United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
BRET KREIZENBECK AND SANDRA
KREIZENBECK, AS LEGAL REPRESENTATIVES
OF A MINOR CHILD, C.J.K.,
Petitioners-Appellants
v.
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES,
Respondent-Appellee
______________________
2019-1423
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims
in No. 1:08-vv-00209-RHH, Senior Judge Robert H.
Hodges, Jr.
______________________
Decided: January 6, 2020
______________________
RICHARD GAGE, Richard Gage, PC, Cheyenne, WY, ar-
gued for petitioners-appellants.
JULIA COLLISON, Vaccine/Torts Branch, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, ar-
gued for respondent-appellee. Also represented by JOSEPH
H. HUNT, ALEXIS B. BABCOCK, C. SALVATORE D'ALESSIO,
CATHARINE E. REEVES.
2 KREIZENBECK v. HHS
______________________
Before REYNA, HUGHES, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.
REYNA, Circuit Judge.
Bret and Sandra Kreizenbeck appeal a decision of the
U.S. Court of Federal Claims that affirmed a special mas-
ter’s decision denying the Kreizenbecks compensation un-
der the National Vaccine Injury Act. On appeal, the
Kreizenbecks raise a single procedural issue: whether the
special master abused his discretion by resolving their case
through a ruling on the record, without conducting an evi-
dentiary hearing and without the Kreizenbecks’ consent.
Because we find no abuse of discretion, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
On March 26, 2008, Bret and Sandra Kreizenbeck filed
a petition on behalf of their minor son, C.J.K., for compen-
sation under the National Vaccine Injury Act, 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa-1–34 (“the Vaccine Act”). After raising several dif-
ferent causation theories in an amended petition and other
filings, the Kreizenbecks ultimately alleged that vaccina-
tions administered to C.J.K. in 2005 aggravated an under-
lying mitochondrial disorder and caused C.J.K. to suffer
immune system dysfunction and other medical problems.
The Secretary of Health and Human Services (“the Secre-
tary”) contested the Kreizenbecks’ claims. A Special Mas-
ter presided over the case.
In support of their petition, the Kreizenbecks submit-
ted considerable evidence, including more than 1,500 pages
of medical records, medical literature, an affidavit from
Mrs. Kreizenbeck, and reports from three medical experts.
In response, the Secretary submitted reports from three
medical and scientific experts. After the Special Master
scheduled an entitlement hearing, both parties filed pre-
hearing briefs, and the Secretary moved to dismiss the case
on the record.
KREIZENBECK v. HHS 3
The Special Master held a status conference on Octo-
ber 4, 2017, to determine whether a ruling on the record
was appropriate. After reviewing the record evidence and
the parties’ briefing, the Special Master determined that “a
ruling on the papers was preferable to a hearing as the
most efficient means for resolving the case.” J.A. 29. The
Special Master also expressed “serious misgivings about
the claims’ substantive validity,” and explained that if the
parties proceeded to a hearing, he was unlikely to compen-
sate the Kreizenbecks for the associated costs. J.A. 29.
The Kreizenbecks chose to “forgo their hearing” after de-
termining that they would be unable to absorb those costs.
J.A. 124. Nonetheless, they expressly objected to a ruling
on the record.
Id.
The Special Master allowed the parties to submit a fi-
nal brief in support of their position. After reviewing each
party’s final briefing, the Special Master determined that
the matter was “ripe for resolution” because “nothing in the
record and expert reports offered in this case suggests that
this matter’s outcome would be any different after a hear-
ing.” J.A. 25, 55.
In a thorough, 50-page opinion, the Special Master con-
cluded that the Kreizenbecks failed to establish entitle-
ment to compensation. He found no evidence supporting
the claims that C.J.K. had an underlying mitochondrial
dysfunction or that C.J.K. was injured from a vaccine. He
found the Secretary’s mitochondrial expert “reliable and
persuasive,” and found the Kreizenbecks’ medical expert
reports “self-evidently conclusory or unsubstantiated.”
J.A. 54. He also found the “short affidavit” from Mrs.
Kreizenbeck uncorroborated and inconsistent with the
medical records. J.A. 54–55. As a result, he entered a rul-
ing on the record dismissing the case.
The Kreizenbecks sought review at the U.S. Court of
Federal Claims (“Claims Court”). The Kreizenbecks did
not dispute the substance of the Special Master’s decision.
4 KREIZENBECK v. HHS
Instead, they challenged only his decision to dismiss their
petition on the written record. The Claims Court affirmed
the Special Master’s decision, citing the “wide discretion”
afforded to special masters when determining whether to
hold an evidentiary hearing. J.A. 4–5. The Claims Court
found that the Special Master “gave [the Kreizenbecks]
ample opportunity to support their claims with written ev-
idence and briefs.” J.A. 4. The Court also found that the
parties had submitted “a plethora of information.”
Id. The
Claims Court concluded that the Special Master’s opinion
“provides ample reasoning to support dismissal of [the
Kreizenbecks’] claims.”
Id.
The Kreizenbecks timely appealed. We have jurisdic-
tion under 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(f).
DISCUSSION
The Kreizenbecks raise a single, procedural challenge
on appeal: whether the Special Master erred by ruling on
the record without the Kreizenbecks’ consent. We review a
special master’s decision to hold an evidentiary hearing for
an abuse of discretion. See Oliver v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health
& Human Servs.,
900 F.3d 1357, 1364 n.6 (Fed. Cir. 2018)
(citing 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12); Munn v. Sec’y of Dep’t of
Health & Human Servs.,
970 F.2d 863, 870 n.10 (Fed.
Cir. 1992). We review the Claims Court’s statutory inter-
pretations de novo. Flowers v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health &
Human Servs.,
49 F.3d 1558, 1559 (Fed. Cir. 1995).
Congress enacted the Vaccine Act in 1986. The Vaccine
Act created the National Vaccine Injury Compensation
Program (the “Vaccine Program”) through which parties
can petition to receive compensation for vaccine-related in-
juries or death. See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-10(a). Subsec-
tion 12(d) of the Vaccine Act describes the role of special
masters in deciding Vaccine Program petitions. Of partic-
ular relevance here, Subsection 12(d)(2) directs the Claims
Court to promulgate rules governing Vaccine Program
cases before special masters, including rules that:
KREIZENBECK v. HHS 5
(A) provide for a less-adversarial, expedi-
tious, and informal proceeding for the
resolution of petitions,
...
(C) include the opportunity for summary
judgment, and
(D) include the opportunity for parties to
submit arguments and evidence on the
record without requiring routine use of
oral presentations, cross examinations,
or hearings . . . .
42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(2)(A), (C)–(D). In accordance with
these provisions, the Claims Court promulgated Vaccine
Rule 8(d), which provides:
The special master may decide a case on the basis
of written submissions without conducting an evi-
dentiary hearing. Submissions may include a mo-
tion for summary judgment, in which event the
procedures set forth in RCFC 56 will apply.
Rules of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, Appendix B,
Vaccine Rule 8(d) (“Vaccine Rule 8(d)”).
The Kreizenbecks argue that 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)
and Vaccine Rule 8(d) provide special masters with only
three procedural avenues to resolve a Vaccine Program
case: (i) conduct an evidentiary hearing; (ii) resolve the
case through summary judgment; or (iii) rule on the record,
but only if both parties consent. In other words, once a
party objects to a ruling on the record, the Kreizenbecks
contend that a special master must either hold an eviden-
tiary hearing or resolve the case through summary judg-
ment. Here, the Kreizenbecks argue that the Special
Master erred by ruling on the record over their objection:
Once Appellants objected to a ruling on the record,
the appropriate procedure should have been to
6 KREIZENBECK v. HHS
apply the summary judgment standards to the rec-
ord evidence and if a resolution could not be
reached using that appropriate standard, for the
special master to order an evidentiary hearing to
take the necessary evidence to resolve the case.
The special master did not, however, grant Appel-
lants the procedural protections of the summary
judgment standards, which would require inferring
the facts in the light most favorable to the
[Kreizenbecks].
Appellant Br. 9–10. We disagree.
Special masters have wide discretion in determining
whether to conduct an evidentiary hearing. 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa-12(d)(3)(B)(v) (providing that a special master
“may conduct such hearings as may be reasonable and nec-
essary” (emphasis added)); Vaccine Rule 8(d) (permitting
special masters to “decide a case on the basis of written
submissions without conducting an evidentiary hearing”);
Oliver, 900 F.3d at 1364 n.6.
While the Kreizenbecks concede that special masters
have discretion to forgo an evidentiary hearing in some
cases, they argue that a special master cannot rule on the
record without the consent of both parties. Appellant
Br. 16, 19. For support, the Kreizenbecks point to Con-
gress’s use of the word “parties” in § 300aa-12(d)(2)(D).
They contend:
The plural is important. It does not provide for one
party to request a ruling on the record over the ob-
jection of the other party. It simply allows for a
procedure in the instance where both “parties”
agree that the record is complete and comprehen-
sive enough to allow for a ruling on the record.
Appellant Br. 16. We are unpersuaded.
Nothing in the language of § 300aa-12(d)(2)(D) or else-
where in the Vaccine Act suggests a consent-based
KREIZENBECK v. HHS 7
limitation on a special master’s authority to rule on the rec-
ord. To the contrary, the provision merely requires a pro-
cess that includes an “opportunity for parties to submit
arguments and evidence on the record . . . .” 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa-12(d)(2)(D). The Kreizenbecks do not dispute the
Claims Court’s finding that the Special Master “gave [the
Kreizenbecks] ample opportunity to support their claims
with written evidence and briefs.” J.A. 4.
The Kreizenbecks also argue that the summary judg-
ment provisions of § 300aa-12(d)(2)(C) and Vaccine
Rule 8(d) are rendered meaningless unless we require both
parties’ consent to a ruling on the record. We disagree.
Subsection 12(d)(2)(C) merely requires the Claims Court to
promulgate rules that “include the opportunity for sum-
mary judgment.” A party may seek summary judgment
when, for example, they believe at an early stage of the pro-
ceedings that no material facts are in dispute and they will
prevail as a matter of law. See Simanski v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs.,
671 F.3d 1368, 1385 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
Likewise, Vaccine Rule 8(d) provides that a “special master
may decide a case on the basis of written submissions with-
out conducting an evidentiary hearing,” and those “[s]ub-
missions may include a motion for summary judgment”
(emphasis added). In other words, Rule 8(d) contemplates
that special masters can decide cases on written submis-
sions other than motions for summary judgment.
Id.
We also reject the argument that the Special Master
violated the Kreizenbecks’ due process rights by evaluating
the credibility of their experts and Mrs. Kreizenbeck with-
out live testimony or cross-examination. This argument
contradicts the express language of the Vaccine Act. 42
U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(2)(D) (requiring rules that allow par-
ties to submit evidence and arguments “without requiring
routine use of oral presentations, cross examinations, or
hearings”); § 300aa-12(d)(3)(B) (“a special master . . . may
require the testimony of any person”). The argument also
contradicts the Kreizenbecks’ own cited case law. E.g.,
8 KREIZENBECK v. HHS
Hale v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 22 Cl.
Ct. 403, 209 (Fed. Cl. 1991) (“There is no requirement that
oral testimony be taken to resolve differences in scientific
or expert opinion. Opportunity for confrontation or cross
examination is not required.”).
While we reject the Kreizenbecks’ consent-based argu-
ment, we note that the special master’s discretion to rule
on the record is not without limitation. The Vaccine Act
requires special masters to determine whether hearings or
witness testimony are reasonable and necessary. 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa-12(d)(3)(B). Special masters must “afford[] each
party a full and fair opportunity to present its case and
creat[e] a record sufficient to allow review of the special
master’s decision.” Vaccine Rule 3(b)(2). As a result, spe-
cial masters must determine that the record is comprehen-
sive and fully developed before ruling on the record.
Simanski, 671 F.3d at 1385 (finding due process violation
where special master ruled on the record at “an early pro-
cedural stage” before respondent had “present[ed] its posi-
tion with respect to the petition and the supporting
evidence”); Jay v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health & Human
Servs.,
998 F.2d 979, 983 (Fed. Cir. 1993). We conclude
that the Special Master satisfied these requirements here.
CONCLUSION
We have considered the Kreizenbecks’ other arguments
and find them unpersuasive. We conclude that the Special
Master did not abuse his discretion by resolving this case
on the record. We affirm.
AFFIRMED
COSTS
No costs.
