St. Jude Medical, LLC v. Snyders Heart Valve LLC ( 2020 )

Case: 19-2108 Document: 63 Page: 1 Filed: 10/15/2020
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC,
Appellant
v.
SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC,
Cross-Appellant
UNITED STATES,
Intervenor
______________________
2019-2108, 2019-2109, 2019-2140
______________________
Appeals from the United States Patent and Trademark
Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in Nos. IPR2018-
00105, IPR2018-00106.
______________________
Decided: October 15, 2020
______________________
JOHN C. O'QUINN, Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Washington,
DC, argued for appellant. Also represented by HANNAH
LAUREN BEDARD, JASON M. WILCOX; BRYAN SCOTT HALES,
KRISTINA NICOLE HENDRICKS, Chicago, IL.
MATTHEW JAMES ANTONELLI, Antonelli, Harrington &
Thompson, LLP, Houston, TX, argued for cross-appellant.
Also represented by ZACHARIAH HARRINGTON, LARRY D.
THOMPSON, JR.; SARAH RING, Daniels & Tredennick,
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2 ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC
Houston, TX.
MELISSA N. PATTERSON, Appellate Staff, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for
intervenor. Also represented by COURTNEY DIXON.
______________________
Before NEWMAN, O’MALLEY, and TARANTO, Circuit Judges.
TARANTO, Circuit Judge.
Snyders Heart Valve LLC owns U.S. Patent No.
6,540,782, which describes and claims an artificial heart
valve and a system for inserting the valve. In October
2017, St. Jude Medical, LLC filed two petitions with the
United States Patent and Trademark Office, under 35
U.S.C. §§ 311–19, seeking inter partes reviews of claims 1,
2, 4–8, 10–13, 17–19, 21, 22, and 25–30 of the ’782 patent
(the challenged claims) by the Office’s Patent Trial and Ap-
peal Board. The Board, as delegee of the Director of the
Office, 37 C.F.R. §§ 42.4, 42.108, instituted two reviews,
each addressing all the challenged claims.
In IPR2018-00105 (IPR-105), the Board ultimately
ruled that St. Jude had failed to establish unpatentability
of any of the challenged claims. Specifically, the Board re-
jected St. Jude’s contention that all the challenged claims
were anticipated by the Leonhardt patent and would have
been obvious over Leonhardt plus either the Anderson pa-
tent or the Johnson and Imachi patents. St. Jude Medical,
LLC v. Snyders Heart Valve LLC, IPR2018-00105, 2019
WL 1975348 (P.T.A.B. May 2, 2019) (IPR-105 Decision). In
IPR2018-00106 (IPR-106), the Board found claims 1, 2, 6,
and 8 anticipated by the Bessler patent, but it rejected St.
Jude’s contentions as to all other claims. Specifically, it
ruled that St. Jude had not proved, as to all but claims 1,
2, 6, and 8, anticipation by Bessler or obviousness over
Bessler combined with either Anderson or Johnson and
Imachi. St. Jude Medical, LLC v. Snyders Heart Valve
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ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC 3
LLC, IPR2018-00106, 2019 WL 1975349 (P.T.A.B. May 2,
2019) (IPR-106 Decision).
St. Jude appeals on a subset of the challenges it pre-
sented to the Board. For IPR-105, it argues that the Board
erroneously rejected the contention that Leonhardt antici-
pated claims 1, 2, 4–8, and 28, the alleged error being the
Board’s application of the construction of the claim term
“band.” For IPR-106, St. Jude argues that the Board erro-
neously rejected the contention that Bessler anticipated
claim 28, the alleged error being the Board’s finding a fail-
ure of proof that Bessler meets claim 28’s “manipulator”
limitation. St. Jude also argues, for IPR-106, that the
Board erred in rejecting St. Jude’s challenge to most of the
claims at issue (all but claims 17, 27, and 30) for obvious-
ness over Bessler plus Johnson and Imachi. Snyders cross-
appeals in IPR-106, arguing that the Board committed sev-
eral errors in finding claims 1, 2, 6, and 8 anticipated by
Bessler.
We affirm the Board’s decision in IPR-105. We reverse
the Board’s finding in IPR-106 that Bessler anticipated
claims 1, 2, 6, and 8. We need not reach St. Jude’s antici-
pation argument as to claim 28, and we affirm the Board’s
obviousness rejection in IPR-106.
I
A
Human hearts have four chambers and four valves that
regulate blood flow as the heart expands and contracts.
’782 patent, col. 1, lines 13–18. According to the ’782 pa-
tent, if a valve becomes damaged or diseased so as to com-
promise healthy opening and closing, blood may flow
backwards through the valve and blood pressure may drop
dangerously. Id., col. 1, lines 18–24. Although a damaged
valve may be replaced with an artificial one, such replace-
ment traditionally required invasive procedures, like open-
heart surgery. Id., col. 1, lines 25–32. Even after artificial
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4 ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC
valves were developed that could be installed via catheter
without open-heart surgery, the specification states, such
prior-art valves still involved risk-presenting surgical re-
moval of the damaged native valve before inserting the new
artificial one. Id., col. 1, lines 32–42.
The ’782 patent, titled “Artificial Heart Valve,” issued
in April 2003 to Dr. Robert Snyders. It describes an artifi-
cial heart valve that can be installed via catheter without
invasive surgery and “without removing the damaged na-
tive heart valve.” Id., col. 2, lines 23–30. The artificial
heart valve has three main components: a valve element, a
frame, and a band. Id., col. 10, lines 22–60. The ’782 pa-
tent also discloses a system for installing the artificial
valve using an instrument that consists of a holder, a ma-
nipulator, and an ejector. Id., col. 3, lines 30–44.
Independent claim 1 of the ’782 patent recites an arti-
ficial valve as follows:
1. An artificial valve for repairing a damaged heart
valve having a plurality of cusps separating an up-
stream region from a downstream region, said ar-
tificial valve comprising:
a flexibly resilient frame sized and shaped for in-
sertion in a position between the upstream region
and the downstream region, the frame having a
plurality of peripheral anchors for anchoring the
frame in the position between the upstream and
the downstream region and a central portion lo-
cated between the plurality of peripheral anchors.
a band attached to the frame limiting spacing be-
tween adjacent anchors of said plurality of periph-
eral anchors; and
a flexible valve element attached to the central por-
tion of the frame and adjacent the band, said valve
element being substantially free of connections to
the frame except at the central portion of the frame
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ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC 5
and adjacent the band, said valve element having
an upstream side facing said upstream region
when the frame is anchored in the position between
the upstream region and the downstream region
and a downstream side opposite the upstream side
facing said downstream region when the frame is
anchored in the position between the upstream re-
gion and the downstream region, said valve ele-
ment moving in response to a difference between
fluid pressure in said upstream region and fluid
pressure in said downstream region between an
open position in which the element permits down-
stream flow between said upstream region and said
downstream region and a closed position in which
the element blocks flow reversal from said down-
stream region to said upstream region, wherein the
valve element moves to the open position when
fluid pressure in said upstream region is greater
than fluid pressure in said downstream region to
permit downstream flow from said upstream region
to said downstream region and the valve element
moves to the closed position when fluid pressure in
said downstream region is greater than fluid pres-
sure in said upstream region to prevent flow rever-
sal from said downstream region to said upstream
region.
Id., col. 10, lines 22–60. Claims 2–9 depend, directly or in-
directly, on claim 1 and therefore incorporate all of claim
1’s limitations.
Independent claim 28 recites a “combination” of the ar-
tificial valve recited in claim 1—set forth in claim 28 using
the language of claim 1 but adding the restriction that the
“frame [is] collapsible to a configuration having a maxi-
mum width less than about 18 mm”—and “an instrument
for inserting the artificial valve between the upstream re-
gion and the downstream region,” the latter further speci-
fied as follows:
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6 ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC
an instrument including
a holder having a hollow interior sized for holding
the artificial valve when the frame is in the col-
lapsed configuration;
an elongate manipulator attached to the holder for
manipulating the holder into position between the
upstream region and the downstream region; and
an ejector mounted in the hollow interior of the
holder for ejecting the artificial heart valve from
the hollow interior of the holder into position be-
tween the upstream region and the downstream re-
gion.
Id., col. 13, line 66, through col. 14, line 56. None of the
issues before us require consideration of claim language
outside claims 1 and 28.
The key prior art in IPR-105 is U.S. Patent No.
5,957,949 (Leonhardt). Leonhardt discloses an artificial
valve that is installed via catheter to replace damaged
valves in the heart or esophagus. ’949 patent, col. 1, lines
4–8. It has three main components: a biological valve, a
valve stent, and graft material. Id., col. 4, lines 14–16; id.,
Fig. 4. The graft material is made of “thin-walled biocom-
patible, flexible and expandable, low-porosity woven fab-
ric” and is “arranged to surround [the] stent.” Id., col. 5,
lines 53–55, 62–64.
The key prior art in IPR-106 is U.S. Patent No.
5,855,601 (Bessler). Bessler discloses an artificial heart
valve and a method and device for installing that valve.
’601 patent, col. 2, lines 55–67. The artificial heart valve
may be compressed or expanded, and the installed unit in-
cludes a rigid stent member and a flexible valve member
with a cuff portion. Id., col. 3, lines 48–57. The system for
installing the valve includes a catheter with the valve at
the distal end and a pusher member to release the valve
when the desired implant site is reached. Id., col. 4, line
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ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC 7
53, through col. 5, line 12. “Alternatively, or in combina-
tion [with the described system], the heart valve could be
positioned over a guidewire.” Id., col. 5, lines 13–14.
In IPR-106, St. Jude also relied on two other patents in
its argument for obviousness in combination with Bessler.
U.S. Patent No. 4,339,831 (Johnson) discloses an artificial
heart valve with a durable and flexible membrane. ’831
patent, col. 4, lines 49–68. U.S. Patent No. 5,413,599
(Imachi) discloses a medical valve apparatus that is not the
subject of substantial discussion in this court. ’599 patent,
Abstract.
B
St. Jude filed petitions for inter partes reviews of the
’782 patent in October 2017. J.A. 312, 2870. In IPR-105,
St. Jude cited Leonhardt as its primary reference, arguing
that Leonhardt anticipated claims 1, 2, 4–8, 10–13, 17–19,
21, 22, and 25–30 of the ’782 patent. J.A. 322. In IPR-106,
St. Jude argued that the same claims were anticipated by
Bessler, as well as unpatentable for obviousness over
Bessler, Johnson, and Imachi. J.A. 2881. 1
In IPR-105, the Board rejected St. Jude’s argument
that Leonhardt anticipated the ’782 patent. IPR-105 Deci-
sion, at *7–14. In the respect relevant on appeal, the Board
essentially adopted St. Jude’s proposed claim construction
of “band”: The Board’s construction was “a structure gen-
erally in the shape of a closed strip or ring,” which slightly
broadened St. Jude’s language by replacing St. Jude’s “cir-
cular” with “closed” (thereby including ovals, for example).
Id. at *5–6. But the Board found that St. Jude did not
1 In IPR-105, St. Jude, besides arguing anticipation,
presented obviousness arguments, which the Board re-
jected and are not at issue on appeal. In IPR-106, St. Jude
presented one obviousness combination not mentioned in
text, which the Board rejected and is not at issue on appeal.
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8 ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC
prove that Leonhardt disclosed a “band” under that con-
struction because what St. Jude alleged was the “band” in
Leonhardt covered the entire length of the frame, like a
“sleeve,” and was therefore not a “strip” or “ring.” Id. at
*8–9. 2
In IPR-106, the Board determined that St. Jude had
proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Bessler an-
ticipated claims 1, 2, 6, and 8 of the ’782 patent. IPR-106
Decision at *8–12. For claim 28, the Board determined that
St. Jude did not prove that Bessler discloses the “manipu-
lator” required by the claim, thus defeating St. Jude’s an-
ticipation contention as to that claim. Id. at *14. Finally,
the Board rejected all of St. Jude’s obviousness arguments.
Id. at *15–20.
St. Jude filed a timely notice of appeal for both IPRs on
July 1, 2019. J.A. 238–40; 35 U.S.C. §§ 141(c), 319; 37
C.F.R. § 90.3(a)(1). Snyders filed a timely cross-appeal for
IPR-106 on July 10, 2019. J.A. 248–50. We have jurisdic-
tion under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a) and 35 U.S.C. §§ 141(c), 319.
II
We review the Board’s final written decision under the
Administrative Procedure Act, “hold[ing] unlawful and
set[ting] aside agency action, findings, and conclusions
found to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion,
otherwise not in accordance with law . . . [or] unsupported
by substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 706; Dickson v. Zurko,
527 U.S. 150, 164 (1999). Anticipation is a question of fact,
with the Board’s determination of what is taught in the
2 The Board and the parties have followed the pa-
tent’s use of the word “length,” see ’782 patent, col. 9, lines
24–28; id., Fig. 6, to describe what, for material forming a
closed loop, would ordinarily be described as the “width” of
the material (as opposed to its thickness or its linear extent
if cut and laid out straight).
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ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC 9
prior art at issue reviewed for substantial evidence. Mi-
crosoft Corp. v. Biscotti, Inc., 878 F.3d 1052, 1068 (Fed. Cir.
2017); In re Gleave, 560 F.3d 1331, 1334–35 (Fed. Cir.
2009). For obviousness, the ultimate determination is a le-
gal one reviewed de novo, but underlying factual determi-
nations are reviewed for substantial-evidence support.
Personal Web Techs., LLC v. Apple, Inc., 917 F.3d 1376,
1381 (Fed. Cir. 2019). The Board’s claim constructions,
here under the “broadest reasonable interpretation” stand-
ard, are determinations of law reviewed de novo where
based on intrinsic evidence, with any Board findings about
facts extrinsic to the patent record reviewed for substan-
tial-evidence support. See Teva Pharms. USA, Inc. v.
Sandoz, Inc., 574 U.S. 318, 325–27 (2015); HTC Corp. v.
Cellular Commc’ns Equip., LLC, 877 F.3d 1361, 1367 (Fed.
Cir. 2017); PPC Broadband, Inc. v. Corning Optical
Commc’ns RF, LLC, 815 F.3d 747, 751 (Fed. Cir. 2016). 3
“Substantial evidence review asks ‘whether a reasonable
fact finder could have arrived at the agency’s decision’ and
requires examination of the ‘record as a whole, taking into
account evidence that both justifies and detracts from an
agency’s decision.’” Intelligent Bio-Systems, Inc. v. Illu-
mina Cambridge, Ltd., 821 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2016)
(quoting In re Gartside, 203 F.3d 1305, 1312 (Fed. Cir.
2001)).
A
The sole issue on appeal for IPR-105 is whether the
Board erred in rejecting St. Jude’s argument that Leon-
hardt anticipated claims 1, 2, 4–8, and 28. The sole alleged
error is the Board’s rejection of St. Jude’s contention that
Leonhardt discloses a “band”—a requirement of claim 1
3 Because the petitions in IPR-105 and IPR-106 were
filed in 2017, claim construction here is subject to the
“broadest reasonable interpretation” standard. Celgene
Corp. v. Peter, 931 F.3d 1342, 1349 n.8 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
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10 ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC
(and therefore of dependent claims 2 and 4–8) and claim
28. If Leonhardt does not disclose a “band,” it does not an-
ticipate these claims. We affirm the Board’s determination
that Leonhardt does not disclose a band and therefore af-
firm the Board’s decision in IPR-105.
The Board determined that Leonhardt’s graft mate-
rial—the component in Leonhardt that St. Jude argued
was the required “band”—did not meet the band limitation.
St. Jude challenges that determination on the ground that,
in making it, the Board failed “to apply its own construc-
tion, and instead appl[ied] a narrower implicit construc-
tion” of “band.” St. Jude Opening Br. at 28. We disagree. 4
In the respect relevant on appeal, the Board adopted as
the governing claim construction for “band” the proposal
that St. Jude itself advanced, except for making one small
change that broadened, rather than narrowed, St. Jude’s
proposal. St. Jude proposed that “band” be construed to
mean “‘[a] structure generally in the shape of a circular
strip or ring; a band can be integrated with the frame.’”
IPR-105 Decision at *5. Relying on a district court’s anal-
ysis in related litigation, the Board rejected the “can be in-
tegrated with the frame” portion of St. Jude’s proposal, and
St. Jude does not dispute that conclusion. Id. at *5–6. As
to the rest, the Board concluded that “circular” was too lim-
iting, as it might exclude oval shapes, so it substituted
“closed” to arrive at its construction: “a structure generally
in the shape of a closed strip or ring.” Id. St. Jude
4 Snyders also argues that—even if Leonhardt’s
graft material constitutes a band—we should affirm the
Board’s decision on the alternative grounds that (1) the
graft material does not limit spacing between peripheral
anchors and (2) Leonhardt does not disclose a valve ele-
ment attached to the central portion of the frame. Snyders
Response Br. at 34–35. We need not and do not reach those
issues.
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ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC 11
expressly accepts that construction. St. Jude Opening Br.
at 21 (“St. Jude agrees with this construction—it is entirely
consistent with the claim language itself and the specifica-
tion’s description of a band.”).
The Board later concluded that the Leonhardt graft
material does not qualify, because, like a sleeve, it extends
in width (or “length,” in the patent’s language) over the en-
tire structure it wraps around. IPR-105 Decision at *8–9.
In reaching this conclusion, the Board relied on the terms
“strip” and “ring”—which came from and are accepted by
St. Jude. Id. (“graft material 24 cannot be considered a
strip or ring”). St. Jude’s argument is that this conclusion
changed the claim construction. But the Board in fact ex-
pressly relied on the now-accepted claim construction.
St. Jude’s argument that the Board must have changed
the construction is meritless. St. Jude argues that no
width restriction can be part of the ordinary skilled arti-
san’s understanding of the term “band”—that no matter
how wide (or “long,” in the patent’s terms) is the material
making a loop around a structure (here, the frame), it nec-
essarily counts as a “band.” In support, St. Jude quotes a
dictionary definition of “band” (“[a] thin strip of flexible ma-
terial used to encircle or bind one object or to hold a number
of objects together”) and contends that the specification
“explicitly disclaims any restriction on the length of a
band.” St. Jude Opening Br. at 30–31.
One problem with these contentions is that they are
flawed on their own terms. The dictionary definition does
not exclude any width constraint from being part of the rel-
evant understanding. Indeed, “thin strip” in the quoted
definition suggests the possibility of such a constraint, as
do the words “strip or stripe” and “narrow strip” in the im-
mediately succeeding definitions in the same dictionary en-
try for “band.” American Heritage Dictionary of the
English Language 143 (3d ed. 1992). And the specification
material cited by St. Jude goes no further than showing
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12 ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC
that the specification does not affirmatively specify any
particular limit on a band’s width (“length,” in the patent’s
terms). See ’782 patent, col. 9, lines 24–28 (reciting exam-
ples of certain “lengths” and adding that a band “may have
other lengths”). The specification does not “explicitly dis-
claim[] any restriction on the length of a band.” St. Jude
Opening Br. at 31.
The more fundamental problem with St. Jude’s basis
for its argument, however, is that it simply does not ad-
dress the terms “strip” and “ring,” which St. Jude itself pro-
posed and now accepts as the defining terms of the claim
construction. The relied-on dictionary definitions and spec-
ification passages address “band” but not “strip” or “ring.”
St. Jude has offered nothing at all to indicate that “strip”
and “ring” cannot have any width (“length,” in the patent’s
terms) constraint in the relevant skilled artisan’s under-
standing. If St. Jude wanted to argue that “band” pre-
cludes any such constraint, it should have proposed a claim
construction that did so. It did not. The adopted claim con-
struction therefore governs, and St. Jude has no persuasive
argument that all width constraints are alien to the key
terms of that construction, “strip” and “ring.” Nor has St.
Jude made any argument that, if some width constraint is
within a skilled artisan’s understanding of “strip” or “ring,”
the Board lacked substantial evidence to find that the full-
length sleeve-like covering of Leonhardt does not qualify.
We therefore reject St. Jude’s challenge to the decision
in IPR-105.
B
Both parties challenge aspects of the Board’s decision
in IPR-106. We begin by addressing the challenge pre-
sented by Snyders, in its cross-appeal, to the Board’s find-
ing that Bessler anticipated claims 1, 2, 6, and 8. We then
address St. Jude’s argument that the Board erred in not
finding claim 28 anticipated. Lastly, we address St. Jude’s
obviousness challenge.
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1
In its cross-appeal, Snyders alleges three errors under-
lying the Board’s finding that Bessler anticipated claim 1
and dependent claims 2, 6, and 8. It argues that the
Board’s construction of the claim 1 limitation concerning
how the frame is “sized and shaped” is incorrect because it
covers frames sized and shaped for installation with the
native valve removed, rather than only with the troubled
native valve remaining in place. Snyders also challenges
the Board’s construction of claim 1’s “attached” limitation,
arguing that the limitation must be construed to exclude
indirect methods of attaching the valve element and the
frame. Finally, Snyders argues that the Board incorrectly
found that the cuff in Bessler satisfies the claim 1 require-
ment that the band “limit[] spacing” between adjacent
frame anchors.
We agree with Snyders that the Board erred in constru-
ing the “sized and shaped” limitation and that Bessler
therefore does not anticipate claims 1, 2, 6, and 8. We do
not reach the other cross-appeal arguments.
In finding that Bessler anticipated claims 1, 2, 6, and
8, one of the limitations the Board found satisfied by
Bessler is the claim 1 limitation requiring a “frame sized
and shaped for insertion between the upstream region and
the downstream region.” IPR-106 Decision at *8–9. The
Board determined that “[t]he claim language does not re-
quire the frame be sized and shaped for insertion into a
damaged heart valve,” but “only that the frame is sized and
shaped for insertion in a position between the upstream re-
gion and the downstream region.” Id. at *9. For that rea-
son, the Board, without disputing the express assertion by
Snyders that Bessler requires removal of the native valve
for installation of the replacement valve, found that
Bessler’s valve satisfies the limitation. Id.
Claim 1 of the ’782 patent recites an “artificial heart
valve for repairing a damaged heart valve having a
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14 ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC
plurality of cusps, separating an upstream region from a
downstream region . . . comprising . . . a flexibly resilient
frame sized and shaped for insertion between the upstream
region and downstream region.” ’782 patent, col. 10, lines
22–27. The language provides some support for the read-
ing advanced by Snyders in preference to the Board’s con-
struction. The requirement that the frame be “sized and
shaped” a certain way suggests a focus on how the frame is
fitted to the surrounding material (which depends on
whether the native valve remains), a focus that goes be-
yond mere linear “position” between two regions, IPR-106
Decision at *9. The claim’s reference to “repairing a dam-
aged heart valve,” without any reference to removal, sug-
gests that the native valve remains. So too does the claim’s
reference to the damaged heart valve “having a plurality of
cusps,” which appears superfluous if claim 1 is interpreted
to include embodiments where the damaged valve and its
cusps are removed. See Wasica Fin. GmbH v. Cont’l Auto.
Sys., Inc., 853 F.3d 1272, 1288 n.10 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (“It is
highly disfavored to construe terms in a way that renders
them void, meaningless, or superfluous.”); Bicon, Inc. v.
Straumann Co., 441 F.3d 945, 950 (Fed. Cir. 2006)
(“[C]laims are interpreted with an eye toward giving effect
to all terms in the claim.”).
We turn to the ’782 patent’s specification, which we
conclude resolves the interpretive question in this case un-
der the standard requiring the “broadest reasonable inter-
pretation in light of the specification.” 37 C.F.R.
§ 42.100(b) (2016); see also Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d
1303, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) (explaining that the
specification “is the single best guide to the meaning of a
disputed term”). The specification states that “the frame is
sized and shaped for insertion between the plurality of
cusps C of the damaged heart valve in a position between
an upstream region and a downstream region.” ’782 pa-
tent, col. 5, lines 48–51 (emphasis added). That language
indicates that “sized and shaped” is not meant to refer only
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ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC 15
to placement in a position between the upstream and down-
stream regions, but also to fitting between the cusps of the
intact native valve.
Moreover, the specification stresses that the artificial
heart valve it discloses can be inserted without removing
the native valve and that this is an improvement on the
prior art. See ’782 patent, col. 1, lines 37–42 (“[M]any [pre-
vious] valves also require the damaged native heart valve
to be removed prior to implanting the artificial valve.”); id.,
col. 1, lines 40–42 (“Removing the native valve increases
the risk that a portion of the valve will migrate through the
body and block vessels downstream from the heart.”); id.,
col. 2, lines 21–25 (“Among the several objects and features
of the present invention may be noted the provision of an
artificial heart valve which accommodates implantation
without removing the damaged native heart valve . . . .”).
Of particular note, the specification expressly describes
Bessler as presenting problems that the Snyders invention
overcomes, stating that the procedure disclosed in Bessler
is too invasive because it “includes excision, vacuum re-
moval of the native valve, cardiopulmonary bypass and
backflushing of the coronary arterial tree.” Id., col. 2, lines
14–20 (emphasis added).
The specification passages, including its specific de-
scription of overcoming deficiencies in Bessler, go beyond
stating a general preference for leaving the native valve in-
tact. Those passages make it unreasonable to read the
“sized and shaped for insertion” claim language as covering
an artificial valve fitted for the space left after removing
the native valve.
This conclusion precludes anticipation by Bessler on
the record of IPR-106. Before the Board, in responding to
the argument by Snyders on this claim limitation, St. Jude
relied only on its claim-construction argument that the ’782
claims cover the situation of a removed native valve; it did
not dispute the express assertion by Snyders that Bessler
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16 ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC
“‘requires removal of the native heart valve.’” IPR-106 De-
cision at *9 (quoting Patent Owner’s Response at 17–18);
J.A. 3289–90 (Reply to Patent Owner’s Response at 3–4). 5
St. Jude therefore has not preserved any argument that
Bessler taught a non-removal alternative that satisfied the
“sized and shaped” limitation. See Novartis AG v. Torrent
Pharms. Ltd., 853 F.3d 1316, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2017); In re
Baxter Int’l, Inc., 678 F.3d 1357, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
Because we reject St. Jude’s (and the Board’s) claim
construction, we conclude that Bessler does not meet this
limitation and therefore cannot anticipate claims 1, 2, 6,
and 8. See Biscotti, 878 F.3d at 1069 (“[A] prior art refer-
ence must provide every element of the claimed invention
arranged as in the claim in order to anticipate.”). Accord-
ingly, we hold that claims 1, 2, 6, and 8 are not anticipated
by Bessler, and we reverse the Board’s contrary determi-
nation.
2
St. Jude’s first contention in its appeal in IPR-106 is
that the Board committed substantive and procedural er-
rors when it found claim 28 not anticipated by Bessler be-
cause St. Jude did not prove that Bessler discloses the
“manipulator” required by claim 28. We need not and do
not reach this challenge. Claim 28 contains exactly the
same “sized and shaped” limitation for the valve as does
claim 1, requiring a valve meeting that limitation (among
others) in combination with an instrument used to install
the valve. ’782 patent, col. 13, line 66, through col. 14, line
5 In its briefing in this court, St. Jude appears to sug-
gest at one place that, before the Board, it responded to the
“sized and shaped” contention of Snyders by arguing that
Bessler does not require native-valve removal. See St. Jude
Response & Reply Br. at 40–41. Its citations to the record
do not support the suggestion.
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ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC 17
56. Because we hold that Snyders is correct that Bessler
does not meet the “sized and shaped” limitation, Bessler
cannot anticipate claim 28 regardless of whether it meets
the additional requirement of a “manipulator” component
relating to the insertion instrument.
3
St. Jude’s second contention in its appeal in IPR-106
challenges the Board’s conclusion that St. Jude failed to
prove that claims 1, 2, 4–8, 10–13, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28,
and 29 of the ’782 patent would have been obvious over
Bessler, Johnson, and Imachi. We reject this challenge.
The Board agreed with St. Jude that a relevant skilled
artisan would have been motivated to combine Bessler and
Johnson, given that Johnson disclosed a more durable
valve than Bessler’s valve, while Bessler disclosed a stent
that could be installed via catheter (not open-heart sur-
gery). IPR-106 Decision at *18. But the Board found that
St. Jude failed to prove that a relevant artisan would have
made the particular combination St. Jude proposed—re-
taining the “cuff” from Bessler (but not its valve) to provide
the “band” required by the claims at issue. Id. at *19. 6 The
Board found that Bessler’s cuff is “an integral portion of the
valve member” and that its purpose is “attaching the valve
to the stent.” Id. It therefore concluded that St. Jude had
not shown why a relevant artisan “when replacing
Bessler’s valve with Johnson’s valve would remove the leaf-
let portion of B[e]ssler’s valve but retain the cuff portion.”
Id.
6 Before the Board, St. Jude proposed an alternative
combination that would use a feature of Johnson (not the
cuff of Bessler) as the claim-required band, but the Board
rejected that alternative, IPR-106 Decision at *19, and St.
Jude does not challenge that rejection on appeal.
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18 ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC
The Board’s determination on this point—whether a
skilled artisan would be motivated to make the proposed
combination to arrive at the claimed invention—is a fac-
tual one that we review for substantial-evidence support.
See Arctic Cat Inc. v. Bombardier Recreational Prods. Inc.,
876 F.3d 1350, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2017). It was St. Jude’s bur-
den to support its assertion by a preponderance of the evi-
dence. See 35 U.S.C. § 316(e); In re Magnum Oil Tools Int’l,
Ltd., 829 F.3d 1364, 1376–77 (Fed. Cir. 2016). We conclude
that the Board did not lack substantial-evidence support in
finding a failure of proof by St. Jude.
As the Board noted, Bessler describes its cuff as ex-
tending from the periphery of the circular and leaflet por-
tions of its valve, and attaching to the stent to hold the
valve and stent together. ’601 patent, col. 5, lines 15–25,
38–42. In St. Jude’s proposed combination of Johnson and
Bessler, however, the leaflet portion of Bessler’s valve
would be removed in favor of Johnson’s valve, while retain-
ing the cuff portion of Bessler’s valve. Pet. for Inter Partes
Review at 68, J.A. 2946. The Board explained, however,
that “the cuff is an integral portion of the valve member,”
that “the purpose of the cuff portion [is] for attaching the
valve to the stent,” and that, “[o]nce the leaflet portion of
Bessler’s valve is removed, the cuff serves no purpose.”
IPR-106 Decision at *19. The Board found no “adequate[]”
or “persua[sive]” explanation by St. Jude for why a relevant
artisan would keep the “integral” cuff portion while replac-
ing the leaflet portion to which it is attached. Id.
The relevant portion of St. Jude’s petition offers no
meaningful explanation for this proposal. Pet. for Inter
Partes Review at 55–56, J.A. 2933–34. The relevant por-
tion of the petition cites five paragraphs from the declara-
tion of St. Jude’s expert, Dr. Lakshmi Prasad Dasi, id.
(citing Dasi Declaration ¶¶ 66–70, J.A. 3677–79), but those
paragraphs merely characterize Bessler, without address-
ing the specific question of separating the leaflets from the
cuff for purposes of a combination with Johnson. St. Jude
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ST. JUDE MEDICAL, LLC v. SNYDERS HEART VALVE LLC 19
now points to two additional paragraphs of the Dasi decla-
ration, J.A. 3696–98 (¶¶ 109, 111)—which themselves de-
scribe how the contemplated combination would function,
rather than specifically address the question of motivation
to make the specific combination—but those paragraphs
are not cited in the relevant portion of the petition or in any
other submission to the Board on this point that St. Jude
identifies. St. Jude has not demonstrated the unreasona-
bleness of the Board’s determination that St. Jude did not
adequately or persuasively establish the motivation to
make the particular combination it proposed in arguing ob-
viousness. We therefore affirm the Board’s obviousness de-
termination in IPR-106. 7
III
The Board’s decision in IPR-105 is affirmed. The
Board’s decision in IPR-106 is reversed as to claims 1, 2, 6,
and 8 but otherwise affirmed.
Costs awarded to Snyders.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART
7 As an alternative ground for affirming the Board’s
obviousness finding, Snyders challenges the Board’s deter-
mination that a relevant artisan would be motivated to
combine Bessler, Johnson, and Imachi. Snyders Response
Br. at 45. We need not reach that argument.