inn 2 25 of Bakersfield LLC, No. 1:21-cv-01230-JLT-BAK; Gastelum v. Dick’s Sporting Goods Inc., No. 1:21-cv-01289- DAD-JLT; Gastelum v. Nw. Target LLC, No. 1:21-cv-01330-AWI-BAK; Gastelum v. Kohl’s Dep’t Stores Inc., No. 1:21-cv-01740-JLT-BAM; Gastelum v. Veer Hosp. LLC, No. 1:22-cv-00112-DAD-BAK; Gastelum v. Easiness LP, 26 No. 1:22-cv-00166-DAD-BAK; Gastelum v. Tilly’s, Inc., No. 1:22-cv-00178-DAD-BAK; Gastelum v. Tractor Supply Co., No. 1:22-cv-00209-JLT-SAB; Gastelum v. Jackson IV LLC, No. 2:21-cv-01321-TLN-CKD; Gastelum 27 v. LL Sacramento LP, No. 2:21-cv-01481-KJM-JDP; Gastelum v. Arden Fair Assocs., No. 2:21-cv-01722-JAM-AC; Gastelum v. Macy’s Inc., No. 2:22-cv-00065-KJM-DB; Gastelum v. Penney OpCo, LLC, No. 2:22-cv-00283-KJM- 1 e. No accessible parking near main entrance. This condition makes me travel further from accessible parking to the 2 lobby. 3 f. Accessible parking is not dispersed to all accessible entrances. This condition requires me to travel further from 4 accessible parking [to] the entrances. 5 (Id.) Thus, Plaintiff asserts he “was denied equal access to the [hotel] by defendant by not 6 complying with the ADA and California’s civil rights law as stated above.” (Id. at ¶ 5.) Further, 7 Plaintiff reports he “will not want to revisit the [Hotel] because it is not fully compliant with the 8 Americans with Disabilities Act and the California’s civil rights laws and California civil rights 9 laws [sic].” (Id. at ¶ 6.) As a result of the aforementioned violations, Plaintiff seeks injunctive 10 relief, costs, and $4,000 per violation (pursuant to the Unruh Act). (See id. at 2–3; ECF No. 20 11 at 3–4.) 12 II. 13 LEGAL STANDARD 14 “Our starting point is the general rule that default judgments are ordinarily disfavored,” 15 as “[c]ases should be decided upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.” NewGen, LLC 16 v. Safe Cig, LLC, 840 F.3d 606, 616 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 17 1472 (9th Cir. 1986)). Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 55, obtaining a 18 default judgment is a two-step process. Entry of default is appropriate as to any party against 19 whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought that has failed to plead or otherwise defend as 20 provided by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and where that fact is made to appear by 21 affidavit or otherwise. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). After entry of default, a plaintiff can seek entry of 22 default judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b). Rule 55(b)(2) provides the framework for the Court to 23 enter a default judgment: 24 (b) Entering a Default Judgment. 25 (2) By the Court. In all other cases, the party must apply to the court for a default judgment. A default judgment may be entered 26 against a minor or incompetent person only if represented by a general guardian, conservator, or other like fiduciary who has 27 appeared. If the party against whom a default judgment is sought has appeared personally or by a representative, that party or its 1 at least 7 days before the hearing. The court may conduct hearings or make referrals--preserving any federal statutory right to a jury 2 trial--when, to enter or effectuate judgment, it needs to: 3 (A) conduct an accounting; 4 (B) determine the amount of damages; 5 (C) establish the truth of any allegation by evidence; or 6 (D) investigate any other matter. 7 Fed. R. Civ. P. 55. 8 The decision to grant a motion for entry of default judgment is within the discretion of 9 the court. PepsiCo, Inc. v. Cal. Sec. Cans, 238 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1174 (C.D. Cal. 2002); see also 10 TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917 (9th Cir. 1987) (“Rule 55 gives the court 11 considerable leeway as to what it may require as a prerequisite to the entry of a default 12 judgment.”). The Ninth Circuit has set forth the following seven factors (the “Eitel factors”) that 13 the Court may consider in exercising its discretion: (1) the possibility of prejudice to the 14 plaintiff; (2) the merits of the plaintiff’s substantive claim; (3) the sufficiency of the complaint; 15 (4) the sum of money at stake in the action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material 16 facts; (6) whether the default was due to excusable neglect; and (7) the strong policy underlying 17 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471– 18 72. 19 Generally, once default has been entered, “the factual allegations of the complaint, except 20 those relating to damages, will be taken as true.” Garamendi v. Henin, 683 F.3d 1069, 1080 (9th 21 Cir. 2012) (quoting Geddes v. United Fin. Grp., 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977)); see also Fed. 22 R. Civ. P. 8(b)(6) (“An allegation — other than one relating to the amount of damages — is 23 admitted if a responsive pleading is required and the allegation is not denied.”). Accordingly, the 24 amount of damages must be proven at an evidentiary hearing or through other means. Microsoft 25 Corp. v. Nop, 549 F. Supp. 2d 1233, 1236 (E.D. Cal. 2008). However, “necessary facts not 26 contained in the pleadings, and claims which are legally insufficient, are not established by 27 default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992) (internal citation omitted). Finally, the relief sought must not be different in kind or exceed the amount 1 that is demanded in the pleadings. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(c). 2 III. 3 DISCUSSION 4 The Court must first determine whether it properly has jurisdiction in this matter before it 5 may turn to the Eitel factors to determine whether default judgment should be entered. Here, 6 because the Court finds it lacks jurisdiction due to a lack of service of process, it does not reach 7 analysis of the Eitel factors. 8 A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 9 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and their power to adjudicate is limited to 10 that granted by Congress. U.S v. Sumner, 226 F.3d 1005, 1009 (9th Cir. 2000). Pursuant to 28 11 U.S.C. § 1331, federal courts have original jurisdiction over “all civil actions arising under the 12 Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.’ “A case ‘arises under’ federal law either 13 where federal law creates the cause of action or where the vindication of a right under state law 14 necessarily turns on some construction of federal law.” Republican Party of Guam v. Gutierrez, 15 277 F.3d 1086, 1088 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal punctuation omitted) (quoting Franchise Tax Bd. 16 v. Constr. Laborers Vacation Tr., 463 U.S. 1, 8–9 (1983) (citations omitted)). “[T]he presence or 17 absence of federal-question jurisdiction is governed by the ‘well-pleaded complaint rule,’ which 18 provides that federal jurisdiction exists only when a federal question is presented on the face of 19 the plaintiff’s properly pleaded complaint.” Republican Party of Guam, 277 F.3d at 1089 20 (citations omitted). 21 Plaintiff brings this action alleging violations of the ADA of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101, et 22 seq. Therefore, the Court has original jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. In addition, the 23 Court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367 over Plaintiff’s 24 related state law claims under the Unruh Act, California Civil Code §§ 51, et seq.3 25 3 In light of the Court’s finding that it lacks jurisdiction over Defendant due to insufficient service, the Court does not reach a merits analysis of the Eitel factors, including consideration of whether exercising supplemental 26 jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim is appropriate. Nonetheless, the sheer volume of Plaintiff’s filings of accessibility litigations in federal court is noteworthy. Plaintiff is advised that, had the Court addressed the 27 underlying merits of this action, it would have been inclined to issue a recommendation to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the Unruh Act claim, on the basis that exercising supplemental jurisdiction over 1 B. Service of Process on Defendant 2 As a general rule, the Court considers the adequacy of service of process before 3 evaluating the merits of a motion for default judgment. See J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Singh, 4 No. 1:13-cv-1453-LJO-BAM, 2014 WL 1665014, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2014); Penpower 5 Tech. Ltd. v. S.P.C. Tech., 627 F. Supp. 2d 1083, 1088 (N.D. Cal. 2008); Mason v. Genisco 6 Tech. Corp., 960 F.2d 849, 851 (9th Cir. 1992) (stating that if party “failed to serve [defendant] 7 in the earlier action, the default judgment is void and has no res judicata effect in this action.”). 8 Service of the summons and complaint is the procedure by which a court having venue and 9 jurisdiction of the subject matter of the suit obtains jurisdiction over the person being served. 10 Miss. Publ’g Corp. v. Murphree, 326 U.S. 438, 444–45 (1946); see Direct Mail Specialists, Inc. 11 and comity.” See Johnson v. Techbusiness Res., LLC, No. 20-cv-06048-BLF, 2020 WL 7013596, at *3 (N.D. Cal. 12 Nov. 28, 2020) (citations omitted). Such a recommendation is consistent with the growing trend amongst California district courts to consider the state procedural requirements in ADA cases (similar to the instant matter) as a basis 13 for declining to exert supplemental jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s Unruh and other state law claims. See, e.g., Brooke v. Suites LP, No. 3:20-cv-01217-H-AHG, 2020 WL 6149963, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 19, 2020) (finding plaintiff sufficiently pled ADA claim but declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Unruh Act claim 14 “because it substantially predominates over [the plaintiff’s] federal claim under the ADA and exceptional circumstances favor dismissal, including the Court’s interests in comity and discouraging forum-shopping.”); 15 Brooke v. Tides Hosp. LLC, No. 8:21-cv-00755-JLS-JDE (C.D. Cal. Jun. 4, 2021) (order to show cause why the court should not decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim); Whitaker v. Mac, 16 411 F. Supp. 3d 1108 (C.D. Cal. 2019) (denying defendant’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s ADA claim but granting defendant’s request to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff’s Unruh claim); Langer v. Kiser, 17 516 F. Supp. 3d 1066 (S.D. Cal. 2021) (entering judgment in defendant’s favor after bench trial on ADA claim, and declining to retain supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff’s Unruh claim based on compelling interests of comity 18 and discouraging forum shopping); Marquez v. KBMS Hosp. Corp., 492 F. Supp. 3d 1058 (C.D. Cal. 2020) (following sua sponte order to show cause why court should not decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over 19 plaintiff’s Unruh claim, dismissing Unruh claim without prejudice to refiling in state court and retaining jurisdiction over ADA claim only). More specifically, California Code of Civil Procedure § 425.55(b) defines a “high- 20 frequency litigant” as a plaintiff or attorney who has filed 10 or more complaints alleging a construction-related accessibility violation that includes a claim under the Unruh Act within the 12-month period immediately preceding 21 the filing of the current complaint alleging a construction-related accessibility violation, and requires that “additional safeguards apply so as to ensure that the claims are warranted.” “Additional safeguards” required of such “high- 22 frequency litigants” include: identifying the number of complaints alleging a construction-related accessibility claim that the high-frequency litigant has filed during the last 12 months prior to the filing of the complaint; the reason the 23 individual was in the geographic area of the defendant’s business; the reason why the individual desired access to the defendant’s business, including the specific commercial, business, personal, social leisure, recreational, or other 24 purpose; the complaint must be verified; and the litigant must pay a $1,000 filing fee at the time of the filing of the initial complaint in addition to the standard filing fees. Cal. Code Civ. P. § 425.50; Cal. Gov’t Code § 70616.5. The 25 legislature justified these additional requirements for “high-frequency litigants” on the express basis that “more than one-half . . . of all construction-related accessibility complaints filed between 2012 and 2014 were filed by two law firms. . . . Moreover, these lawsuits are frequently filed against small businesses on the basis of boilerplate 26 complaints, apparently seeking quick cash settlements rather than correction of the accessibility violation. This practice unfairly taints the reputation of other innocent disabled consumers who are merely trying to go about their 27 daily lives accessing public accommodations as they are entitled to have full and equal access under the state’s Unruh Civil Rights Act . . . and the federal Americans with Disability Act of 1990.” Cal. Code Civ. P. § 1 v. Eclat Computerized Techs., Inc. (Direct Mail), 840 F.2d 685, 688 (9th Cir. 1988) (“A federal 2 court does not have jurisdiction over a defendant unless the defendant has been served properly 3 under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4.”). 4 The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for two ways to effectuate service on a 5 corporation, association, or partnership. Pursuant to Rule 4(h), a corporation “or a partnership or 6 other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name” must be served: 7 (A) in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(e)(1) for serving an individual; or 8 (B) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to 9 an officer, a managing or general agent, or any other agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process 10 and—if the agent is one authorized by statute and the statute so requires—by also mailing a copy of each to the defendant. . . . 11 12 Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h)(1)(A)–(B). 13 Rule 4(e) provides that service may be effectuated on a competent, adult individual by: 14 (1) delivering a copy of the summons and the complaint to that person personally; (2) leaving a 15 copy of each at the individual’s dwelling or usual place of abode with someone of suitable age 16 and discretion who resides there; or (3) delivering a copy of each to an agent authorized by 17 appointment or by law to receive service of process. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e)(2)(A)–(C). 18 Rule 4 also permits service on an individual in accordance with state law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 19 4(e)(1). In California, a corporation may be served by delivery to the person designated as an 20 agent for service of process, or to the “president, chief executive officer, or other head of the 21 corporation, a vice president, a secretary or assistant secretary, a treasurer or assistant treasurer, a 22 controller or chief financial officer, a general manager, or a person authorized by the corporation 23 to receive service of process.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 416.10(a)–(b). In California, a general or 24 limited partnership may be served by delivery: “to the person designated as agent for service of 25 process in a statement filed with the Secretary of State or to a general partner or the general 26 manager of the partnership.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 416.40(a). Other unincorporated 27 associations may be served by delivery: “to the person designated as agent for service of process 1 association, a vice president, a secretary or assistant secretary, a treasurer or assistant treasurer, a 2 general manager, or a person authorized by the association to receive service of process.” Cal. 3 Civ. Proc. Code § 416.40(b). 4 “Rule 4 is a flexible rule that should be liberally construed so long as a party receives 5 sufficient notice of the complaint.” Direct Mail, 840 F.2d at 688 (quoting United Food & Com. 6 Workers Union v. Alpha Beta Co., 736 F.2d 1371, 1382 (9th Cir. 1984)). “[A] signed return of 7 service constitutes prima facie evidence of valid service which can be overcome only by strong 8 and convincing evidence.” SEC v. Internet Sols. for Bus., Inc., 509 F.3d 1161, 1163 (9th Cir. 9 2007). However, “without substantial compliance with Rule 4, ‘neither actual notice nor simply 10 naming the defendant in the complaint will provide personal jurisdiction.’ ” Direct Mail, 840 11 F.2d at 688 (quoting Benny v. Pipes, 799 F.2d 489, 492 (9th Cir. 1986)). Further, “[o]nce 12 service is challenged, plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing that service was valid under Rule 13 4.” Brockmeyer v. May, 383 F.3d 798, 801 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). 14 Here, Plaintiff submitted an executed summons as to Defendant on October 25, 2021. 15 (ECF No. 10.) Plaintiff’s process server personally served Angie Early at the address of 8312 16 Espresso Drive, Bakersfield, California 93312 on October 18, 2021, at 5:07 p.m. (ECF Nos. 10, 17 12.) The executed summons and supplemental certificate of service affidavit indicate Ms. Early 18 is the “General Manager” for Valley Hospitality, LLC. (ECF No. 10 at 1; ECF No. 12 at 1.) 19 However, a review of the California Secretary of State’s business search website for Central 20 Valley Hospitality, LLC indicates that the agent for service of process for Central Valley 21 Hospitality, LLC is Raju Verma.4 (See ECF No. 21 at 3.) Furthermore, until June 16, 2022, the 22 address for the agent for service of process provided by the California Secretary of State’s 23 business search website was identified as 8300 Granite Falls Drive, Bakersfield, California 24 93312. (Id.) This differs from the address at which Ms. Early was served, which appears to be 25 4 The Court takes judicial notice of the business entity details contained on the California Secretary of State’s 26 webpage pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 201. See also Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n.6 (9th Cir. 2006); L’Garde, Inc. v. Raytheon Space & Airborne Sys., 805 F. Supp. 2d 932, 938 (C.D. Cal. 27 2011) (taking judicial notice of records searches on the California Secretary of State corporate search website as the accuracy of such record searches “can be determined by readily accessible resources whose accuracy cannot 1 the address for the Residence Inn Bakersfield West,5 and which also suggests Ms. Early was the 2 general manager of the Hotel, not the corporate entity Valley Hospitality, LLC. 3 The Court additionally notes Plaintiff served the instant motion for default judgment on 4 yet another person, attorney Daniel Klingenberger at 5001 E. Commercenter Drive, Suite 300, 5 P.O. Box 12092, Bakersfield, California 93389-2090. (See ECF No. 20 at 4.) Plaintiff has 6 averred Mr. Klingenberger currently represents Defendant in this matter, though it is unclear 7 when such representation commenced. Also unclear is whether Plaintiff provided copies of the 8 summons and complaint to Mr. Klingenberger. As noted previously, the multiple inconsistencies 9 regarding service made it unclear to the Court whether service on Defendant complied with or 10 substantially complied with Rule 4; accordingly, the Court ordered Plaintiff to submit 11 supplemental briefing, including declarations or other exhibits as necessary, to explain the 12 inconsistencies and demonstrate service was properly effected on Defendant. (ECF No. 21 at 1– 13 4.) The Court additionally, in an abundance of caution, directed Plaintiff to serve both the agent 14 for service of process designated by Defendant Central Valley Hospitality, LLC’s business 15 certificate (Raju Verma) as well as the purported “General Manager” for Central Valley 16 Hospitality, LLC (Angie Early), copies of the motion for default judgment with the updated 17 hearing date, and file proofs of service with the Court. (Id. at 4, 6–7.) 18 On April 22, 2022, Plaintiff filed supplemental briefing in response to the Court’s March 19 24, 2022 order. (ECF No. 22.) However, he did not separately file any additional notices or 20 proofs of service as directed to do by the Court.6 Instead, the supplemental briefing indicates 21 that, after the process server served Ms. Early at the Hotel on October 18, 2021, Plaintiff 22 received an email from Mr. Klingenberger advising that he represents Defendant and stating, “I 23 have authority to accept service of process on behalf of Central Valley Hospitality, LLC for this 24 matter only.” (Id. at 1; Ex. 1, ECF No. 22 at 5.) 25 5 An independent review by the Court of judicially noticeable facts reveals the address at which Ms. Early was 26 served is the location of the Marriott Residence Inn Bakersfield West. See MARRIOTT HOTELS OVERVIEW, https://www.marriott.com/en-us/hotels/bflrw-residence-inn-bakersfield-west/overview/ (last visited Jun. 7, 2022). 27 6 In his supplemental briefing, which is verified, Plaintiff states he emailed a copy of the Court’s March 24, 2022 order to Mr. Klingenberger on April 18, 2022, and “other filings [unspecified] . . . to Mr. Klingenberger previously.” 1 After the Court issued its initial findings and recommendations to deny the motion for 2 default judgment due to inadequate service, Plaintiff filed further supplemental briefing in 3 support of his motion. (ECF No. 26.) As addressed in greater detail herein, Plaintiff proffers 4 that, in response to the Court’s findings and recommendations, he “engaged a new process server 5 who personally served Defendant’s statutory agent on June 20, 2022.” (Id. (citing id. at 3 (proof 6 of service)).) The attached proof of service indicates the summons and complaint and findings 7 and recommendations were both served on Raju Verma, the designated agent for service of 8 process for Defendant, at 8312 Espresso Drive, Bakersfield, CA 93312 on June 20, 2022. (Id. at 9 3.) 10 After the Court issued its first amended findings and recommendations to deny the 11 motion for default judgment due to inadequate service, Plaintiff filed further supplemental 12 briefing in support of his motion. (ECF No. 28.) Plaintiff’s latest filing includes copies of an 13 amended proof of service, which indicates service of process was effected on “RAJU VERMA- 14 AGENT FOR SERVICE, . . . on behalf of CENTRAL VALLEY HOSPITALITY LLC DBA 15 FAIRFIELD INN & SUITES BY MARRIOTT BAKE[R]SFIELD CENTRAL on 6/20/2022 16 10:52 AM at 8312 Espresso Dr., Bakersfield, CA 93312.” (ECF No. 28 at 1; Ex. 1, ECF No. 28 17 at 4.) Also attached is a copy of the June 16, 2022 statement of information page from the Office 18 of the Secretary of State for the limited liability company Central Valley Hospitality. (See ECF 19 No. 28 at 2; Ex. 2, ECF No. 28 at 6–7.) This document indicates that, as of June 16, 2022, the 20 address for the agent for service of process Raju Verma is 8312 Espresso Drive, Bakersfield, CA 21 93312. (ECF No. 28 at 6.) 22 The Court notes that it appears Plaintiff properly executed service of the summons and 23 complaint on Defendant on June 20, 2022 by way of serving Defendant’s manager and agent for 24 service of process, Raju Verma, at 8312 Espresso Drive, Bakersfield, California 93312. 25 However, the Court must nonetheless recommend the instant motion for default 26 judgment, which was filed on March 21, 2022 (ECF No. 20), be denied because the initial 27 service of process on Defendant, upon which this motion relies, was deficient. For the reasons 1 establish service of the summons and complaint on Defendant in “substantial compliance” with 2 Rule 4. 3 1. Angie Early 4 With respect to the service of process effected on Ms. Early, the Court cannot find 5 Plaintiff established compliance with Rule 4. As noted above, Rule 4(h) permits an individual to 6 be served on behalf of a corporation pursuant to Rule 4(e), Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h)(1)(A), or by 7 personally serving “an officer, a managing or general agent, or any other agent authorized by 8 appointment or by law to receive service of process,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h)(1)(B). Plaintiff has 9 not complied with subdivision (B), as the proper officer/managing or general agent/other 10 authorized agent to accept service of process on behalf of the corporate entity Central Valley 11 Hospitality, LLC is not Ms. Early, but Mr. Raju Verma. See CALIFORNIA SECRETARY OF STATE 12 BUSINESS SEARCH, https://bizfileonline.sos.ca.gov/search/business (last visited Jun. 7, 2022). 13 Indeed, Mr. Klingenberger advises Plaintiff of the same during their email correspondence, when 14 he states: 15 From what I can tell regarding the paperwork in this matter you did not serve the agent for service of process for Central Valley 16 Hospitality LLC. The agent for service of process is Mr. Raju Verma. Inasmuch as service was not accomplished correctly, I 17 request that you withdraw your Application for Enter [sic] Default. 18 (ECF No. 22 at 5.)7 19 Nor does the Court find Plaintiff has complied with subdivision (A) for personal service 20 as permitted under Rule 4(e)(1).8 As noted above, California law, like Rule 4, requires service 21 on a corporate entity to be effected on the person designated as an agent for service of process, or 22 the “president, chief executive officer, or other head of the corporation, a vice president, a 23 secretary or assistant secretary, a treasurer or assistant treasurer, a controller or chief financial 24 25 7 It is unclear why Defendant never made a special appearance to move to set aside the entry of default, as this would have been the proper course of action to ensure denial of the instant motion for default judgment. 26 8 None of the provisions under Rule 4(e)(2) are applicable here. That is, the summons and complaint were not “personally” delivered to Defendant Central Valley Hospitality, LLC, a corporation; nor does Defendant, a corporate 27 entity, have a “usual place of abode.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e)(2)(A)–(B). Finally, “delivering a copy of each to an agent authorized . . . to receive service of process” did not occur, Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e)(2)(C), for the same reasons 1 officer, a general manager, or a person authorized by the corporation to receive service of 2 process.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 416.10(a)–(b). As the Court has noted, Ms. Early holds none 3 of these positions with Central Valley Hospitality, LLC, and she is not the designated agent for 4 service of process for Central Valley Hospitality, LLC on the corporate information page on the 5 Secretary of State’s website. 6 Plaintiff’s argument that service on Ms. Early was appropriate because she is a “general 7 manager” is unavailing. Nothing in the record demonstrates Ms. Early is a “general manager” of 8 Central Valley Hospitality, LLC within the sense contemplated by Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 9 416.10; at most, she appears to be a “general manager” at the Hotel, which is where Ms. Early 10 was served. California courts have held these job titles are not equivocal for purposes of 11 effecting service on a corporate entity. In Bakersfield Hacienda, Inc. v. Superior Court In & For 12 Kern County, for example, the California Fifth District Court of Appeal provided an extensive 13 explanation of the differences between the two positions when it declined to find service on the 14 “general manager” of the Hacienda Motel constituted personal service on the corporation, 15 Bakersfield Hacienda, Inc.: 16 [T]he general manager of a motel is not the general manager of the corporation. The legislative history of section 411 of the Code of 17 Civil Procedure shows that the term “general manager” was substituted by the Legislature for the term “managing agent” that 18 formerly occupied the same position in the section; this fact reinforces our assurance that the intention of the Legislature as 19 expressed in the present code section is to permit service to be made upon the general manager of the corporation and not simply 20 on a managing agent of one part of its business. 21 Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed. 1957) page 814, defines general manager as follows: 22 “One having general direction and control of corporation’s affairs, 23 and who may do everything which corporation could do in transaction of its business. . . . A manager for all general purposes 24 of the corporation.” 25 The term “general manager of a corporation” indicates one who has general direction and control of the business of the corporation 26 as distinguished from one who has the management only of a particular branch of the business; he may do everything which the 27 corporation could do in transaction of its business. 1 199 Cal. App. 2d 798, 803–04 (Ct. App. 1962) (internal citations omitted). In sum, Ms. Early 2 was not the proper party for service with respect to the limited liability corporation Central 3 Valley Hospitality. 4 Finally, to the extent Plaintiff suggests service on Ms. Early was proper via substituted 5 service, such argument also fails. As potentially relevant here, California law permits substitute 6 service at the defendant’s “usual place of business,” after personal service has been attempted 7 with reasonable diligence, and provided that service is effected on a “person apparently in 8 charge,” who is “at least 18 years of age, [and] who shall be informed of the contents” of the 9 summons, and copies must thereafter be mailed to the defendant at the same address where the 10 documents were left. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.20(b). “[T]he burden is upon the plaintiff to 11 show reasonable diligence to effect personal service and each case must be judged upon its own 12 facts.” Evartt v. Super. Ct., 89 Cal. App. 3d 795, 801 (Cal. Ct. App. 1979). “Although there is 13 no established formula for reasonable diligence, two or three attempts to personally serve 14 defendant at a ‘proper place’ ordinarily qualifies as ‘reasonable diligence.’ ” Johnson v. 15 Bozorghadad, No. 17-cv-06536-SVK, 2020 WL 963377, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 28, 2020) 16 (citation, internal quotation marks, and alteration omitted), report and recommendation 17 adopted, No. 17-cv-06536-HSG, 2020 WL 1245122 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2020). 18 Here, neither the executed summons nor service affidavit includes facts demonstrating 19 compliance with any of the requirements of substitute service. Importantly, neither the executed 20 summons nor service affidavit indicate the process server made any prior attempts to serve Mr. 21 Verma before serving Ms. Early at the Hotel. Thus, reasonable diligence is not established. Cal. 22 Civ. Proc. Code § 415.20(b); Bakersfield Hacienda, Inc., 199 Cal. App. 2d at 803–05 (finding 23 “utter failure to show any diligence whatsoever in attempting to serve a corporate defendant by 24 personal service on one of [its] officers” where service was only attempted on the general 25 manager of the motel and not the general manager of the corporation).9 26 9 The Court additionally notes that, at the time of service on Ms. Early, the California Secretary of State website indicated that the correct address for the agent of service of process was 8300 Granite Falls Drive, Bakersfield, 27 California 93312, and not 8312 Espresso Drive, Bakersfield, California 93312. (See ECF No. 21 at 3.) While Plaintiff’s second supplemental briefing reflects the new address for the agent of service of process to be 8312 1 Nor do the executed summons or service affidavit aver facts demonstrating Ms. Early 2 was “a person apparently in charge” or of “suitable age and discretion.” (See generally ECF 3 Nos. 10, 12); see also Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 415.20(b). The “apparently in charge” requirement 4 is vital because, “[f]or substituted service to be reasonably calculated to give an interested party 5 notice of the pendency of the action and an opportunity to be heard, service must be made upon a 6 person whose relationship to the person to be served makes it more likely than not that they will 7 deliver process to the named party.” Produce v. Cal. Harvest Healthy Foods Ranch Mkt., No. C- 8 11-04814 DMR, 2012 WL 259575, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 27, 2012) (internal quotation marks, 9 alteration, and citations omitted). “[I]f service [is] improper, that may well explain the failure of 10 a defendant to appear in a lawsuit.” Folkmanis, Inc. v. Uptown Toys LLC, No. 18-cv-00955- 11 EMC, 2018 WL 4361140, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Sep. 13, 2018) (internal quotation marks and citation 12 omitted). The mere statement that Ms. Early is a “general manager” is conclusory. 13 Similarly, the service affidavit states in conclusory fashion that Ms. Early was “informed 14 . . . of the contents [of the documents being served],” but no facts are proffered to demonstrate 15 Ms. Early actually understood the significance of the documents being handed her, or that she 16 was required to forward the documents to Central Valley Hospitality, LLC. “This requirement is 17 critical because if [the person who is “apparently in charge”] did not know or understand the 18 significance of the documents that [the process server] handed him, the documents may have 19 ended up in a junk pile or recycling bin, rather than in [the defendant’s] hands.” Bouyer v. 603 20 San Fernando Rd., LLC, No. CV-20-3853-MWF (PVCx), 2020 WL 7711840, at *2 (C.D. Cal. 21 Nov. 2, 2020). The Court also notes the service affidavit includes boilerplate language 22 indicating service was effected “in compliance with state statutes,” but it does not actually 23 identify which rule or statute was followed in order to establish that substitute service was, in 24 fact, in compliance with any of the aforementioned legal authorities, or otherwise aver any facts 25 to describe how the substitute service was completed. 26 effective until June 16, 2022, well after the date of service on Ms. Early. See Statement of Information “View 27 History” page, https://bizfileonline.sos.ca.gov/search/business (last visited Aug. 8, 2022). Accordingly, service on Ms. Early on October 18, 2021, was effected at the wrong address in addition to being effected on the wrong person. 1 Finally, neither the executed summons nor service affidavit indicate that, after effecting 2 service, copies of the summons and complaint were mailed to Central Valley Hospitality, LLC at 3 the same address, as required by Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 415.20(b). 4 Based on this record, the Court finds Plaintiff has not met his burden to establish 5 adequate service was made on Defendant Central Valley Hospitality, LLC through Angie Early 6 on October 18, 2021. Direct Mail, 840 F.2d at 688; Brockmeyer, 383 F.3d at 801. 7 2. Daniel Klingenberger 8 Nor can the Court conclude that adequate service of process was effected on Defendant 9 through Mr. Klingenberger. Plaintiff attaches a series of email communications between himself 10 and Mr. Klingenberger, presumably in support of the contention that he served Defendant in 11 substantial compliance with Rule 4. (See ECF No. 22 at 5–14.) Plaintiff proffers that after Ms. 12 Early was served on October 18, 2021, he received an email from Mr. Klingenberger on 13 November 30, 2021. (Id. at 1.) In the November 30, 2021 email, Mr. Klingenberger informs 14 Plaintiff that he represents Defendant Central Valley Hospitality, LLC, and that he has authority 15 to accept service of process on behalf of Defendant “for this matter only.” (Id. at 1, 5.) 16 However, there is no indication that Plaintiff ever subsequently served process on Mr. 17 Klingenberger, or that Mr. Klingenberger accepted such service on behalf of Defendant. Instead, 18 the only document Mr. Klingenberger acknowledges receiving from Plaintiff is a letter dated 19 November 10, 2021, which contained Plaintiff’s draft application to enter default.10 (See id. at 20 5.) 21 Indeed, conspicuously absent from the record — including all of Plaintiff’s attached 22 email communications and averments, as well as his second supplemental filing — is any 23 acceptance of service, any acknowledgment of receipt of a copy of the summons and complaint, 24 25 10 Subsequent communications in the attached emails include several attachments (though the attachments themselves are not provided and therefore cannot be verified) that Plaintiff sent to Mr. Klingenberger, titled “Photos” (ECF No. 22 at 7), “2022-01-13 RENEWED APP FOR DEFAULT” (id. at 8), “Doc 18 – Entry of 26 Default” and “Doc 17 – Order Directing Clerk to Enter Default” (id. at 9), “2022-02-21 email to Daniel Klingerberger” (id. at 12), “2022-03-17 M4Default Judgment” (id. at 13), “2022-04-15 Response to Default Order 27 ECF 21,” “2022-04-15 Exhibits 1 – Email String,” “Doc 21 – Order Setting Hearing on Motion for Default Judgment,” and “2022-04-15 Acceptance of Service” (id. at 14), and various “image.png” attachments (see id. at 9, 1 or any waiver of service by Mr. Klingenberger. For example, Plaintiff avers that he emailed a 2 copy of his renewed request for entry of default to Mr. Klingenberger (ECF No. 16 at 1–2); he 3 mailed a copy of his motion for default judgment to Mr. Klingenberger (ECF No. 20 at 4; ECF 4 No. 22 at 2); he emailed a copy of his supplemental briefing in support of the motion for default 5 judgment to Mr. Klingenberger (ECF No. 22 at 3); and he emailed a copy of his second 6 supplemental filing to Mr. Klingenberger on June 22, 2022 (ECF No. 26 at 2). And, as already 7 noted, the executed summons and service affidavit indicate only Ms. Early was served a copy of 8 the summons and complaint by the process server (and nothing in the record reflects that she 9 forwarded those documents to Mr. Klingenberger). (ECF Nos. 10, 12.) In sum, nothing in the 10 record indicates that Plaintiff provided Mr. Klingenberger a copy of the summons and 11 complaint.11 Based on this record, the Court finds adequate service was not made on Defendant 12 Central Valley Hospitality, LLC through Daniel Klingenberger. 13 3. Plaintiff’s Supplemental Filings re: Service on June 20, 2022 14 Plaintiff’s two supplemental filings do not cure the original service deficiency. Indeed, 15 Plaintiff appears to concede that the service on Ms. Early on October 18, 2021, was deficient, as 16 he states in his June 27, 2022 supplemental filing that, “[i]nstead of challenging the Court’s 17 findings and recommendations, Plaintiff engaged a new process server who personally served 18 Defendant’s statutory agent on June 20, 2022” (ECF No. 26 at 1), and provides a corrected 19 amended proof of service relating to this June 20, 2022 service of process in his second 20 supplemental filing (ECF No. 28 at 1). 21 The Court acknowledges Plaintiff’s supplemental filings demonstrate service of the 22 summons and complaint was properly effected on Defendant as of June 20, 2022. (See ECF No. 23 28 at 4.) However, even though it appears Plaintiff effected service on Defendant on June 20, 24 2022, this does not cure the defective service that occurred on October 18, 2021, upon which the 25 January 24, 2022 entry of default and Plaintiff’s March 21, 2022 motion for default judgment are 26 11 The Court also notes that, in an email dated April 14, 2022, Plaintiff requested Mr. Klingenberger sign an 27 Acceptance of Service of Process document, though Mr. Klingenberger’s response to the email, if any, is not provided in Plaintiff’s exhibits. This very recent email exchange lends further support to the conclusion that service 1 based. For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds Plaintiff’s attempted service on October 18, 2 2021, did not substantially comply with Rule 4. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion for default 3 judgment must be denied. Direct Mail, 840 F.2d at 688; Benny, 799 F.2d at 492. 4 C. January 24, 2022 Entry of Default (ECF No. 18) 5 Because the Court has concluded Plaintiff’s attempt to effect service of process on 6 Defendant on October 18, 2021, did not substantially comply with Rule 4 and was therefore 7 inadequate, the Court finds the January 24, 2022 entry of default is also invalid and must be set 8 aside. 9 As discussed, Plaintiff’s attempt to serve Defendant through Ms. Early on October 18, 10 2021, did not substantially comply with Rule 4 because Ms. Early was neither the record agent 11 for service of process for Defendant nor a managing or general agent of Valley Hospitality, LLC. 12 Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 416.10(a)–(b); Bakersfield Hacienda, Inc., 199 Cal. App. 2d at 803–04. 13 Nor did Plaintiff demonstrate service on Ms. Early on October 18, 2021, substantially complied 14 with the statutory requirements for effecting substitute service. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 15 415.20(b); Produce, 2012 WL 259575, at *3; Evartt, 89 Cal. App. 3d at 801. Nor has Plaintiff 16 met his burden to establish he subsequently served Defendant through its attorney, Mr. 17 Klingenberger. As the Court has noted, without substantial compliance under Rule 4, service is 18 inadequate. Direct Mail, 840 F.2d at 688; Benny, 799 F.2d at 492. If Defendant was not 19 adequately served, it cannot have defaulted in the action. See, e.g., Yue v. Storage Technology 20 Corp., No. 3:07-cv-05850, 2008 WL 361142 (N.D. Cal. Fed. 11, 2008). Consequently, the 21 default entered by the Clerk of the Court on January 24, 2022, which is based on the inadequate 22 personal service effected on Ms. Early on October 18, 2021 (see ECF No. 17), is equally invalid. 23 Furthermore, as previously discussed, Plaintiff’s supplemental filings (ECF Nos. 26, 28) 24 do not proffer any argument or evidence to establish the October 18, 2021 service of process 25 substantially complied with Rule 4. Instead, Plaintiff proffers evidence of a new service attempt, 26 on June 20, 2022. (See id.) And, even though this new service of process appears to comply 27 with Rule 4, it cannot retroactively cure the defects of the inadequate October 18, 2021 service 1 establishing that Plaintiff effected service of process on Defendant on June 20, 2022, and require 2 Defendant to respond to the complaint from that date forward. 3 In sum, because the Court has determined that Plaintiff’s attempt to effect service of 4 process on Defendant on October 18, 2021, was inadequate, the entry of default based upon the 5 inadequate service is also invalid. In light of these findings, the Court shall also recommend the 6 January 24, 2022 entry of default (ECF No. 18) be set aside, and that Defendant be granted an 7 opportunity to respond to the complaint. 8 IV. 9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10 Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 11 1. Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment (ECF No. 23) be DENIED for inadequate 12 service of the summons and complaint; 13 2. the January 24, 2022 entry of default (ECF No. 18) be SET ASIDE; and 14 3. Defendant be ordered to file a response to the complaint (ECF No. 1) within thirty 15 days of any order adopting these findings and recommendations. 16 Further, Plaintiff is HEREBY ORDERED to mail a copy of these amended findings and 17 recommendations to Defendant at the principal/mailing address designated with the California 18 Secretary of State and via its attorney, Daniel Klingenberger, and file a notice of compliance 19 with the Court within five days of issuance of these amended findings and recommendations. 20 These amended findings and recommendations are submitted to the district judge 21 assigned to this action, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and this Court’s Local Rule 304. 22 Within fourteen (14) days of service of this recommendation, any party may file written 23 objections to these findings and recommendations with the Court and serve a copy on all parties. 24 Such a document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and 25 Recommendations.” The district judge will review the magistrate judge’s findings and 26 recommendations pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). 27 /// 1 The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may result 2 | in the waiver of the “right to challenge the magistrate’s factual findings” on appeal. Wilkerson 3 | v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 4 | (9th Cir. 1991)). 5 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. DAM Le 7 | Dated: _August 8, 2022 _ ef UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28