Case: 21-1637 Document: 21 Page: 1 Filed: 01/26/2022
NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
IRIS RANSOM,
Claimant-Appellant
v.
DENIS MCDONOUGH, SECRETARY OF
VETERANS AFFAIRS,
Respondent-Appellee
______________________
2021-1637
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims in No. 19-9127, Judge Joseph L. Falvey
Jr.
______________________
Decided: January 26, 2022
______________________
IRIS RANSOM, Paducah, KY, pro se.
MATNEY E. ROLFE, Commercial Litigation Branch,
Civil Litigation, United States Department of Justice,
Washington DC, for respondent-appellee. Also represented
by BRIAN M. BOYNTON, MARTIN F. HOCKEY, JR., ELIZABETH
M. HOSFORD.
______________________
Case: 21-1637 Document: 21 Page: 2 Filed: 01/26/2022
2 RANSOM v. MCDONOUGH
Before LOURIE, O’MALLEY, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
In 1965, Iris Ransom married David Hightower. Mr.
Hightower went on to serve on active duty in the United
States Army from 1968 to 1970. The two remained married
for 35 years until Mr. Hightower’s death from a myocardial
infarction (or heart attack) in October 2000. In November
2002, Mrs. Ransom, then 57 years old, married Terry Ran-
som. In 2010, Mrs. Ransom applied for dependency and
indemnity compensation (“DIC”) as Mr. Hightower’s sur-
viving spouse. The Board of Veterans Appeals (“Board”)
denied her claim on grounds that she did not qualify as a
surviving spouse, and the United States Court of Appeals
for Veterans Claims (“Veterans Court”) affirmed. Ransom
v. Wilkie, No. 19-9127,
2020 WL 6478521, at *1, *4
(Vet. App. Nov. 4, 2020).
Mrs. Ransom now appeals the Veterans Court’s deci-
sion. We dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Legal Framework
The surviving spouse of a deceased veteran is generally
eligible for DIC benefits if the veteran died from a service-
connected or compensable disability.
38 U.S.C. § 1310. Ti-
tle 38 defines the term “surviving spouse” to mean the
spouse of a veteran at the time of the veteran’s death who,
inter alia, “has not remarried.”
38 U.S.C. § 101(3). Upon
remarriage, the spouse’s eligibility for benefits, like DIC
benefits, generally terminates because the spouse is no
longer a “surviving spouse,” as defined by statute. See id.;
Frederick v. Shinseki,
684 F.3d 1263, 1266 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
In 2002, Congress created an exception to the termina-
tion of such spouse’s eligibility for certain medical care ben-
efits upon remarriage. Veterans Benefits Act of 2002,
Pub. L. No. 107-330, § 101(a),
116 Stat. 2820, 2821
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RANSOM v. MCDONOUGH 3
(codified at
38 U.S.C. § 103); see Frederick, 684 F.3d at
1266. In 2003, Congress amended this exception to provide
eligibility for other benefits, including DIC benefits, to
spouses of deceased veterans who remarry after age 57:
The remarriage after age 57 of the surviving spouse
of a veteran shall not bar the furnishing of benefits
specified in [
38 U.S.C. § 103(d)(5)] to such person
as the surviving spouse of the veteran.
Veterans Benefits Act of 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-183,
§ 101(a),
117 Stat. 2651, 2652 (codified at
38 U.S.C. § 103);
see Frederick, 684 F.3d at 1265–66; see also
38 U.S.C.
§ 103(d)(5). Thus, after January 1, 2004, the effective date
of the amendment, the spouse of a deceased veteran who
remarries after the age of 57 remains eligible for DIC ben-
efits. Frederick, 684 F.3d at 1265–66.
Congress also extended limited eligibility to spouses of
deceased veterans who remarried after the age of 57 and
before the date of the enactment of the amendment, De-
cember 16, 2003. § 101(e), 117 Stat. at 2653; see Frederick,
684 F.3d at 1266. In the case of a spouse “who but for hav-
ing remarried would be eligible for benefits” under title 38
of the U.S. Code, the spouse is eligible for benefits only if
he or she submits “an application for such benefits to the
Secretary of Veterans Affairs not later than the end of the
one-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this
Act.” § 101(e), 117 Stat. at 2653. In other words, an indi-
vidual who remarried after the age of 57 and before Decem-
ber 16, 2003 remains eligible for DIC and other benefits
only if the individual filed a claim for those benefits be-
tween December 16, 2003 and December 16, 2004. Freder-
ick, 684 F.3d at 1273; see
38 C.F.R. § 3.55(a)(10)(ii).
B. Mrs. Ransom’s DIC Claim
In August 2010, the Department of Veterans Affairs
(“VA”) amended its regulations to establish presumptive
service connection for ischemic heart disease based on
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4 RANSOM v. MCDONOUGH
herbicide exposure. See Diseases Associated with Expo-
sure to Certain Herbicide Agents (Hairy Cell Leukemia
and Other Chronic B-Cell Leukemias, Parkinson’s Disease
and Ischemic Heart Disease),
75 Fed. Reg. 53,202 (Aug. 31,
2010). The VA’s definition of ischemic heart disease in-
cludes myocardial infarction—Mr. Hightower’s cause of
death. See 38 C.F.R. 3.309(e). The same month, Mrs. Ran-
som filed a claim for DIC benefits.
In December 2010, the VA sent Mrs. Ransom a letter
informing her, albeit incorrectly, that she remained eligible
for DIC benefits because she remarried after her 57th
birthday. In August 2015, the Board assumed that Mrs.
Ransom was Mr. Hightower’s surviving spouse but denied
her DIC claim due to a lack of a connection between the
veteran’s death and his military service.
In December 2016, Mrs. Ransom requested that the VA
reopen her DIC claim. The VA reopened the claim and
found that Mrs. Ransom did not qualify as a surviving
spouse because she remarried before December 16, 2003
and did not file a claim by December 16, 2004. It, thus,
denied her claim. Mrs. Ransom appealed to the Board.
In December 2018, the Board held that Mrs. Ransom
was not entitled to DIC benefits as a matter of law. The
Board acknowledged that Mrs. Ransom’s evidence of un-
considered toxic exposures and a medical opinion ordered
by the Board constituted new and material evidence war-
ranting the reopening her claim. But the Board explained
that her remarriage in November 2002 precluded her from
qualifying as a surviving spouse under
38 U.S.C. § 101(3).
The Board reasoned that the exception for a spouse of a
deceased veteran who remarries after the age of 57 and be-
fore December 16, 2003 did not apply to Mrs. Ransom be-
cause she did not file her first claim for benefits until
August 2010. Mrs. Ransom filed a motion for reconsidera-
tion, which the Board denied.
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RANSOM v. MCDONOUGH 5
Mrs. Ransom then appealed to the Veterans Court.
She argued that she was ineligible to file a DIC claim be-
fore December 16, 2004 because the VA had not yet estab-
lished a presumptive service connection for Mr.
Hightower’s ischemic heart disease. See Ransom,
2020 WL
6478521, at *3. She also asked the Veterans Court to ad-
dress the medical opinion she provided to the VA about Mr.
Hightower’s cause of death. Id. at *4.
On November 4, 2020, the Veterans Court affirmed the
Board’s decision. The court rejected Mrs. Ransom’s argu-
ment that she was ineligible to file a claim before December
16, 2004. See id. at *3. The court analogized her argument
to the nearly identical contentions we rejected in Carroll v.
McDonald,
767 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2014). The spouse of
the deceased veteran in Carroll had argued that “she was
ineligible to file a claim until VA added a presumptive ser-
vice connection for the cause of her husband’s death.” Ran-
som,
2020 WL 6478521, at *3 (citing Carroll, 767 F.3d at
1370). We distinguished between eligibility to file a claim
and entitlement to benefits: “although the presumption
made it easier to prove her claim, there was no reason that
[the spouse of the deceased veteran in Carroll] could not
have filed a DIC claim before the presumption was added.”
Id. (citing Carroll, 767 F.3d at 1371–72). Applying our
holding in Carroll, the Veterans Court explained that Mrs.
Ransom could have filed a claim for direct service connec-
tion for Mr. Hightower’s cause of death. Id. The court
therefore held that Mrs. Ransom was eligible to file a claim
during the December 16, 2003 to December 16, 2004
timeframe. Id.
The Veterans Court declined to address the merits of
Mrs. Ransom’s medical opinion. Id. at *4. It explained that
the VA did not need to adjudicate the DIC claim further,
including by addressing the issue of a nexus between Mr.
Hightower’s death and his service, because Mrs. Ransom
had not established her eligibility as a surviving spouse un-
der the law. Id.
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6 RANSOM v. MCDONOUGH
Mrs. Ransom timely appealed to this court.
II. DISCUSSION
We have limited jurisdiction to review decisions of the
Veterans Court. Wanless v. Shinseki,
618 F.3d 1333, 1336
(Fed. Cir. 2010). We have jurisdiction “to review and de-
cide any challenge to the validity of any statute or regula-
tion or any interpretation thereof” and “to interpret
constitutional and statutory provisions, to the extent pre-
sent and necessary to a decision.”
38 U.S.C. § 7292(c). But
we may not review a challenge to a factual determination
or a challenge to a law or regulation as applied to the facts
of a particular case, except to the extent that the appeal
presents a constitutional issue.
Id. § 7292(d)(2).
Construing Mrs. Ransom’s filing liberally, we discern
four arguments to this court. As explained below, however,
we lack jurisdiction to consider any of these arguments be-
cause they challenge either a factual determination or an
application of law to facts but do not present constitutional
issues. See
38 U.S.C. § 7292(d)(2).
First, Mrs. Ransom challenges the Veterans Court’s de-
termination that she is not Mr. Hightower’s surviving
spouse. Appellant’s Informal Br. 1, 4. She states that they
were married for over 35 years and never separated.
Id.
The finding that an individual is not a surviving spouse is
a factual determination that we lack jurisdiction to review.
See Logan v. McDonough, 856 F. App’x 294, 297 (Fed. Cir.
2021) (holding that we lack jurisdiction over a challenge to
the factual finding of an individual’s status as the surviv-
ing spouse of a veteran).
Second, Mrs. Ransom explains that she did not apply
for DIC benefits in 2004 because the VA had not yet estab-
lished a presumptive service connection for ischemic heart
disease based on herbicide exposure. Appellant’s Informal
Br. at 4. When the VA established the presumption in
2010, Mrs. Ransom states that she applied for benefits
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RANSOM v. MCDONOUGH 7
immediately.
Id. This argument amounts to a challenge
to the application of a law or regulation to the facts of a
particular case. Specifically, Mrs. Ransom challenges the
application of statutory and regulatory provisions, which
provide limited eligibility to a spouse of a deceased veteran
who remarried after age 57 and before December 16, 2003,
to her particular circumstances. See § 101(e), 117 Stat. at
2653;
38 C.F.R. § 3.55(a)(10)(ii). We therefore lack juris-
diction to consider her challenge.
Mrs. Ransom’s argument is different in kind from the
issue in Carroll, which we had jurisdiction to consider. As
noted, Mrs. Ransom challenges the application of § 101(e)
of the Veterans Benefits Act of 2003 and
38 C.F.R.
§ 3.55(a)(10)(ii) to her factual circumstances. By contrast,
in Carroll, the appellant challenged the Veterans Court’s
interpretation of the phrase “eligible for benefits” in
§ 101(e) of the Veterans Benefits Act of 2003. See Carroll,
767 F.3d 1370–72.
To the extent Mrs. Ransom also disputes the proper in-
terpretation of the statutory phrase “eligible for benefits,”
an issue over which we would have jurisdiction, we are
bound by Carroll. Deckers Corp. v. United States,
752 F.3d
949, 959 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (“In this Circuit, a later panel is
bound by the determinations of a prior panel, unless re-
lieved of that obligation by an en banc order of the court or
a decision of the Supreme Court.”). There, we held that the
phrase “eligible for benefits” refers to the possibility of re-
ceiving benefits and not entitlement to benefits. See id. at
1372. We rejected the argument that a deceased veteran’s
spouse is not “eligible for benefits” until the VA established
a presumption of service connection for the veteran’s cause
of death. See id. at 1371–72. Indeed, the veteran’s spouse
could still apply for benefits and prove the necessary ele-
ment of service connection on a direct basis, i.e., without a
presumption. See Mares v. McDonough, 855 F. App’x 744,
745 (Fed. Cir. 2021). Thus, even if we had jurisdiction, we
would reject Mrs. Ransom’s argument.
Case: 21-1637 Document: 21 Page: 8 Filed: 01/26/2022
8 RANSOM v. MCDONOUGH
Third, Mrs. Ransom asserts that the Veterans Court
decided a constitutional issue. Appellant’s Informal Br. at
2. She references the VA’s incorrect notification in Decem-
ber 2010 that she was eligible for DIC benefits because she
remarried after her 57th birthday, as well as the Board’s
2015 decision denying her DIC claim for a lack of evidence
of exposure to herbicides. Id. We are unpersuaded that
the Veterans Court decided a constitutional issue. Mrs.
Ransom has not identified an allegedly violated constitu-
tional provision, and we cannot discern any constitutional
issues in the circumstances she raises.
Finally, Mrs. Ransom objects to the Veterans Court’s
refusal to consider a medical opinion stating that Mr. High-
tower’s exposure to chemicals in service “more likely than
not” led to his death. Id. at 2, 4, 6–7. Because she does not
challenge a rule of law or the validity or interpretation of a
statute or regulation, we lack jurisdiction to review her ob-
jection. See
38 U.S.C. § 7292(a).
III. CONCLUSION
We understand that Mrs. Ransom likely would not
have gone through this extended application and appeal
process but for the VA’s own misunderstanding of her mar-
ital status in 2010. But that reality does not change the
fact that we must dismiss her appeal.
DISMISSED
COSTS
No costs.
