Bullock v. United States ( 2021 )

Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 1 Filed: 08/26/2021
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
ELLEN P. BULLOCK,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant-Appellee
______________________
2020-1248
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims
in No. 1:17-cv-00445-NBF, Senior Judge Nancy B. Fire-
stone.
______________________
Decided: August 26, 2021
______________________
MICHAEL M. MONSOUR, Kozloff Stoudt, Wyomissing,
PA, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by
JEFFREY R. ELLIOTT.
STEVEN C. HOUGH, Commercial Litigation Branch,
Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Wash-
ington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. Also repre-
sented by JEFFREY B. CLARK, STEVEN JOHN GILLINGHAM,
ROBERT EDWARD KIRSCHMAN, JR.
______________________
Before NEWMAN, SCHALL, and DYK, Circuit Judges.
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 2 Filed: 08/26/2021
2 BULLOCK v. US
DYK, Circuit Judge.
This case presents the question whether an Equal Em-
ployment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) regulation and
a United States Department of the Army regulation, both
which state that settlement agreements are required to be
in writing, preclude enforcement of oral settlement agree-
ments.
Plaintiff Ellen P. Bullock alleges that she entered into
an oral settlement agreement with the government to re-
solve an Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) claim that
she filed with the Army. The government argues that any
agreement between the parties, if it exists, is unenforcea-
ble due to the EEOC and Army regulations. Without de-
ciding whether the government representative had
settlement authority or an agreement existed between the
parties, the United States Court of Federal Claims
(“Claims Court”) held that the EEOC and Army regula-
tions made any agreement unenforceable. We disagree
with the Claims Court’s interpretation of the two regula-
tions and hold that oral agreements to settle EEOC claims
are enforceable. We reverse and remand for a determina-
tion of whether the representative of the Army had the nec-
essary authority to enter a settlement agreement and
whether the parties in fact reached an agreement.
BACKGROUND
Ms. Bullock is a civilian employed by the Army at Joint
Base Langley-Eustis in southern Virginia as part of the
U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command, Aviation Inte-
gration Directorate. In August 2013, following her receipt
of a formal letter of reprimand from her supervisor, Ms.
Bullock filed an EEO claim with the Army alleging sex dis-
crimination and retaliation. The government investigated
Ms. Bullock’s complaint and, in July 2014, issued an inves-
tigation report, creating a factual record of the events sur-
rounding her claim. At the close of the investigation, Ms.
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 3 Filed: 08/26/2021
BULLOCK v. US 3
Bullock requested a hearing before the EEOC. The case
was assigned to an EEOC administrative judge.
In June 2015, Ms. Bullock’s counsel notified the EEOC
administrative judge that the parties jointly requested
leave to attempt to reach settlement through the EEOC’s
mediation program. The EEOC granted the request and
assigned another EEOC administrative judge to serve as a
mediation judge. During the mediation, Ms. Bullock was
represented by her attorney, Jeffrey R. Elliott, and the
Army was represented by its management official John L.
Shipley, Director of the Aviation Integration Directorate,
and attorney Claudia Lynch, a member of the Army’s
Judge Advocate General’s Corps.
On July 23, 2015, Ms. Bullock made a settlement de-
mand, which outlined ten separate conditions for settle-
ment. Seven of these conditions related to nonmonetary
demands (i.e., remedies related to the conditions of Ms.
Bullock’s employment) and three related to monetary de-
mands, including back pay, compensatory damages, and
attorneys’ fees.
According to Ms. Bullock, the parties reached an agree-
ment as to the seven nonmonetary demands on July 29,
2015. Ms. Bullock also alleges that the parties reached an
oral agreement regarding her monetary demands on Au-
gust 27, 2015. In support, Ms. Bullock points to the fact
that, following negotiations, the mediating administrative
judge sent an email to Ms. Bullock’s counsel on August 27,
2015, stating that “[t]he agency will agree to pay $70,000.”
J.A. 60. Ms. Bullock’s counsel responded to the email, ask-
ing “This is settlemt [sic]?” Id. at 59. The mediating ad-
ministrative judge responded, “yes for the parts that were
still in dispute,” and explained that “[she] could not remem-
ber the specific numbers that the agency agreed [on].” Id.
The next day, the mediating administrative judge sent
an email to the parties asking for the “agency’s
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 4 Filed: 08/26/2021
4 BULLOCK v. US
understanding of the provisions of the settlement agree-
ment” and then noting that, “[o]nce we confirm that the
parties are in complete agreement, the agency can begin
work on the written settlement agreement.” Id. at 63. No
written settlement agreement was ever executed, and in
late September, the mediating administrative judge stated
she learned from Ms. Lynch that the Army “rescinded its
settlement offer from August 27th.” Id. at 65. The medi-
ating administrative judge then notified the EEOC that the
parties had reached an impasse.
Ms. Bullock continued to press her claims before the
EEOC for over a year. Ultimately, she requested a stay of
the EEOC proceeding and filed a breach of contract claim
in the Claims Court on March 28, 2017.
In her complaint, Ms. Bullock alleged that the parties
reached an oral settlement agreement. The government
moved to dismiss Ms. Bullock’s complaint for lack of sub-
ject-matter jurisdiction, arguing, inter alia, that the gov-
ernment representatives participating in the negotiations
lacked settlement authority and that oral agreements are
not enforceable. Ms. Bullock argued contrary positions.
The Claims Court granted the government’s motion
and dismissed the complaint because Ms. Lynch, the attor-
ney representing the Army, “lacked the express or implied
actual authority to bind the Army . . . and thus there is no
settlement agreement to enforce.” Bullock v. United States,
136 Fed. Cl. 29, 33 (2018). Thereafter, the Claims Court
reconsidered its dismissal. See generally Order Granting
Recons., Bullock v. United States, No. 17-cv-445 (Fed. Cl.
May 7, 2018), ECF No. 35. In granting reconsideration,
“the court f[ound] that Ms. Lynch [government counsel]
may have had actual settlement authority when she repre-
sented before the tribunal that the government would pay
the plaintiff $70,000.00” and concluded that it “ha[d] juris-
diction to hear the case.” Id. at 3. The court then converted
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 5 Filed: 08/26/2021
BULLOCK v. US 5
the motion to dismiss to a motion for summary judgment
and ordered further briefing. The court also granted Ms.
Bullock limited discovery into whether Ms. Lynch had set-
tlement authority to bind the Army. Bullock v. United
States, 145 Fed. Cl. 403, 405 (2019).
After consideration of the cross-motions, the Claims
Court concluded that “there [was] no genuine dispute of
material fact that the Army and Ms. Bullock did not enter
into a written agreement.” Id. at 408. It held that,
“[b]ecause a written agreement is required by EEOC and
Army regulations, no binding oral agreement existed be-
tween the parties.” Id. As a result, the Claims Court
granted summary judgment in the government’s favor.
The Claims Court did not decide two factual issues raised
by Ms. Bullock: whether Ms. Lynch had authority to enter
into the purported settlement agreement and whether a
settlement agreement was reached between the parties.
Ms. Bullock moved for reconsideration. The Claims
Court reaffirmed its earlier ruling and, for the first time,
also stated that Ms. Bullock “forfeited” her arguments con-
cerning the enforcement of oral EEO settlement agree-
ments because she “failed to address the applicable Army
and EEOC regulations establishing the requirements for a
valid EEOC settlement agreement” in her summary judg-
ment briefing. Order Den. Recons. at 4, No. 17-cv-445
(Fed. Cl. Nov. 8, 2019), ECF No. 84.
Ms. Bullock appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3).
DISCUSSION
We review the Claims Court’s grant of summary judg-
ment de novo. Kimble v. United States, 991 F.3d 1238,
1242 (Fed. Cir. 2021). The issue on appeal is whether the
EEOC regulations and the Army’s EEO regulations pre-
clude enforcement of a purported oral agreement. The
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 6 Filed: 08/26/2021
6 BULLOCK v. US
Claims Court’s interpretation of regulations, like all of its
legal determinations, is subject to de novo review. See Ad-
kins v. United States, 960 F.3d 1352, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2020).
We think that the Claims Court erred in finding that there
was a forfeiture because the issue had been briefed in con-
nection with the motion to dismiss and the Claims Court
converted the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary
judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). Under these circum-
stances, we see no forfeiture. We accordingly address the
merits.
I
At the outset, we note that the government does not
claim that any federal statute requires that the agreement
be in writing in this case. There is no generally applicable
federal statute of frauds, and the government concedes
that 31 U.S.C. § 1501 does not bar the claim. Section 1501,
as pertinent here, states:
An amount shall be recorded as an obligation of the
United States Government only when supported by
documentary evidence of . . . a binding agreement
between an agency and another person . . . that is
. . . in writing, in a way and form, and for a purpose
authorized by law . . . .
31 U.S.C. § 1501(a)(1)(A).
In United States v. American Renaissance Lines, Inc.,
494 F.2d 1059 (D.C. Cir. 1974), the District of Columbia
Circuit interpreted the statute’s predecessor, 31 U.S.C.
§ 200. That court held that the statute “establish[ed] a re-
quirement that government contracts . . . be in writing, and
that contracts which are merely oral are not enforceable.”
Id. at 1062. We have not adopted this view, and we have
never interpreted § 1501 to ban the enforcement of oral
agreements against the government. See Narva Harris
Constr. Corp. v. United States, 574 F.2d 508, 510 (Ct. Cl.
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 7 Filed: 08/26/2021
BULLOCK v. US 7
1978) (discussing the District of Columbia Circuit’s deci-
sion in American Renaissance). In prior cases enforcing
oral agreements, we have assumed that § 1501 does not bar
such a claim. See, e.g., Tiburzi v. Dep’t of Just., 269 F.3d
1346, 1351–55 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (analyzing the enforcement
of oral agreements with the government without discussing
§ 1501).
Section 1501 does not bar the enforcement of oral
agreements. Rather, the provision deals with budget ac-
counting, i.e., the circumstances in which obligations can
be recorded in an agency’s budget. Lublin Corp. v. United
States, 84 Fed. Cl. 678, 684–90 (2008) (rejecting the “re-
markable claim” that § 1501, “a statute designed to control
internal government budgeting, precludes the court from
enforcing oral contracts under the Tucker Act” (internal ci-
tation omitted)).
II
In Tiburzi, we explained that “our cases make clear
that where the parties intend to enter into an oral agree-
ment, it is binding on the parties even if its terms are not
embodied in a subsequent written instrument,” including
where one of the parties is the government, “in the absence
of a statute requiring it.” 269 F.3d at 1352–53 (quoting
1 Samuel Williston, Williston on Contracts § 4.8, at 300–02
(4th ed. 1990)); see also United States v. Purcell Envelope
Co., 249 U.S. 313, 319 (1919) (explaining that “formal exe-
cution” of a written agreement “[is] not essential to the con-
summation of [a] contract” with the government). The
government nonetheless argues that two regulations make
oral EEO settlement agreements unenforceable. We con-
clude that the two regulations cannot be interpreted as di-
rected to enforceability.
The first regulation relied on by the government is an
EEOC regulation directing agencies to put settlement
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 8 Filed: 08/26/2021
8 BULLOCK v. US
agreements in writing. The EEOC’s regulation is titled
“Voluntary settlement attempts” and states:
Each agency shall make reasonable efforts to vol-
untarily settle complaints of discrimination as
early as possible in, and throughout, the adminis-
trative processing of complaints, including the pre-
complaint counseling stage. Any settlement
reached shall be in writing and signed by both par-
ties and shall identify the claims resolved.
29 C.F.R. § 1614.603 (2020).
The Army followed that instruction in its own regula-
tions. The Army’s regulation—the other regulation at is-
sue here—states: “Any settlement agreement that
includes payment of compensatory damages must be in
writing.” Army Reg. 690-600 ¶ 7-11(g). And the agreement
must set forth “[t]he specific actions to be taken by the
Army and the complainant constituting the terms for set-
tlement and time frames for completion.” Id. ¶ 5-13(g).
Neither regulation states that it renders oral agree-
ments unenforceable. 1 Rather, the regulations appear to
be housekeeping provisions directing agencies (including
the Army) to put agreements in writing as a matter of good
practice. In similar situations, the Supreme Court and we
have held that housekeeping provisions in statutes and
1 We have no occasion to answer the question
whether the government’s interpretation of the regulations
should be awarded deference under Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S.
Ct. 2400 (2019), and Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997),
because the government does not argue that its interpreta-
tion should be awarded such deference and because we con-
clude that the meaning of the regulation can be determined
without addressing the question of deference.
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 9 Filed: 08/26/2021
BULLOCK v. US 9
regulations do not render invalid actions taken in violation
of the provisions.
The general principle is that courts should be “most re-
luctant to conclude that every failure of an agency to ob-
serve a procedural requirement voids subsequent agency
action.” Brock v. Pierce Cnty., 476 U.S. 253, 260 (1986); see
also Barnhart v. Peabody Coal Co., 537 U.S. 149, 158 (2003)
(stating the same); Brock, 476 U.S. at 260 (explaining that
this principle is “especially” true “when important public
rights are at stake”). The Court has applied this general
principle to a variety of procedural requirements present
in statutes and regulations.
For example, in Brock, the Comprehensive Employ-
ment and Training Act required that the Secretary of La-
bor issue a final determination concerning whether a grant
recipient misused funds within a 120-day period. 476 U.S.
at 255–56. The Court concluded that the agency did not
lose jurisdiction to act after the 120-day period because the
statute did not “specif[y] a consequence for fail[ing] to com-
ply with the provision” and explained that the deadline in
the statute was meant “to spur the Secretary to action, not
to limit the scope of his authority.” Id. at 259, 265. It also
rejected an argument that the agency lost the ability to act
because the Act’s implementing regulation imposed the
same 120-day deadline. Id. at 265. The Court held that
the regulations similarly “d[id] not specify any conse-
quences of a failure to meet that deadline.” Id.In Barnhart, the statute generally required that the
Commissioner of Social Security “shall, before October 1,
1993,” make retiree benefit assignments to certain coal in-
dustry employees; however, the Commissioner made sev-
eral assignments after that date. 537 U.S. at 152. The
Court held that the Commissioner’s untimely assignments
were not invalid, explaining that, “if a statute does not
specify a consequence for noncompliance with statutory
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 10 Filed: 08/26/2021
10 BULLOCK v. US
timing provisions, the federal courts will not in the ordi-
nary course impose their own coercive sanction.” Id. at 159(quoting United States v. James Daniel Good Real Prop.,
510 U.S. 43, 63 (1993)).
We have applied this principle in our cases. In Timken
U.S. Corp. v. United States, 421 F.3d 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2005),
for example, we concluded that, even assuming that a stat-
utory directive existed requiring that the U.S. Interna-
tional Trade Commission was “required to address . . . the
main arguments of the parties in its opinions,” the directive
was “best read as a housekeeping requirement that is not
judicially enforceable.” Id. at 1355, 1357. In reaching this
conclusion, we explained that the requirement did not ren-
der noncompliant opinions invalid because the statute did
not specify any consequence for the agency’s noncompli-
ance. Id. at 1357.
Similarly, in Muller v. Government Printing Office, 809
F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2016), we determined that a contrac-
tual provision in a collective bargaining agreement that es-
tablished a four-month deadline to hold an arbitration
hearing was “merely a nonbinding housekeeping rule to en-
courage timely arbitration.” Id. at 1377. We explained
that the four-month hearing deadline was a provision “to
encourage prompt handling of the grievance” and did not
“stipulate[] any consequences . . . in the event of noncom-
pliance.” Id. at 1380. With no consequence for failing to
observe the four-month deadline, the deadline, we con-
cluded, was “a goal, not a requirement” and was “thus
merely a housekeeping rule.” Id. at 1382. 2
2 See also Kimra Fibres Oy v. United States, 61 F.3d
866, 871–73 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (concluding that Commerce’s
failure to timely comply with a regulatory notice
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 11 Filed: 08/26/2021
BULLOCK v. US 11
Here, there is also no indication in the regulatory lan-
guage or the regulatory history that the EEOC or the Army
regulations were designed to invalidate oral agreements.
Indeed, the EEOC’s proposed rule and the final rule are
completely silent as to the EEOC’s reasoning for the inclu-
sion of the rule. See generally 57 Fed. Reg. 12,634 (Apr. 10,
1992) (final rule); 54 Fed. Reg. 45,747 (proposed Oct. 31,
1989). The Army’s regulations are similarly silent as to the
Army’s reasoning. 3
requirement concerning the proposed revocation of anti-
dumping orders did not bar Commerce from issuing a no-
tice of proposed revocation past the regulatory deadline);
Stevens v. Dep’t of the Air Force, 395 F. App’x 679, 682 (Fed.
Cir. 2010) (holding that a collective bargaining agreement’s
forty-five-day decision deadline merely “articulated a goal,
rather than a mandatory time limit” and was “best read as
a housekeeping requirement that [was] not judicially en-
forceable” (quoting Timken, 421 F.3d at 1357)).
3 Contrary to the Claims Court’s decision, Tiburzi
and the cases that followed it are not limited to oral agree-
ments that are read into the record at a proceeding. In-
deed, the cases emphasize that an oral agreement is
binding on parties when they so intended to be bound, not
that the oral agreement being read into the record made it
somehow enforceable. See Tiburzi, 269 F.3d at 1352(“[W]here the parties intend to enter into an oral agree-
ment, it is binding on the parties even if its terms are not
embodied in a subsequent written instrument.”); Brown v.
Dep’t of the Army, 157 F. App’x 295, 297 (Fed. Cir. 2005)
(“Here the proceedings before the administrative judge
leave no doubt that the parties intended, and the adminis-
trative judge understood, the oral settlement to be bind-
ing.”); Gray v. Dep’t of Def., 91 F. App’x 137, 140 (Fed. Cir.
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 12 Filed: 08/26/2021
12 BULLOCK v. US
In sum, neither the EEOC nor the Army regulation
provide consequences for failing to make settlement agree-
ments in writing, and as a result, both regulations are best
interpreted as housekeeping rules that do not invalidate
non-compliant agreements.
III
The government relies on government contract cases
that it argues require a different result. The cases hold
that, in the government procurement contract context,
where a preexisting written contract is governed by regu-
lations that require a writing to modify the agreement, oral
modifications in the form of contract dispute settlements
are unenforceable.
For example, in SCM Corp. v. United States, 595 F.2d
595 (Ct. Cl. 1979), the then-existing Armed Services Pro-
curement Regulations “require[d] that settlements [be]
written contracts . . . executed on standard form 30.” Id. at
597–98. There, a contracting officer and a contractor orally
agreed to settle a procurement contract dispute pursuant
to the contract’s changes clause by modifying the preexist-
ing procurement contract. Id. at 596. Because “[t]he par-
ties were well aware of the fact that only the written
contract modification could finalize their agreement,” the
court held that “neither party was bound by its negotiat[ed
oral agreement] until standard form 30 was executed.” Id.
at 598. The court noted that the case “d[id] not squarely
present the question of the enforceability of oral contracts
with the Government” but explained that it “deal[t] with
the problem of what effect the parties’ clear understanding
2004) (“Here, Mr. Gray entered into an oral agreement that
was entered into the record. . . . The dismissal was on the
basis of the oral settlement.”). The government does not
contend otherwise.
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 13 Filed: 08/26/2021
BULLOCK v. US 13
of the procedures and regulations governing settlements
had on their intent to consummate a binding contract.” Id.
The court “simply h[eld] that the understanding between
the parties was not a contract and cannot sustain a breach
of contract action in this court.” Id.
Similarly, in Mil-Spec Contractors, Inc. v. United
States, 835 F.2d 865 (Fed. Cir. 1987), the parties to a gov-
ernment contract orally agreed to modify a preexisting pro-
curement contract pursuant to the contract’s changes
clause to resolve a dispute stemming from the contract. Id.
at 866. The court explained that “[t]he Federal Acquisition
Regulations [FAR] applicable to the contract . . . require[d]
that a modification of a contract be in writing and executed
by both parties.” Id. at 867–68; see also id. at 868 (explain-
ing that, under the applicable FAR, “any bilateral modifi-
cation of a contract is a ‘supplemental agreement,’ which
require[d] the execution of a written standard form 30”).
Thus, the court concluded that the oral settlement agree-
ment “was not an effective modification of the contract un-
til both parties had signed a written modification
agreement.” Id. at 869 (relying on SCM).
These holdings do not suggest that the regulations here
render oral agreements unenforceable. As we have previ-
ously explained, SCM and Mil-Spec are cases controlled by
the regulations governing modifications of existing con-
tracts, which follow the “longstanding proposition,” also
present in Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, “that
an integrated executory contract excludes modification ex-
cept by a signed writing.” Tex. Instruments Inc. v. United
States, 922 F.2d 810, 814 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (citing U.C.C.
§ 2-209(2)). The principles of SCM and Mil-Spec “simply
are inapplicable” to cases in which there is not a provision
of an existing procurement contract that is being renegoti-
ated. Id. That is the same situation here. The EEOC and
Army regulations do not concern modifications to existing
contracts but rather new agreements settling EEO
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 14 Filed: 08/26/2021
14 BULLOCK v. US
disputes. They are housekeeping regulations that impose
no limitations on the enforceability of agreements. 4
IV
The government finally argues that, “because Army
and EEOC regulations require exhaustion, Ms. Bullock’s
failure to do so provides an additional basis to affirm the
judgment in favor of the United States.” Appellee’s Br. 35
n.3. We disagree. These regulations provide a remedy be-
fore the EEOC for breach of a settlement agreement. See
29 C.F.R. § 1614.504(a) (“The complainant may request
that the terms of settlement agreement be specifically im-
plemented or, alternatively, that the complaint be rein-
stated for further processing from the point processing
ceased.”); Army Reg. 690-600 ¶ 5-14(a) (providing the
same). We have previously explained that the requirement
for Tucker Act jurisdiction before the Claims Court “nor-
mally is satisfied by the presumption that money damages
are available for breach of contract, with no further inquiry
being necessary.” Holmes v. United States, 657 F.3d 1303,
1314 (Fed. Cir. 2011). And we went on to emphasize that
“we s[aw] no reason for [29 C.F.R.] § 1614.504(a) [the
EEOC regulation] to preclude a suit for money damages in
the event of breach that is separate from, or in addition to,
the relief the regulation provides.” Id. at 1316; see also
VanDesande v. United States, 673 F.3d 1342, 1346 n.2
(Fed. Cir. 2012) (concluding that “the [EEOC] regulations
4 We also note that the parties during settlement ne-
gotiations may indicate that parties will not be bound until
a written agreement is executed. E.g., Tiburzi, 269 F.3d at
1353 (“Under existing law, an oral agreement is binding
absent a showing that the parties ‘did not intend to be
bound until a written contract was signed.’” (quoting Sar-
gent v. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 229 F.3d 1088, 1090
(Fed. Cir. 2000)). That is not the situation here.
Case: 20-1248 Document: 61 Page: 15 Filed: 08/26/2021
BULLOCK v. US 15
clearly do not confine enforcement actions to the EEOC, as
the Government contends”).
CONCLUSION
Having concluded that the Claims Court erroneously
held that oral settlement agreements are unenforceable,
we reverse and remand to the Claims Court to decide the
two factual issues it did not address in its summary judg-
ment order: first, whether Ms. Lynch, the attorney repre-
senting the Army, had authority to enter into the
purported agreement and, second, whether there was in
fact an agreement between the parties.
REVERSED AND REMANDED