(PC) Porter v. Amezcua ( 2024 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 KEVIN LAMAR PORTER, Case No. 1:23-cv-01491-JLT-BAM (PC) 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING DISMISSAL OF CERTAIN 13 v. CLAIMS 14 AMEZCUA, et al., (ECF No. 28) 15 Defendants. FOURTEEN (14) DAY DEADLINE 16 17 I. Procedural Background 18 Plaintiff Kevin Lamar Porter (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in 19 forma pauperis in this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. On May 8, 2024, the 20 Court screened the first amended complaint and issued findings and recommendations that this 21 action proceed on cognizable claims against: (1) Defendant Amezcua for retaliation in violation 22 of the First Amendment and a related state law claim for violation of the Bane Act; (2) Defendant 23 Amezcua for excessive force in violation of the Eighth Amendment and related state law claims 24 for battery and violation of the Bane Act for slamming Plaintiff on the ground; and (3) 25 Defendants Amezcua, Chao, and John Does 1–5 for excessive force in violation of the Eighth 26 Amendment and related state law claims for battery and violation of the Bane Act for forcefully 27 moving Plaintiff despite his complaints of severe pain. (ECF No. 18.) The Court further 28 recommended that all other claims and defendants be dismissed based on Plaintiff’s failure to 1 state claims upon which relief may be granted. (Id.) 2 Following an extension of time, Plaintiff timely filed objections to the findings and 3 recommendations on June 3, 2024. (ECF No. 22.) In light of Plaintiff’s objections, the Court 4 found it appropriate to vacate the May 8, 2024 findings and recommendations and grant Plaintiff 5 leave to file a second amended complaint. (ECF No. 23.) 6 Plaintiff’s second amended complaint, filed July 25, 2024, is currently before the Court 7 for screening. (ECF No. 28.) 8 II. Screening Requirement and Standard 9 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 10 governmental entity and/or against an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. 11 § 1915A(a). Plaintiff’s complaint, or any portion thereof, is subject to dismissal if it is frivolous 12 or malicious, if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or if it seeks monetary 13 relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). 14 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 15 pleader is entitled to relief. . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not 16 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 17 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell 18 Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as 19 true, courts “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 20 572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 21 To survive screening, Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible, which requires 22 sufficient factual detail to allow the Court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is liable 23 for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss v. U.S. Secret 24 Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully 25 is not sufficient, and mere consistency with liability falls short of satisfying the plausibility 26 standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss, 572 F.3d at 969. 27 /// 28 /// 1 A. Allegations in Second Amended Complaint1 2 Plaintiff is currently housed at California Medical Facility in Vacaville, California. The 3 events in the complaint are alleged to have occurred while Plaintiff was housed at California State 4 Prison – Corcoran (“CSP – Corcoran”). Plaintiff names the following defendants: 5 (1) Correctional Officer C. Amezcua; (2) Correctional Officer T. Chao; (3) John Doe 1–5; and 6 (4) Jane Doe 1–2. All defendants are employees of CSP – Corcoran and are sued in their 7 individual capacities. 8 Plaintiff was an inmate at CSP – Corcoran on April 28, 2023. On April 28, 2023, at 9 approximately 1636 hours, Defendant Amezcua slammed Plaintiff on the ground unnecessarily, 10 for no legitimate reason. Plaintiff attempted to ask Defendant Amezcua to slow down his pace, 11 because Plaintiff was having chest pains due to an injury he sustained earlier that day. After 12 Amezcua slammed Plaintiff on the ground, Plaintiff requested to be examined by medical staff for 13 a medical emergency. Amezcua’s Body Worn Camera (“BWC”) for April 28, 2023, at the time 14 between 1630 hours to 1650 hours, shows Plaintiff asking for adequate and reasonable medical 15 care, and being denied it. 16 After Amezcua slammed Plaintiff on the ground unnecessarily, Defendant Chao was in a 17 position to prevent further unnecessary use of force, as were Defendants John Doe 1–5. 18 Defendants Chao and John Doe 1–5 assisted Amezcua by helping Amezcua forcefully move 19 Plaintiff, in total disregard to Plaintiff’s complaints of severe back pain. 20 Plaintiff has a medical history of moderate facet spondylosis at L5-S1 with suggestion of 21 neural foraminal narrowing at this level, and associated discogenic endplate changes at L5-S1. 22 The slam on the ground by Amezcua aggravated Plaintiff’s chronic back condition and 23 caused a lot of pain that was even more painful when Chao and John Doe 1–5 forcefully moved 24 Plaintiff without his consent. Amezcua also forcefully moved Plaintiff without his consent after 25 he slammed Plaintiff on the ground unnecessarily. 26 /// 27 1 The Court notes that the second amended complaint is identical to the first amended complaint, 28 except for the addition of the allegations in paragraphs 20–25. (ECF No. 28, p. 5.) 1 Defendants Jane Doe 1–2 denied Plaintiff adequate medical care for his aggravated back 2 injury he sustained after being slammed on the ground by Amezcua. 3 Amezcua made a false report against Plaintiff, in retaliation for Plaintiff making an 4 unnecessary/excessive use of force allegation against Amezcua and filing a grievance against 5 Amezcua regarding that allegation. Plaintiff was found Not Guilty of Amezcua’s false report by 6 Lieutenant D. Hernandez on June 12, 2023, after reviewing Defendants Amezcua and Chao’s 7 BWCs and discovering that Plaintiff did nothing wrong or illegal, and nothing that would justify 8 any use of force. Defendants Amezcua, Chao, and John Doe 1–5 were wearing BWCs during the 9 incident in question on April 28, 2023. 10 Amezcua was aware that Plaintiff had made an allegation of unnecessary and excessive 11 use of force against him, and that Plaintiff filed a grievance against him for another incident prior 12 to April 28, 2023. 13 Plaintiff told Amezcua, Chao, and John Doe 1–5 that he was having severe pain in his 14 lower back, and moving him resulted in an increase of that pain, making it unbearable. Plaintiff 15 requested medical care for a medical emergency, because when he was slammed his lower back 16 condition became painful to allow even the slightest movement from Plaintiff without literally 17 crying out. Although Amezcua, Chao, and John Doe 1–5 knew that Plaintiff was having severe 18 pain in his lower back because of the slam by Amezcua, and even the slightest kind of movement 19 resulted in an increase of that pain, Amezcua, Chao, and John Doe 1–5 failed and refused to 20 provide Plaintiff medical care and treatment for what they knew to be a serious medical 21 condition, and Plaintiff was further harmed. 22 Jane Doe 1–2 are nursing staff, who heard Plaintiff screaming in pain, but never did 23 anything to help or see what was wrong. Jane Doe 1–2 were told by Plaintiff when he saw them, 24 that his lower back chronic condition was aggravated and any movement caused too much pain, 25 paralyzing pain, but Jane Doe 1–2 ignored Plaintiff’s complaints and request for medical care. 26 Prior to the incident on April 28, 2023, Amezcua was involved in a cell extraction that 27 resulted in him using unnecessary and excessive force against Plaintiff, who told Amezcua during 28 and after the incident that he would be filing a grievance because what Amezcua did was 1 unnecessary. Amezcua was wearing a BWC during the incident that occurred prior to April 28, 2 2023. 3 Plaintiff exhausted his requirements under the Prison Litigation Reform Act. Plaintiff 4 filed Government Claims on these issues within six months of accrual of the causes of actions, 5 and a rejection letter was sent for Claim #190000213. 6 First Cause of Action (Excessive Force under 42 U.S.C. § 1983) 7 Defendant Amezcua committed excessive and unnecessary use of force against Plaintiff 8 when he slammed Plaintiff on the ground for no legitimate reason. Defendants Chao and John 9 Doe 1–5 committed excessive and unnecessary use of force against Plaintiff when they grabbed 10 Plaintiff without his consent after the slam and forcefully moved Plaintiff while disregarding the 11 complaints of pain coming from Plaintiff due to his lower back chronic condition being 12 aggravated or worse. As a direct and proximate result of Defendants Amezcua, Chao, and John 13 Doe 1–5’s excessive and unnecessary use of force, Plaintiff’s lower back was injured from the 14 slam, and it caused severe pain and made it hard for Plaintiff to move around at first, which 15 increased the pain when Defendants Chao and John Doe 1–5 forcefully moved Plaintiff. 16 Second Cause of Action (Battery/Wrongful Act and Omission under Cal. Govt. 17 § 844.6(d)) 18 Defendant Amezcua committed battery against Plaintiff when he slammed Plaintiff on the 19 ground unnecessarily for no legitimate reason. Defendants Chao and John Doe 1–5 committed 20 battery against Plaintiff when they forcefully moved him while disregarding his complaints of 21 lower back pain. As a direct and proximate result of Defendants Amezcua, Chao, and John Doe 22 1–5’s battery, Plaintiff’s lower back was injured from the slam, and Plaintiff was subjected to a 23 lot of pain from being moved forcefully. 24 Third Cause of Action (Retaliation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983) 25 Defendant Amezcua retaliated against Plaintiff for filing a grievance against him and 26 making an unnecessary and excessive use of force allegation against him when Amezcua made a 27 false report against Plaintiff, charging Plaintiff for a rule violation after finding out that Plaintiff 28 filed a grievance and made an allegation against Amezcua for unnecessary and excessive use of 1 force. Charging Plaintiff for a Rule Violation Report that was intentionally false and only filed 2 because Plaintiff filed a grievance and made an unnecessary and excessive use of force allegation 3 against Amezcua advances no correctional goal. Being charged a false report for exercising your 4 First Amendment rights would chill or silence a person of ordinary firmness from future First 5 Amendment activities, as would being slammed on the ground for no legitimate reason. As a 6 direct and proximate result of Amezcua’s retaliation, Plaintiff was charged a false RVR, and 7 slammed on the ground, injuring his lower back, which subjected Plaintiff to a lot of pain and 8 made it hard for Plaintiff to move around for some time afterwards. 9 Fourth Cause of Action (Violation of Civil Rights: Interference by threat, intimidation, or 10 coercion – Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1(c) and Cal. Govt. Code § 844.6(d)) 11 Plaintiff filing a grievance against Amezcua, and making an unnecessary and excessive 12 use of force allegation against Amezcua, Chao, and John Doe 1–5 is an exercise of Plaintiff’s 13 freedom of speech and petition under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. 14 Plaintiff requesting adequate medical care from Amezcua, Chao, John Doe 1–5, and Jane Doe 1– 15 2 for a serious medical condition is an exercise of Plaintiff’s right to be free from the unnecessary 16 and wanton infliction of pain under the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution. 17 Amezcua attempted to interfere with Plaintiff’s rights when he slammed Plaintiff to the 18 ground and charged him for a RVR that was false. Chao and John Doe 1–5 interfered with 19 Plaintiff’s rights when they forcefully moved him and ignored his complaints of severe lower 20 back pain that was aggravated by Amezcua’s slam. Jane Doe 1–2 interfered with Plaintiff’s 21 rights when they were aware of his serious medical condition, and failed to treat him for it. 22 As a direct and proximate result of Amezcua, Chao, John Doe 1–5, and Jane Doe 1–2’s 23 interference and attempted interference, Plaintiff injured his back and was subjected to 24 unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain. 25 Relief 26 Plaintiff seeks compensatory and punitive damages against all defendants. 27 /// 28 /// 1 B. Discussion 2 1. First Amendment – Retaliation 3 Allegations of retaliation against a prisoner’s First Amendment rights to speech or to 4 petition the government may support a section 1983 claim. Rizzo v. Dawson, 778 F.2d 527, 532 5 (9th Cir. 1985); see also Valandingham v. Bojorquez, 866 F.2d 1135 (9th Cir. 1989); Pratt v. 6 Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 807 (9th Cir. 1995). “Within the prison context, a viable claim of First 7 Amendment retaliation entails five basic elements: (1) An assertion that a state actor took some 8 adverse action against an inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that 9 such action (4) chilled the inmate’s exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action did 10 not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567– 11 68 (9th Cir. 2005); accord Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1114-15 (9th Cir. 2012); Silva, 658 12 at 1104; Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1269 (9th Cir. 2009). 13 Adverse action taken against a prisoner “need not be an independent constitutional 14 violation. The mere threat of harm can be an adverse action.” Watison, 668 F.3d at 1114 15 (internal citations omitted). A causal connection between the adverse action and the protected 16 conduct can be alleged by an allegation of a chronology of events from which retaliation can be 17 inferred. Id. The filing of grievances and the pursuit of civil rights litigation against prison 18 officials are both protected activities. Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 567–68. The plaintiff must allege 19 either a chilling effect on future First Amendment activities, or that he suffered some other harm 20 that is “more than minimal.” Watison, 668 F.3d at 1114. A plaintiff successfully pleads that the 21 action did not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal by alleging, in addition to a 22 retaliatory motive, that the defendant’s actions were “arbitrary and capricious” or that they were 23 “unnecessary to the maintenance of order in the institution.” Id. 24 Plaintiff alleges that he previously filed a grievance and made an unnecessary use of force 25 allegation against Defendant Amezcua for an incident that occurred prior to April 28, 2023. After 26 finding out about Plaintiff’s grievance, Defendant Amezcua retaliated against Plaintiff by filing a 27 false RVR and slamming Plaintiff to the ground on April 28, 2023, causing Plaintiff to injure his 28 lower back and suffer a lot of pain. At the pleading stage, Plaintiff states a cognizable claim for 1 retaliation against Defendant Amezcua. 2 2. Eighth Amendment 3 The Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from inhumane methods of punishment and 4 from inhumane conditions of confinement. Morgan v. Morgensen, 465 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 5 2006). The unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain violates the Cruel and Unusual 6 Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment. Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 5 (1992) 7 (citations omitted). Although prison conditions may be restrictive and harsh, prison officials must 8 provide prisoners with food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety. 9 Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832–33 (1994) (quotations omitted). 10 a. Excessive Force 11 For claims of excessive physical force, the issue is “whether force was applied in a good- 12 faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.” 13 Hudson, 503 U.S. at 7. Relevant factors for this consideration include “the extent of injury . . . [,] 14 the need for application of force, the relationship between that need and the amount of force used, 15 the threat ‘reasonably perceived by the responsible officials,’ and ‘any efforts made to temper the 16 severity of a forceful response.’” Id. (quoting Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 1078, 1085 (1986)). 17 Although de minimis uses of force do not violate the Constitution, the malicious and sadistic use 18 of force to cause harm always violates the Eighth Amendment, regardless of whether or not 19 significant injury is evident. Hudson, 503 U.S. at 9–10; Oliver v. Keller, 289 F.3d 623, 628 (9th 20 Cir. 2002). 21 At the pleading stage, Plaintiff states a cognizable claim for excessive force against 22 Defendant Amezcua for slamming Plaintiff on the ground for no legitimate reason, and against 23 Defendants Amezcua, Chao, and John Does 1–5 for then forcefully moving Plaintiff in disregard 24 to Plaintiff’s complaints of severe back pain. 25 b. Deliberate Indifference to Medical Care 26 A prisoner’s claim of inadequate medical care constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in 27 violation of the Eighth Amendment where the mistreatment rises to the level of “deliberate 28 indifference to serious medical needs.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) 1 (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976)). The two-part test for deliberate 2 indifference requires Plaintiff to show (1) “a ‘serious medical need’ by demonstrating that failure 3 to treat a prisoner’s condition could result in further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and 4 wanton infliction of pain,’” and (2) “the defendant’s response to the need was deliberately 5 indifferent.” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. 6 A defendant does not act in a deliberately indifferent manner unless the defendant “knows 7 of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 8 837 (1994). “Deliberate indifference is a high legal standard,” Simmons v. Navajo Cty. Ariz., 609 9 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 2010); Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004), and is 10 shown where there was “a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible 11 medical need” and the indifference caused harm. Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. In applying this 12 standard, the Ninth Circuit has held that before it can be said that a prisoner’s civil rights have 13 been abridged, “the indifference to his medical needs must be substantial. Mere ‘indifference,’ 14 ‘negligence,’ or ‘medical malpractice’ will not support this cause of action.” Broughton v. Cutter 15 Labs., 622 F.2d 458, 460 (9th Cir. 1980) (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105–06). Even gross 16 negligence is insufficient to establish deliberate indifference to serious medical needs. See Wood 17 v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1334 (9th Cir. 1990). 18 At the pleading stage, Plaintiff states a cognizable claim for deliberate indifference to 19 medical care against Defendants Amezcua, Chao, John Doe 1–5, and Jane Doe 1–2. 20 3. False Report 21 The creation of false evidence, standing alone, is not actionable under § 1983. See 22 Hernandez v. Johnston, 833 F.2d 1316, 1319 (9th Cir. 1987) (independent right to accurate prison 23 record has not been recognized); Johnson v. Felker, No. 1:12–cv–02719 GEB KJN (PC), 2013 24 WL 6243280, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 3, 2013) (“Prisoners have no constitutionally guaranteed right 25 to be free from false accusations of misconduct, so the mere falsification of a report does not give 26 rise to a claim under section 1983.”) (citations omitted). Moreover, “plaintiff cannot state a 27 cognizable Eighth Amendment violation based on an allegation that defendant[ ] issued a false 28 rule violation against plaintiff.” Jones v. Prater, No. 2:10-cv-01381 JAM KJN P, 2012 WL 1 1979225, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Jun. 1, 2012); see also Youngs v. Barretto, No. 2:16-cv-0276 JAM AC 2 P, 2018 WL 2198707, at *3 (E.D. Cal. May 14, 2019) (noting that issuance of false rules violation 3 report does not rise to the level of cruel and unusual punishment) (citations omitted). 4 To the extent Plaintiff is attempting to bring a claim based on Defendant Amezcua filing 5 false charges against him, Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim. 6 4. State Law Claims 7 California’s Government Claims Act requires that a claim against the State or its 8 employees “relating to a cause of action for death or for injury to person” be presented to the 9 Department of General Services’ Government Claims Program no more than six months after the 10 cause of action accrues. Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 905.2, 910, 911.2, 945.4, 950–950.2. Presentation 11 of a written claim, and action on or rejection of the claim, are conditions precedent to suit. State 12 v. Super. Ct. of Kings Cty. (Bodde), 32 Cal. 4th 1234, 1245 (Cal. 2004); Mangold v. Cal. Pub. 13 Utils. Comm’n, 67 F.3d 1470, 1477 (9th Cir. 1995). To state a tort claim against a public entity 14 or employee, a plaintiff must allege compliance with the Government Claims Act. Bodde, 32 Cal. 15 4th at 1245; Mangold, 67 F.3d at 1477; Karim-Panahi v. Los Angeles Police Dep’t, 839 F.2d 621, 16 627 (9th Cir. 1988). 17 Plaintiff is required to comply with the claim presentation requirement for all state law 18 claims raised in the complaint.2 Plaintiff alleges that he filed Government Claims on the issues 19 presented in his complaint within six months of accrual of the causes of action, and a rejection 20 letter was sent for claim #190000213. At the pleading stage, Plaintiff has alleged compliance 21 with the claim presentation requirement for his state law claims. 22 a. Bane Act 23 California Civil Code section 52.1, known as the Bane Act, authorizes a claim for relief 24 “against anyone who interferes, or tries to do so, by threats, intimidation, or coercion, with an 25 individual’s exercise or enjoyment of rights secured by federal or state law.” Jones v. Kmart 26 27 2 The Court notes, however, that California Government Code § 844.6(d) does not provide for a private right of action, but creates a narrow exception to the immunity of public entities for 28 injuries to prisoners, for failure to summon medical care. 1 Corp., 949 P.2d 941, 942 (1998). A claim under section 52.1 requires “an attempted or 2 completed act of interference with a legal right, accompanied by a form of coercion.” Id. at 944. 3 The essence of a Bane Act claim is that a defendant, through threats, intimidation, or coercion, 4 tried to or did prevent the plaintiff from doing something that he had the right to do under the law 5 or to force the plaintiff to do something that he was not required to do under the law. Austin B. v. 6 Escondido Union Sch. Dist., 57 Cal. Rptr. 3d 454, 472 (Cal. Ct. App. 2007) (quotation marks 7 omitted). “[T]he Bane Act imposes an additional requirement beyond a finding of a 8 constitutional violation.” Reese v. Cnty. of Sacramento, 888 F.3d 1030, 1043 (citing Cornell v. 9 City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 17 Cal. App. 5th 766 (2017)). Specifically, the Bane Act’s 10 “threat, intimidation, and coercion” language requires “a specific intent to violate” the right at 11 issue, which may take the form of a “reckless disregard for a person’s constitutional rights[.]” Id. 12 at 1045. 13 Although Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference is not measured by reference to 14 “threats, intimidation or coercion,” and no specific threats or acts of intimidation with respect to 15 Plaintiff’s medical care requests are alleged against any defendant, several courts have found that 16 “a prison official’s deliberate indifference to serious medical needs is a coercive act” for purposes 17 of the Bane Act. Scalia v. County of Kern, 308 F. Supp. 3d 1064, 1084 (E.D. Cal. 2018) (so 18 holding, and discussing cases). 19 At the pleading stage, Plaintiff states a cognizable claim against Defendant Amezcua for 20 violation of the Bane Act when he slammed Plaintiff to the ground in retaliation for Plaintiff 21 previously filing a grievance against him, and against Defendants Amezcua, Chao, and John Doe 22 1–5 for forcefully moving Plaintiff despite his complaints of severe back pain. Plaintiff also 23 states a cognizable Bane Act claim against Defendants Amezcua, Chao, John Doe 1–5, and Jane 24 Doe 1–2 for denying his requests for medical care. 25 b. Battery 26 Under California law, “[a] battery is any willful and unlawful use of force or violence 27 upon the person of another.” Cal. Penal Code § 242. To allege a cognizable claim for battery, a 28 plaintiff must allege “that (1) the defendant intentionally did an act that resulted in harmful or 1 offensive contact with the plaintiff’s person, (2) the plaintiff did not consent to the contact, and 2 (3) the contact caused injury, damage, loss, or harm to the plaintiff.” Tekle v. United States, 511 3 F.3d 839, 855 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). 4 At the pleading stage, Plaintiff states a cognizable claim for battery against Defendants 5 Amezcua for slamming Plaintiff on the ground, and against Defendants Amezcua, Chao, and John 6 Doe 1–5 for forcefully moving Plaintiff despite his complaints of severe back pain. 7 5. Doe Defendants 8 Plaintiff names several doe defendants. “As a general rule, the use of ‘John Doe’ to 9 identify a defendant is not favored.” Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980). 10 Plaintiff is advised that John Doe or Jane Doe defendants (i.e., unknown defendants) cannot be 11 served by the United States Marshal until Plaintiff has identified them as actual individuals and 12 amended his complaint to substitute names for John Doe or Jane Doe. 13 III. Conclusion and Recommendation 14 Based on the above, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s second amended complaint states 15 cognizable claims against: (1) Defendant Amezcua for retaliation in violation of the First 16 Amendment and a related state law claim for violation of the Bane Act; (2) Defendant Amezcua 17 for excessive force in violation of the Eighth Amendment and related state law claims for battery 18 and violation of the Bane Act for slamming Plaintiff on the ground; (3) Defendants Amezcua, 19 Chao, and John Does 1–5 for excessive force in violation of the Eighth Amendment and related 20 state law claims for battery and violation of the Bane Act for forcefully moving Plaintiff despite 21 his complaints of severe pain; and (4) Defendants Amezcua, Chao, John Does 1–5, and Jane Does 22 1–2 for deliberate indifference to medical care in violation of the Eighth Amendment and a 23 related state law claim for violation of the Bane Act. However, Plaintiff’s second amended 24 complaint fails to state any other cognizable claims. 25 Accordingly, is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 26 1. This action proceed on Plaintiff’s second amended complaint, filed July 25, 2024, (ECF 27 No. 28), against: 28 /// 1 a. Defendant Amezcua for retaliation in violation of the First Amendment and a 2 related state law claim for violation of the Bane Act; 3 b. Defendant Amezcua for excessive force in violation of the Eighth Amendment and 4 related state law claims for battery and violation of the Bane Act for slamming 5 Plaintiff on the ground; 6 c. Defendants Amezcua, Chao, and John Does 1–5 for excessive force in violation of 7 the Eighth Amendment and related state law claims for battery and violation of the 8 Bane Act for forcefully moving Plaintiff despite his complaints of severe pain; 9 d. Defendants Amezcua, Chao, John Does 1–5, and Jane Does 1–2 for deliberate 10 indifference to medical care in violation of the Eighth Amendment and a related 11 state law claim for violation of the Bane Act; and 12 2. All other claims be dismissed based on Plaintiff’s failure to state claims upon which relief 13 may be granted. 14 * * * 15 These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the United States District 16 Judge assigned to the case, as required by 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen (14) days after 17 being served with these Findings and Recommendations, Plaintiff may file written objections 18 with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings 19 and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that the failure to file objections within the specified 20 time may result in the waiver of the “right to challenge the magistrate’s factual findings” on 21 appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 22 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24 25 Dated: September 18, 2024 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 26 27 28