United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
06-5046
AD GLOBAL FUND, LLC,
by and through NORTH HILLS HOLDING, INC.,
a Partner Other Than the Tax Matters Partner,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant-Appellee.
David D. Aughtry, Chamberlain, Hrdlicka, White, Williams & Martin, of Atlanta,
Georgia, argued for plaintiff-appellant. With him on the brief was Juan F. Vasquez, Jr.
Of counsel was Kevin D. Jewell, of Houston, Texas.
Eileen J. O’Connor, Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division, United States
Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. With her on
the brief were Richard T. Morrison, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and Gilbert S.
Rothenberg, Robert W. Metzler, and Michael J. Haungs, Attorneys.
M. Todd Welty, Meadows, Owens, Collier, Reed, Cousins & Blau, L.L.P., for
amici curiae, J&J Fernandez Ventures, L.P., et al.
Appealed from: United States Court of Federal Claims
Judge Christine O.C. Miller
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
06-5046
AD GLOBAL FUND, LLC,
by and through NORTH HILLS HOLDINGS, INC.,
a Partner Other Than the Tax Matters Partner,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant-Appellee.
__________________________
DECIDED: March 2, 2007
__________________________
Before MAYER, PROST, Circuit Judges, and WHYTE, District Judge*.
WHYTE, District Judge.
This case concerns the interpretation of two sections of the Internal Revenue
Code (“IRC”), I.R.C. § 6229(a) and I.R.C. § 6501. Appellant AD Global Fund, LLC (“AD
Global”) appeals from the judgment of the United States Court of Federal Claims. The
Court of Federal Claims held that § 6229(a) provides an extension of time to the statute
of limitations in § 6501 for assessing taxes on partnership items, not a separate statute
of limitations for partnership items. AD Global Fund, LLC v. United States,
67 Fed. Cl.
657 (2005). Because we agree that § 6229(a) does not provide a separate statute of
*
Honorable Ronald M. Whyte, District Judge, United States District Court
for the Northern District of California, sitting by designation.
limitations, but simply creates a minimum period that may extend the regular statute of
limitations for partnership items, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
AD Global is a limited liability company formed under the laws of the State of
Delaware. North Hills Holding, Inc. (“North Hills”) is a notice partner for AD Global. As
a notice partner, North Hills filed the underlying civil action on behalf of AD Global and
members of AD Global against the United States under I.R.C. § 6226 challenging the
validity of a Notice of Final Partnership Administrative Adjustment (“FPAA”) issued by
the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”).
AD Global is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes and is
subject to the Uniform Partnership Procedures of the Tax Equity and Fiscal
Responsibility Act of 1982 (“TEFRA”), I.R.C. §§ 6221-6234. The tax treatment of any
partnership item1 (and the applicability of any penalty, addition to tax, or additional
amount which relates to an adjustment to a partnership item) is determined at the
partnership level. I.R.C. § 6221. The IRS may challenge the reporting of any
partnership item on a partnership tax return (Form 1065) by issuing an FPAA, which
serves as a predicate to its making individual partner tax assessments. I.R.C.
§§ 6223(a)(2), 6225(a).
The FPAA at issue concerns AD Global’s partnership tax year ending December
31, 1999. AD Global filed its 1999 partnership tax return on April 17, 2000. The IRS
initiated administrative proceedings on May 27, 2003. On October 9, 2003, more than
three years after AD Global had filed its 1999 return, the IRS issued an FPAA setting
1
Partnership items include “any item required to be taken into account for
the partnership’s taxable year.” I.R.C. § 6231(a)(3).
06-5046 2
forth proposed adjustments and accuracy-related penalties to the partnership items
reported in the return.
AD Global moved for summary judgment alleging that § 6229(a) provides a
separate statute of limitations for tax assessments on partnership items and that the
FPAA was untimely under § 6229(a). The Court of Federal Claims denied AD Global’s
motion for summary judgment, concluding that the regular statute of limitations in
§ 6501(a) applies and that § 6229(a) merely provides a minimum period for
assessments for partnership items that may extend the time period set forth in
§ 6501(a). If the conclusion of the Court of Federal Claims is correct, § 6501(a) sets
forth the assessment period for all assessments, including those attributable to
partnership items, and allows assessments within 3 years after an individual partner
files his or her return. AD Global does not claim that the FPAA was untimely if
§ 6501(a) applies.
This appeal follows the order denying AD Global’s motion for summary judgment
which was certified for interlocutory appeal. We have jurisdiction pursuant to
28 U.S.C.
§ 1292(c)(1).
II. DISCUSSION
This court reviews questions of statutory interpretation without deference. U.S.
Steel Group v. United States,
225 F.3d 1284, 1286 (Fed. Cir. 2000). “As in all statutory
construction cases, we begin with the language of the statute. The first step is to
determine whether the language at issue has a plain and unambiguous meaning with
regard to the particular dispute in the case.” Barnhart v. Sigmon Coal Co.,
534 U.S.
438, 450 (2002) (internal quotations and citations omitted). The inquiry ends “if the
06-5046 3
statutory language is unambiguous and the statutory scheme is coherent and
consistent.”
Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted).
Section 6229(a) is entitled “Period of limitations for making assessments” and
provides:
Except as otherwise provided in this section, the period for assessing any
tax imposed by subtitle A with respect to any person which is attributable
to any partnership item (or affected item) for a partnership taxable year
shall not expire before the date which is 3 years after the later of--(1) the
date on which the partnership return for such taxable year was filed, or (2)
the last day for filing such return for such year (determined without regard
to extensions).
Section 6501(a) provides in pertinent part: “Except as otherwise provided in this section,
the amount of any tax imposed by this title shall be assessed within 3 years after the
return was filed . . . .”
The Court of Federal Claims concluded that the language in § 6229(a) is
ambiguous because both AD Global and the United States’ interpretations of the
statutory language are plausible. It found the United States’ interpretation plausible
because § 6229(a) does not explicitly state that it is an exception to the general statute
of limitations in § 6501 and uses the terminology “shall not expire before” rather than
language traditionally associated with statutes of limitations. Nevertheless, the court
found AD Global’s interpretation plausible because § 6229(a) is entitled “period of
limitations” and § 6229 refers to “periods of limitations” throughout.
Reading § 6229(a) together with § 6501, we conclude that § 6229(a)
unambiguously sets forth a minimum period for assessments of partnership items that
may extend the regular statute of limitations in § 6501. Section 6501 explicitly provides
that it applies to any tax imposed by the title, which would include tax imposed for
06-5046 4
partnership items. See Andantech L.L.C. v. Comm’r,
331 F.3d 972, 976-77 (D.C. Cir.
2003) (“The plain language of § 6501 compels its applications to all assessments.”). No
exception is provided for assessment of taxes for partnership items.2 Section 6501
simply cross-references § 6229(a) as an “extension” of period for partnership items.
See I.R.C. § 6501(n)(2) (“For extension of period in the case of partnership items (as
defined in section 6231(a)(3)), see section 6229.”); Crnkovich v. United States,
202 F.3d
1325, 1335 n.7 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Moreover, the statute of limitations set forth in § 6501
is couched in mandatory terms setting forth the maximum period within which tax
assessments must be made: “shall be assessed within 3 years after the return was
filed.”
By contrast, the language in § 6229(a) does not state a maximum period.
Section 6229(a) employs the term “shall not expire before,” which creates a minimum
period during which the period for tax assessments for partnership items may not end.
This minimum period may expire before or after the maximum period provided in
§ 6501. Rhone-Poulenc Surfactants & Specialties, L.P. v. Comm’r,
114 T.C. 533, 542
(2000).
We are not persuaded by the trial court’s conclusion that use of the phrase
“period of limitations” renders the statute ambiguous as to whether it creates a separate
statute of limitations. Where Congress “includes particular language in one section of a
statute but omits it in another section of the same Act, it is generally presumed that
2
AD Global argues that the statute of limitations in § 6501 cannot apply to
partnership items because the period specified in § 6501 is not incorporated into
§ 6229(a). However, § 6501(a) is the general statute of limitations. If § 6229(a) were to
operate as a separate statute of limitations, it would be the exception to the general rule
in § 6501.
06-5046 5
Congress acts intentionally and purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion.”
Barnhart,
534 U.S. at 452. Unlike the unequivocal language creating a statute of
limitations in § 6501, § 6229(a) contains no mandatory words establishing a time within
which assessments must be made. As we noted in Crnkovich,
202 F.3d at 1335 n.7,
the three-year limitations period in § 6229(a) does not unambiguously define an end
date for making an assessment because it uses the phrase “shall not expire before” and
thus “leaves open the possibility that the applicable limitations period may expire after
the periods set forth therein.” Because § 6229 does not state an end date or otherwise
set forth a maximum period, it does not, on its face, create a statute of limitations.
Based on the plain text of the statute, § 6229(a) does not create an independent
statute of limitations. Because we conclude the statute is unambiguous as to this issue,
we do not reach an analysis of the legislative history and legislative intent.
We also conclude that this interpretation is consistent with the overall statutory
scheme. AD Global argues that Congress enacted TEFRA so that partnership items
may be determined in a single proceeding at the partnership level rather than through
“fragmented, duplicative, and potentially inconsistent separate proceedings for each
partner.” TEFRA generally requires determination of the tax treatment of partnership
items at the partnership level. I.R.C. § 6221. In the partnership-level administrative
proceeding, the IRS may adjust items reported on the partnership tax return which, in
turn, would affect the corresponding items on the income tax returns of the individual
partners. See I.R.C. § 6226(c); Crnkovich,
202 F.3d at 1328. Each partner receives
notice of the beginning of such an administrative proceeding, may participate in the
06-5046 6
proceeding, and receives notice of the FPAA. See I.R.C. §§ 6223, 6224(a); Crnkovich,
202 F.3d at 1328.
This scheme contemplates that adjustments to partnership items are made in
one proceeding before assessments are made at the individual partner level. Our
interpretation may extend the regular statute of limitations in § 6501(a) for assessments
to individual partners, but it does not alter the statutory scheme of determining
partnership items in one partnership-level proceeding. Our construction, therefore, is
consistent with a statutory scheme that intends that adjustments to a partnership tax
return be completed in one consistent proceeding before individual partners are
assessed for partnership items.
III. CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm.
AFFIRMED
06-5046 7
