Case: 22-1057 Document: 38 Page: 1 Filed: 04/06/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
DAVID L. PICKETT,
Claimant-Appellant
v.
DENIS MCDONOUGH, SECRETARY OF
VETERANS AFFAIRS,
Respondent-Appellee
______________________
2022-1057
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims in No. 20-196, Chief Judge Margaret C.
Bartley.
______________________
Decided: April 6, 2023
______________________
KENNETH M. CARPENTER, Law Offices of Carpenter
Chartered, Topeka, KS, argued for claimant-appellant.
ASHLEY AKERS, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing-
ton, DC, argued for respondent-appellee. Also represented
by BRIAN M. BOYNTON, MARTIN F. HOCKEY, JR., PATRICIA M.
MCCARTHY; CHRISTOPHER O. ADELOYE, Y. KEN LEE, Office
of General Counsel, United States Department of Veterans
Affairs, Washington, DC.
______________________
Case: 22-1057 Document: 38 Page: 2 Filed: 04/06/2023
2 PICKETT v. MCDONOUGH
Before STOLL, SCHALL, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges.
STOLL, Circuit Judge.
David L. Pickett appeals the decision of the United
States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (Veterans
Court), which concluded that the Department of Veterans
Affairs’ (VA) regional office (RO) complied with the require-
ments of
38 C.F.R. § 3.156(b). As a result, Mr. Pickett’s
failure to timely appeal certain RO decisions finalized a
then-pending claim. The finalized claim could not thereaf-
ter provide a basis for an earlier entitlement to total disa-
bility rating based on individual unemployability (TDIU).
Because the Veterans Court correctly interpreted
§ 3.156(b), we affirm the Veterans Court’s decision.
BACKGROUND
Mr. Pickett served in the United States Army from
September 1969 to September 1971, including service in
Vietnam. In April 2004, he filed a claim with the VA for
service-connected compensation for a general anxiety dis-
order, which he attributed to exposure to Agent Orange or
other herbicides. J.A. 17–26. The VA eventually granted
Mr. Pickett service-connected compensation for post-trau-
matic stress disorder (PTSD) and coronary artery disease
(CAD) effective April 2004. J.A. 51, 68.
The VA first granted Mr. Pickett service connection for
CAD in 2010, upon special review of his case as mandated
by Nehmer v. United States Department of Veterans Af-
fairs,
494 F.3d 846 (9th Cir. 2007). There, the Ninth Cir-
cuit upheld an interpretation of a consent decree which
requires the VA to readjudicate claims for newly recog-
nized, presumptively service-connected conditions associ-
ated with herbicide exposure.
Id. at 851, 853–54 & n.4.
The RO thus granted Mr. Pickett service-connection for
CAD effective April 2004, the date his claim first refer-
enced herbicide exposure. J.A. 68, 70.
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PICKETT v. MCDONOUGH 3
Mr. Pickett appealed, seeking a higher rating for his
service-connected CAD. J.A. 73–74. Within the timeframe
to appeal, Mr. Pickett filed VA Form 21-8940, which is an
application for TDIU. J.A. 89–90. Mr. Pickett’s 2011 VA
Form 21-8940 lists CAD and PTSD as preventing him from
“securing or following any substantially gainful occupa-
tion” starting June 30, 2007, the date he last worked.
J.A. 89 (boxes 6, 12–14).
Relevant here are two subsequent RO decisions dated
January 2013 and April 2014.
The January 2013 RO decision lists the 2011 VA Form
21-8940 as evidence considered. J.A. 91 (fifth bullet point).
In an attached sheet, the RO decision notes that “[e]ntitle-
ment to individual unemployability,” understood to mean
TDIU, “is denied” and to “please tell vet, ‘VA exam dated
February 3, 2012 states that your CAD does not prevent
you from performing sedentary employment tasks and
light physical employment and your PTSD examiner states
that you are in full remission and you appear to have little
functional impairment.’” J.A. 95. The VA explained to
Mr. Pickett in a notice letter that his claim for TDIU was
denied “because the evidence does not show [that he is] un-
able to secure or follow a substantially gainful occupation
as a result of service-connected disabilities.” J.A. 99. The
VA also notified Mr. Pickett that he had a year to appeal.
Id. He did not appeal.
The April 2014 RO decision lists the January 2013 RO
decision, as well as the evidence it relied on—i.e., among
other things, the 2011 VA Form 21-8940—as evidence con-
sidered in the decision. J.A. 102 (second bullet point). This
2014 decision explains that Mr. Pickett’s TDIU claim “was
denied because the evidence does not show [that he is] un-
able to secure or follow a substantially gainful occupation
as a result of service-connected disabilities.” J.A. 103. The
decision also proposes decreasing Mr. Pickett’s PTSD rat-
ing. J.A. 101. Mr. Pickett only challenged the proposed
Case: 22-1057 Document: 38 Page: 4 Filed: 04/06/2023
4 PICKETT v. MCDONOUGH
reduction to his PTSD rating and did not appeal the denial
of his TDIU claim.
Years later, in January 2017, Mr. Pickett filed a sup-
plemental claim and new TDIU application, again indicat-
ing that he was unemployed due to service-connected CAD
and PTSD. J.A. 157–65. Following additional VA exami-
nations, the RO awarded Mr. Pickett TDIU due solely to
PTSD and increased his ratings for CAD and PTSD, all ef-
fective January 2017, the date the VA received the most
recent claim. J.A. 104–10.
Mr. Pickett filed a notice of disagreement (NOD). He
argued that under the correct application of
38 C.F.R.
§ 3.156(b), he was entitled to “an extraschedular total rat-
ing,” which could include TDIU, effective from June 2007
(the date last worked) through January 2017, based on his
service-connected CAD. J.A. 111–15. The RO disagreed,
finding that the January 2013 and April 2014 RO decisions
denied entitlement to TDIU, were not appealed, and thus
became final. In other words, that claim stream ended. As
a result, Mr. Pickett could not reach back to that claim
stream to seek TDIU before 2017. Mr. Pickett appealed to
the Board of Veterans’ Appeals.
Before the Board, Mr. Pickett argued that, in assessing
his April 2004 claim, the VA did not properly apply
§ 3.156(b) because it failed to assess whether his 2011 VA
Form 21-8940 was new and material evidence that sup-
ported that claim. J.A. 139–41. This meant, he argued,
that his April 2004 claim remained pending, J.A. 142,
which in turn could allow Mr. Pickett to seek entitlement
to TDIU prior to January 2017. That is, Mr. Pickett’s enti-
tlement to TDIU prior to January 2017 rested on whether
the April 2004 claim remained pending. The Board denied
Mr. Pickett an earlier effective date for his service-con-
nected CAD, [J.A. 144–49] and he appealed to the Veter-
ans Court. Pickett v. McDonough, No. 20-0196,
2021 WL
2669688 (Vet. App. June 30, 2021).
Case: 22-1057 Document: 38 Page: 5 Filed: 04/06/2023
PICKETT v. MCDONOUGH 5
The Veterans Court affirmed the Board’s decision.
First, the Veterans Court agreed with Mr. Pickett that the
Board erred in characterizing the issue on appeal as an ear-
lier effective date for an increased CAD rating, rather than
“an extraschedular total CAD evaluation, including
TDIU.”
Id. at *4 (emphasis added). But the Veterans
Court held that the Board’s mistake and subsequent anal-
ysis was harmless error because the RO “implicitly made
the § 3.156(b) determination and considered the September
2011 VA Form 21-8940 in connection with the April 2004
CAD claim.” Id. Specifically, the Veterans Court found
that the January 2013 RO decision:
[1] listed the September 2011 VA Form 21-8940
among the evidence it considered in making its de-
cision; [2] addressed entitlement to TDIU due to
CAD, an issue that was first raised expressly in
that submission; and [3] rendered a TDIU decision
on the merits, explaining that that benefit was de-
nied because a February 2012 VA examination
showed that his service-connected CAD did not pre-
clude substantially gainful sedentary or light phys-
ical employment.
Id. (citations omitted). Thus, the Veterans Court deter-
mined that the RO “essentially treated [the 2011 VA Form
21-8940] as new and material evidence, and considered it
in connection with the pending CAD evaluation claim.” Id.
The Veterans Court next explained that Mr. Pickett’s
failure to perfect an appeal following the January 2013 or
the April 2014 RO decision meant that Mr. Pickett’s
April 2004 claim for the maximum CAD evaluation—in-
cluding entitlement to TDIU—became final by 2017, when
the VA granted Mr. Pickett TDIU for PTSD and increased
ratings for his service-connected CAD and PTSD. Id.
Hence, because only Mr. Pickett’s new TDIU application
remained pending at that time, Mr. Pickett was not enti-
tled to TDIU before 2017.
Case: 22-1057 Document: 38 Page: 6 Filed: 04/06/2023
6 PICKETT v. MCDONOUGH
Mr. Pickett appeals. We have jurisdiction under
38 U.S.C. § 7292(c).
DISCUSSION
This appeal hinges on the interpretation of
38 C.F.R.
§ 3.156(b). Specifically, we must determine whether the
VA may indicate its compliance with § 3.156(b) implicitly,
as the Veterans Court found, or must do so explicitly, as
Mr. Pickett argues. If Mr. Pickett is correct, and the VA
failed to make an explicit finding as to whether the
2011 VA Form 21-8940 is new and material evidence, then
Mr. Pickett contends that this evidence relates to the pend-
ing April 2004 claim and thus his April 2004 claim remains
pending. As such, Mr. Pickett argues that he could be en-
titled to TDIU prior to 2017. On the other hand, if
Mr. Pickett’s interpretation of § 3.156(b) is wrong, then the
April 2004 claim stream ended when he failed to appeal the
January 2013 or April 2014 RO decisions and he is not en-
titled to TDIU before 2017.
We review the Veterans Court’s interpretation of a reg-
ulation de novo. See
38 U.S.C. § 7292(c); Breland
v. McDonough,
22 F.4th 1347, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2022). We
start our interpretation analysis with the language of the
regulation at issue.
Section 3.156(b) provides that:
New and material evidence received prior to the ex-
piration of the appeal period, or prior to the appel-
late decision if a timely appeal has been filed . . . ,
will be considered as having been filed in connec-
tion with the claim which was pending at the be-
ginning of the appeal period.
The regulation provides that the VA must treat (1) new
and material evidence (2) received prior to the end of the
appeal period (3) as having been filed in connection with
the claim that was pending at the beginning of the appeal
period. While the VA must comply with the regulation,
Case: 22-1057 Document: 38 Page: 7 Filed: 04/06/2023
PICKETT v. MCDONOUGH 7
nothing in the text of the regulation states that the VA
must expressly state its analysis under this regulation.
Mr. Pickett argues that § 3.156(b) requires more from
the VA than “merely act[ing] on” or “addressing” evidence
in a VA decision. Appellant’s Br. 17; Reply Br. 10. In other
words, the VA must do more than list evidence that is new
and material and filed before the end of the appeal period
as evidence considered in the case. He argues that an as-
sessment under § 3.156(b) “must be explicitly stated in [a
VA] decision.” Appellant’s Br. 16 (emphasis added). Dur-
ing oral argument, Mr. Pickett’s counsel stated that “magic
words” are necessary to indicate whether the VA made the
proper assessment under § 3.156(b). Oral Arg. at 12:10–
13:03, https://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.asp
x?fl=22-1057_02092023.mp3. Specifically, in Mr. Pickett’s
view, making an appropriate assessment under § 3.156(b)
requires the VA to state (i) that it received the evidence;
(ii) whether the evidence is new and material; and (iii) if
the evidence is new and material, whether the evidence re-
lates back to the original claim. Id. We disagree and con-
clude based on the regulatory text itself that § 3.156(b)
does not require an explicit assessment nor the inclusion of
“magic words.”
Mr. Pickett asserts that our own precedent—particu-
larly Bond v. Shinseki,
659 F.3d 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2011) and
Beraud v. McDonald,
766 F.3d 1402 (Fed. Cir. 2014)—re-
quires the VA to provide the explicit analysis that he advo-
cates. Appellant’s Br. 16–17. We disagree.
In Bond, we held that under § 3.156(b) “the VA must
evaluate submissions received during the relevant period
and determine whether they contain new evidence relevant
to a pending claim.”
659 F.3d at 1369. There, the VA eval-
uated whether the evidence it received supported a new
claim but failed to consider whether it constituted new and
material evidence for a pending claim, as § 3.156(b) dic-
tates. See id. at 1367–68. Importantly, “nothing in the
Case: 22-1057 Document: 38 Page: 8 Filed: 04/06/2023
8 PICKETT v. MCDONOUGH
record indicate[d] that the RO or Board” determined
whether the evidence submitted was new and material. Id.
at 1368. We explained how, “[a]bsent any indication in the
record that this analysis occurred, we decline to presume
that the VA considered, but rejected, the possibility that
Mr. Bond’s . . . submission contained new and material ev-
idence relating to his [pending] claim.” Id. We also ex-
pressed reluctance to assume the VA made “an unstated
finding” where, as was true in that case, the submission
“would seem to compel the opposite conclusion” than what
the RO reached. Id. Thus, Bond explains that a determi-
nation under § 3.156(b) is mandatory, but it left the door
open for an implicit determination so long as there is some
indication in the record that the proper analysis occurred.
Similarly, in Beraud, we affirmed Bond and the VA’s
obligation under § 3.156(b) to “provide a determination
that is directly responsive to the new submission.”
766 F.3d at 1407. There, the Veterans Court found that a
pending claim became final upon the VA’s final denial of an
identical claim despite the VA’s failure to analyze the pend-
ing claim under § 3.156(b). Id. at 1404. We reversed, again
holding that the VA must make a determination under
§ 3.156(b) and that a pending claim is not finalized until
the VA makes the required § 3.156(b) determination. Rel-
evant here, we rejected the government’s invitation to pre-
sume that the VA considered the veteran’s submission
because there was “no indication that the VA made its re-
quired determination under § 3.156(b).” Id. at 1406–07.
Notably, we explained that “such a general presumption
applies where the record before the VA is complete and
there is no statutory or regulatory obligation that would be
thwarted by application of the presumption.” Id. at 1406.
But we cautioned against applying a presumption that the
VA considered evidence where there is “no firm trace of [the
VA’s potential] dereliction in the record.” Id. at 1407. We
emphasized that this is especially so in situations where
“the government asks us to indulge a presumption that the
Case: 22-1057 Document: 38 Page: 9 Filed: 04/06/2023
PICKETT v. MCDONOUGH 9
VA considered records it never obtained.” Id. Thus, Be-
raud also left the door open for the VA to demonstrate its
compliance with the requirements of § 3.156(b) via an im-
plicit determination so long as that implicit determination
is clear on the record. Like Bond, Beraud requires some
indication in the record of a directly responsive decision,
but no “magic words.”
Relatedly, in a more recent opinion, we held that under
§ 3.156(b) the VA “is not required to explicitly determine
whether a submission constitutes ‘new and material evi-
dence’ where . . . the conditions underlying the two claims
have no apparent connection.” Gudinas v. McDonough,
54 F.4th 716, 721 (Fed. Cir. 2022). While Gudinas con-
cerned different circumstances than those before us, our
holding here is consistent: Section 3.156(b) does not re-
quire the VA to invoke any “magic words.”
In other words, the VA’s obligation under § 3.156(b) is
mandatory, but our case law does not require the VA’s de-
cision to include specific words to fulfill the requirements
of § 3.156(b). Instead, consistent with the text of § 3.156(b),
Bond and Beraud allow for an implicit finding so long as
there is some indication that the VA determined whether
the submission is new and material evidence and, if so, con-
sidered such evidence in evaluating the pending claim.
Here, the Veterans Court’s understanding of § 3.156(b)
was the same as ours. See Pickett,
2021 WL 2669688, at *5
(“[T]he RO issued a rating decision in Mr. Pickett’s case
that directly responded to his submission during the rele-
vant appeal period, essentially treated that submission as
new and material evidence, and considered that evidence
in conjunction with the then-pending claim.”). Accordingly,
because the Veterans Court did not err in its interpretation
of what § 3.156(b) requires, we affirm the Veterans Court’s
decision.
Case: 22-1057 Document: 38 Page: 10 Filed: 04/06/2023
10 PICKETT v. MCDONOUGH
CONCLUSION
For the reasons above, we hold that the VA may fulfill
its mandatory obligation under § 3.156(b) implicitly. For
sure, there must be some indication that the proper analy-
sis under the regulation occurred, but we hold that
§ 3.156(b) does not require the VA to invoke certain “magic
words” in its decision.
We have considered Mr. Pickett’s remaining argu-
ments and find them unpersuasive. For the reasons above,
we affirm the Veterans Court’s decision.
AFFIRMED
COSTS
No costs.
