Case: 22-1076 Document: 31 Page: 1 Filed: 06/08/2022
NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
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IN RE: ALICE MARY O'DONNELL KIELY,
Appellant
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2022-1076
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Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. 11/634,624.
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Decided: June 8, 2022
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ALICE O. KIELY, Yorktown Heights, NY, pro se.
MAI-TRANG DUC DANG, Office of the Solicitor, United
States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, for
appellee Katherine K. Vidal. Also represented by KAKOLI
CAPRIHAN, THOMAS W. KRAUSE, AMY J. NELSON, FARHEENA
YASMEEN RASHEED.
______________________
Before REYNA, HUGHES, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
Pro se Appellant Alice Mary O’Donnell Kiely appeals a
decision by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board affirming an
examiner’s final rejection of claims 41–54, 56, 57, and 59–
64 of U.S. Patent Application No. 11/634,624. The Board
Case: 22-1076 Document: 31 Page: 2 Filed: 06/08/2022
2 IN RE: KIELY
upheld the examiner’s determination that all claims at is-
sue are indefinite pursuant to
35 U.S.C. § 112(b). 1 The
Board also upheld the examiner’s determinations that each
claim is anticipated or obvious over prior art. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Kiely applied for a U.S. patent with various claims di-
rected to a “comestible kit,” or in other words, a kit for as-
sembling an edible toy. Claim 41 is representative:
41. A comestible kit for the creation of one or more
assembly configurations comprising:
(a) comprising a torso comprising a pro-
cessed comestible generally shaped to rep-
resent a torso comprising a selection from
the group comprising a person, an animal,
an animated character, a creature, an al-
ien, a toy, a structure, a vegetable, and a
fruit, or
(b) comprising an appendage comprising a
comestible generally shaped to represent
an appendage comprising a selection from
the group comprising a person, an animal,
an animated character, a creature, an al-
ien, a toy, a structure, a vegetable, and a
fruit.
App’x 198 (emphases added).
The examiner first rejected all pending claims pursu-
ant to
35 U.S.C. § 112(b) for failure to point out and
1 Although the record contains many citations to the
provisions of
35 U.S.C. § 112 by paragraph numbers one
through six, we refer to the statute here as it was amended
in 2011, with subsections (a) through (f). See
35 U.S.C.
§ 112 (2011).
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IN RE: KIELY 3
particularly claim the subject matter of the claimed inven-
tion. App’x 14. The examiner explained that each inde-
pendent claim incorporates Markush grouping language
but defines the group with an open-ended claim term,
“comprising,” which is not permissible. See App’x 15–17. 2
The examiner also determined that claims 41–46,
48–54, 56, and 61–64 are anticipated by
U.S. Patent
No. 4,943,063 (“Moreau”); claim 47 is obvious over Moreau
alone; 3 and claims 57, 59, and 60 are obvious over Moreau
in view of
U.S. Patent No. 4,431,395 (“Babos”). 4 See
App’x 14–15. Moreau teaches edible blocks that can be sep-
arated into pieces for constructing an edible toy. App’x 414
(teaching “edible portions having shapes which are close-
fitting and interrelating with one another to form one or
more three-dimensional objects when put together” (col. 2
ll. 3–6)). Moreau also teaches that the resulting edible toy
can be “virtually anything, including representation[s] of
2 The examiner also rejected claims 45 and 64 as in-
definite because they recite the subjective terms “whimsi-
cal” and “silly” without specifying a standard for
determining the requisite degree required to satisfy those
terms. See App’x 17–18. Similarly, the examiner rejected
claims 49, 52, and 54 as indefinite, for improperly invoking
§ 112(f), because they recite “attachment means” without
disclosing any corresponding structure. App’x 18–19. We
do not address these issues, as they are moot in light of our
opinion today.
3 Claim 47 recited: “The comestible kit of claim 41
wherein said comestible kit further comprises a variety
pack.” App’x 199.
4 Claims 59 and 60 depend from independent
claim 57. Claim 57 is nearly identical to claim 41, except
that it discloses “a mold for the construction of a torso . . .
[and] a mold for the construction of an appendage . . . .”
App’x 201 (emphases added).
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4 IN RE: KIELY
known characters and familiar objects of everyday life, peo-
ple and animals, etc.” Id. (col. 2 ll. 49–52). Babos teaches
molds for making panels that can be used to build an edible
structure such as a gingerbread house. App’x 418–21.
On May 19, 2021, the Board issued a decision affirming
the examiner’s rejections. On August 18, 2021, the Board
issued another decision denying Kiely’s request for rehear-
ing. Kiely appeals. We have jurisdiction pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the Board’s legal conclusions de novo and its
factual findings for substantial evidence. ACCO Brands
Corp. v. Fellowes, Inc.,
813 F.3d 1361, 1365 (Fed. Cir.
2016). Substantial evidence “means such relevant evi-
dence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to
support a conclusion.” In re Gartside,
203 F.3d 1305, 1312
(Fed. Cir. 2000) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB,
305 U.S. 197, 229–30 (1938)).
Compliance with the definiteness requirement of
35 U.S.C. § 112(b) is a question of law. See In re Berger,
279 F.3d 975, 980 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citing Miles Lab’ys, Inc.
v. Shandon, Inc.,
997 F.2d 870, 874 (Fed. Cir. 1993)). An-
ticipation pursuant to
35 U.S.C. § 102 is a question of fact.
Id. (citing In re Schreiber,
128 F.3d 1473, 1477 (Fed. Cir.
1997)). Obviousness is a question of law with underlying
factual issues relating to the scope and content of the prior
art, differences between the prior art and the claims at is-
sue, the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art, and any
objective indicia of non-obviousness. Randall Mfg. v. Rea,
733 F.3d 1355, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing KSR Int’l Co.
v. Teleflex Inc.,
550 U.S. 398, 406 (2007); Graham v. John
Deere Co. of Kansas City,
383 U.S. 1, 17–18 (1966)).
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IN RE: KIELY 5
DISCUSSION
I
We first address the issue of indefiniteness. We con-
clude that claims 41–54, 56, 57, and 59–64 are unpatenta-
ble under § 112(b) because they employ improper Markush
language. A proper Markush claim incorporates a closed
list of specified alternative limitations. Abbott Lab’ys v.
Baxter Pharm. Prods., Inc.,
334 F.3d 1274, 1280–81
(Fed. Cir. 2003). A Markush claim that recites a selection
from an open list of alternatives—by using, for example, an
open-ended transition word like “comprising”—generally
violates
35 U.S.C. § 112(b) because such a claim fails to
make clear what unlisted alternatives, if any, are intended
to be encompassed by the claim. Id.; Manual of Patent Ex-
amining Procedure (“MPEP”) §§ 2117, 2173.05(H).
Here, each independent claim recites “a selection from
the group comprising a person, an animal, an animated
character, a creature, an alien, a toy, a structure, a vegeta-
ble, and a fruit.” See App’x 198–202 (emphasis added).
Given the breadth of variation among the specified alter-
natives and the use of the open-ended word “comprising” to
define the scope of the list, we affirm the Board’s conclusion
that the pending claims recite improper Markush language
and are indefinite under § 112(b).
II
We also conclude that substantial evidence supports
the Board’s finding that claims 41–46, 48–54, 56, and 61–
64 are anticipated by Moreau. Each claim recites a “torso”
piece and an “appendage” piece, both “generally shaped to
represent . . . a selection from the group comprising a per-
son, an animal, an animated character, a creature, an
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6 IN RE: KIELY
alien, a toy, a structure, a vegetable, and a fruit.”5
App’x 198–202. Similarly, Moreau teaches that a con-
structed edible toy can be shaped into “representation[s] of
known characters and familiar objects of everyday life, peo-
ple and animals, etc.” App’x 414 (col. 2 ll. 50–52). Moreau
also teaches that its edible toy can be constructed by join-
ing separate pieces together, which the Board found akin
to joining an appendage piece to a torso piece, as claimed.
Id. (col. 2 ll. 3–6). Based on this record, we affirm the
Board’s finding that the relevant claim limitations are dis-
closed by Moreau and that the claims are therefore antici-
pated under § 102.
III
Lastly, we affirm the Board’s determinations that
claim 47 is obvious over Moreau and that claims 57, 59,
and 60 are obvious over Moreau in view of Babos.
Kiely contends that claim 47 is non-obvious because it
depends from claim 41, which the Board did not reject as
obvious. Appellant’s Br. 61 (citing In re Fine,
837 F.2d
1071, 1076 (Fed. Cir. 1988)); App’x 32. It is generally true
that dependent claims are non-obvious under § 103 if the
independent claims from which they depend are deter-
mined to be non-obvious. See In re Fine,
837 F.2d at 1076.
Here, however, claim 41 was determined to be anticipated
under § 102. The examiner and the Board did not deter-
mine whether claim 47 is non-obvious under § 103 because
they did not need to in light of the § 102 finding. These
5 The dependent claims that were rejected under
§ 102 introduce other limitations that Kiely does not chal-
lenge on appeal as anticipated by Moreau. For example,
claim 42 recites “[t]he comestible kit of claim 41 wherein
said torso and said appendage comprise an attachment to
each other.” J.A. 198. Accordingly, we focus our analysis
on only those limitations that Kiely identifies on appeal.
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IN RE: KIELY 7
circumstances do not render claim 47 automatically non-
obvious.
As to claims 57, 59, and 60, which recite a mold for con-
struction of the torso and appendage pieces, Kiely concedes
that “Babos teaches a Gingerbread house apparatus, i.e., a
mold, or cake tins.” Appellant’s Br. 63. Kiely contends,
nevertheless, that neither Babos nor Moreau “supply the
missing elements of claim 57, such as a separate torso, a
separate appendage, or a kit.” Id. We find this argument
unpersuasive. As discussed above, substantial evidence
supports the Board’s finding that Moreau discloses those
elements.
CONCLUSION
In sum, we affirm the Board’s determinations that the
claims at issue are unpatentable as indefinite under
§ 112(b) and that they are anticipated under § 102 or obvi-
ous under § 103. We have considered the remainder of the
arguments raised on appeal and find them unpersuasive.
AFFIRMED
COSTS
No costs.
