Hall v. Shinseki , 717 F.3d 1369 ( 2013 )


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  •   United States Court of Appeals
    for the Federal Circuit
    ______________________
    TONY C. HALL,
    Claimant-Appellant,
    v.
    ERIC K. SHINSEKI, SECRETARY OF VETERANS
    AFFAIRS,
    Respondent-Appellee.
    ______________________
    2012-7115
    ______________________
    Appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for
    Veterans Claims in No. 10-4309, Judge Robert N. Davis.
    ______________________
    Decided: June 7, 2013
    ______________________
    KENNETH M. CARPENTER, Carpenter, Chartered, of
    Topeka, Kansas, argued for claimant-appellant.
    WILLIAM J. GRIMALDI, Trial Attorney, Commercial Lit-
    igation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department
    of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for respondent-
    appellee. With him on the brief were STUART F. DELERY,
    Acting Assistant Attorney General, JEANNE E. DAVIDSON,
    Director, and MARTIN F. HOCKEY, JR., Assistant Director.
    Of counsel on the brief were MICHAEL J. TIMINSKI, Deputy
    Assistant General Counsel and MARTIE ADELMAN, Staff
    2                                     TONY HALL   v. SHINSEKI
    Attorney, United States Department of Veterans Affairs,
    of Washington, DC.
    ______________________
    Before RADER, Chief Judge, SCHALL and PROST, Circuit
    Judges.
    PROST, Circuit Judge.
    Tony Hall appeals the decision of the Court of Appeals
    for Veterans Claims (“Veterans Court”) affirming the
    denial of his disability claim for post-traumatic stress
    disorder (“PTSD”). Because the Veterans Court made no
    error of law, we affirm.
    I. BACKGROUND
    On April 25, 1990, Mr. Hall entered active duty in the
    Army. However, he “refused to go to basic training” and
    asked to go home. J.A. 34. He also “threatened to hurt
    either himself or someone else,” demonstrated a “phobia
    of people in general,” and admitted to receiving one year’s
    probation after an “arrest for carrying a gun.” J.A. 34. A
    report from an in-service psychiatric evaluation showed
    that Mr. Hall was believed to suffer from an “avoidant
    personality disorder.” J.A. 35. His superior officers and
    multiple counselors recommended that he be terminated
    from service. Mr. Hall was officially discharged from the
    Army on May 9, 1990, fifteen days after he entered ser-
    vice.
    In August 2006, Mr. Hall filed a claim for disability
    benefits with the Veteran’s Administration (“VA”).
    Among other grounds for his claim, 1 Mr. Hall asserted
    1   The Veterans Court addressed several of those
    other grounds in its decision, but Mr. Hall appeals only
    the denial of his disability claim based on PTSD. We
    therefore limit our opinion to the facts and issues relevant
    to that aspect of Mr. Hall’s claim.
    TONY HALL   v. SHINSEKI                                  3
    that he suffered PTSD caused by an in-service sexual
    assault (a “military sexual trauma” or “MST”) perpetrated
    by a superior officer. J.A. 37. The regional office of the
    VA denied his claim for lack of service connection because,
    in part, Mr. Hall failed to demonstrate a “verifiable mili-
    tary stressor.” J.A. 24.
    The Board of Veterans Appeals (“Board”) affirmed the
    denial. It agreed that Mr. Hall had failed to prove that
    the alleged sexual assault actually occurred. The Board
    first held that Mr. Hall could not rely solely on his allega-
    tions and statements to prove the assault occurred be-
    cause the regulation he argued authorized him to do so,
    
    38 C.F.R. § 3.304
    (f)(3), did not apply to sexual assault
    stressors. The Board then concluded that Mr. Hall’s
    allegations of a sexual assault deserved little weight
    because he was not a “credible historian.” J.A. 37. The
    Board reasoned that Mr. Hall never initially mentioned a
    sexual assault in his claim, had been diagnosed with
    “psychotic symptoms that included paranoid delusions
    and ideations,” indicated on a supporting VA form that
    his stressor occurred four days after his discharge from
    the Army, twice falsely claimed that he served in the
    Army for three years, and asserted—without any sup-
    port—that he engaged in combat while in service. J.A.
    36-38. The Board also determined that there was no
    credible evidence corroborating Mr. Hall’s sexual assault
    allegations: there were “no official reports of an assault,”
    “service or service treatment reports [did not] contain any
    notion of an assault,” and the few statements in medical
    reports linking Mr. Hall’s PTSD to an MST were based on
    his unreliable oral history. J.A. 38. The Board thus
    found that Mr. Hall had presented insufficient proof that
    the alleged sexual assault occurred and, therefore, was
    not eligible for benefits.
    On appeal, the Veterans Court affirmed the Board’s
    decision. It rejected Mr. Hall’s argument that the Board
    erred by failing to apply 
    38 C.F.R. § 3.304
    (f)(3) to his
    4                                       TONY HALL   v. SHINSEKI
    claim. That regulation, the court held, required Mr. Hall
    to demonstrate that the alleged sexual assault was “relat-
    ed to [his] fear of hostile military or terrorist activity” and
    was “consistent with the places, types, and circumstances
    of [his] service”—a showing he failed to make. J.A. 2.
    Mr. Hall timely appealed the Veterans Court’s deci-
    sion.
    II. DISCUSSION
    Mr. Hall raises a single argument on appeal: the Vet-
    erans Court legally erred by holding 
    38 C.F.R. § 3.304
    (f)(3) inapplicable to his claim. 2 We have jurisdic-
    tion under 
    38 U.S.C. § 7292
     and review such questions of
    law de novo. Akers v. Shinseki, 
    673 F.3d 1352
    , 1355 (Fed.
    Cir. 2012).
    In order to prove the required service connection for a
    PTSD disability claim, a veteran normally must provide
    “credible supporting evidence that the claimed in-service
    stressor occurred.” 
    38 C.F.R. § 3.304
    (f). However, the
    subsection Mr. Hall argues should apply to his claim,
    § 3.304(f)(3), grants veterans a special exception to that
    normal evidentiary burden by permitting them to rely on
    their lay testimony alone without corroborating evidence
    to prove that their claimed in-service PTSD stressor
    occurred. The subsection states:
    If a stressor claimed by a veteran is related to the
    veteran’s fear of hostile military or terrorist activi-
    ty and a VA psychiatrist or psychologist, or a psy-
    2   The government asserts that Mr. Hall waived any
    argument concerning § 3.304(f)(3) because he “omitted
    two phrases found in th[at] section” in his argument
    before the Veterans Court. Appellee’s Br. 7. While those
    omissions might constitute poor briefing, there was no
    waiver: Mr. Hall plainly challenged the denial of his
    claim based on a failure to apply § 3.304(f)(3).
    TONY HALL   v. SHINSEKI                                    5
    chiatrist or psychologist with whom VA has con-
    tracted, confirms that the claimed stressor is ade-
    quate to support a diagnosis of posttraumatic
    stress disorder and that the veteran’s symptoms
    are related to the claimed stressor, in the absence
    of clear and convincing evidence to the contrary,
    provided the claimed stressor is consistent with
    the places, types, and circumstances of the veter-
    an’s service, the veteran’s lay testimony alone
    may establish the occurrence of the claimed in-
    service stressor. For purposes of this paragraph,
    “fear of hostile military or terrorist activity”
    means that a veteran experienced, witnessed, or
    was confronted with an event or circumstance that
    involved actual or threatened death or serious in-
    jury, or a threat to the physical integrity of the
    veteran or others, such as from an actual or poten-
    tial improvised explosive device; vehicle-imbedded
    explosive device; incoming artillery, rocket, or mor-
    tar fire; grenade; small arms fire, including sus-
    pected sniper fire; or attack upon friendly military
    aircraft, and the veteran’s response to the event or
    circumstance involved a psychological or psycho-
    physiological state of fear, helplessness, or horror.
    
    38 C.F.R. § 3.304
    (f)(3) (emphases added).
    As its plain language indicates, subsection (f)(3) ap-
    plies only if a veteran has a “fear of hostile military or
    terrorist activity.” 
    Id.
     The subsection expressly requires
    that fear to have originated from an “event or circum-
    stance” that the veteran “experienced, witnessed, or was
    confronted with” and that “involved actual or threatened
    death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integri-
    ty of the veteran or others.” 
    Id.
     It sets forth several
    examples of such events or circumstances. 
    Id.
     Read in
    context of the subsection’s use of the word “hostile,” those
    examples indicate that the “event or circumstance” must
    have been part of terrorist activity (which is innately
    6                                      TONY HALL   v. SHINSEKI
    hostile) or part of enemy military activity (since only
    enemy, not friendly forces, are hostile). See 
    id.
     (“incoming
    artillery, rocket or mortar fire,” “suspected sniper fire,”
    and “attack upon friendly military aircraft” (emphases
    added)). We therefore conclude that § 3.304(f)(3) can
    apply only if a veteran’s claimed in-service PTSD stressor
    relates to an event or circumstance that a veteran experi-
    enced, witnessed, or was confronted with and that was
    perpetrated by a member of an enemy military or by a
    terrorist. 3 See id.; see also Acevedo v. Shinseki, 
    25 Vet. App. 286
    , 291 (2012) (“[T]he examples provided [in sub-
    section (f)(3)] all involve actions originating from individ-
    uals who commit hostile military or terrorist acts toward
    the U.S. military, not nefarious, or even criminal, acts of
    one service member directed at another service mem-
    ber.”).
    Mr. Hall asserts that such an interpretation of the
    scope of § 3.304(f)(3) does not comport with the subsec-
    tion’s regulatory history. That argument is unconvincing.
    In response to public comments made during the notice
    period prior to enactment of the subsection, the VA stated
    that “th[e] regulation is not limited to events or circum-
    stances perpetrated by a foreign enemy,” that “fear of
    hostile military or terrorist activity . . . is not limited to
    any particular class of individuals,” and that the exam-
    ples in the subsection are “to illustrate what qualifies as
    an event or circumstance, not a defining restriction.” 4
    3  Of course, for § 3.304(f)(3) to apply, several other
    requirements must be met. For example, the stressor
    must be “consistent with the places, types, and circum-
    stances of the veteran’s service” and the veteran had to
    have experienced “fear, helplessness or horror” because of
    the event or circumstance he faced.
    4   Mr. Hall’s counsel highlighted the sections of reg-
    ulatory history we address not only in the briefing he
    submitted on behalf of Mr. Hall, see Reply Br. 5-6, but
    TONY HALL   v. SHINSEKI                                  7
    Stressor Determinations for Posttraumatic Stress Disor-
    der, 
    75 Fed. Reg. 39843
    -01, 39844 (July 13, 2010). The
    VA made those statements to clarify that § 3.304(f)(3)
    could extend to “events such as the injuring or killing of
    civilians” and to “domestic as well as foreign activity.” Id.
    Our reading of § 3.304(f)(3) does not prevent its applica-
    tion to the injuring or killing of civilians or to domestic
    activity perpetrated by a domestic enemy (which can fall
    under a natural reading of the term “terrorist activity”).
    And we see the examples in § 3.304(f)(3) as illustrative of
    the proper interpretation of the term “hostile” when read
    in context of the whole subsection and in light of the
    special evidentiary exceptions § 3.304(f) affords to particu-
    lar veterans. See 
    38 C.F.R. §§ 3.304
    (f)(1) (providing
    special evidentiary exceptions to veterans who were
    diagnosed with PTSD during service); 3.304(f)(2) (provid-
    ing special evidentiary exceptions to veterans whose
    claimed PTSD stressor is related to combat); 3.304(f)(4)
    (providing special evidentiary exceptions to veterans who
    also in a Rule 28(j) letter filed with the court after oral
    argument. Of course, if the letter presented new argu-
    ment, it would be improper. See Desper Prods., Inc. v.
    QSound Labs, Inc., 
    157 F.3d 1325
    , 1335 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
    But rearguing identical points from briefing already
    submitted based on authority already fully cited and
    argued to the court in that briefing is likewise improper.
    See Fed. R. App. P. 28(j) (“If pertinent and significant
    authorities come to a party’s attention after the party’s
    brief has been filed—or after oral argument but before
    decision—a party may promptly advise the circuit clerk
    by letter . . . .” (emphases added)). The purpose of Rule
    28(j) is not to expand the page limit for briefing or permit
    counsel to highlight certain content of the briefing after
    oral argument.
    8                                      TONY HALL   v. SHINSEKI
    were prisoners-of-war); 3.304(f)(5) 5 (providing special
    evidentiary exceptions to veterans whose PTSD claim is
    “based on in-service personal assault”). Moreover, of
    particular relevance here, the VA specifically refused
    public suggestions that “the rule should cover stressors
    such as MST, abuse by military personnel of subordinate
    military personnel, harassment, suicide of a fellow service
    member, witnessing a military vehicle accident in the
    United States, a fellow soldier’s or sailor’s post-service
    suicide, and social, political, and economic discrimination”
    because those suggestions were “outside the scope of th[e]
    rule.” 75 Fed. Reg. at 39845 (emphasis added).
    In light of our reading of § 3.304(f)(3), we see no legal
    error in the Veterans Court’s decision. The court held in
    part that subsection (f)(3) does not apply to Mr. Hall’s
    claim because Mr. Hall failed to show that his claimed
    stressor related to his “fear of hostile military or terrorist
    activity.” Mr. Hall argues that to be error because his
    asserted PTSD stressor relates to “his fear of [a] hostile
    sexual assault . . . by his superior in the military.” Appel-
    lant’s Br. 8-9. But Mr. Hall has not shown—and does not
    allege—that the assault he claims to have experienced
    was perpetrated by a member of an enemy military or by
    a terrorist. Therefore, Mr. Hall’s claimed PTSD stressor
    is not related to his “fear of hostile military or terrorist
    activity” as required by § 3.304(f)(3). Accordingly, the
    Veterans Court correctly held that subsection (f)(3) does
    not apply to Mr. Hall’s claim.
    AFFIRMED
    5    A large part of Mr. Hall’s briefing focuses on how
    the existence of § 3.304(f)(5) does not prevent the applica-
    tion of subsection (f)(3). Because of our holding and the
    scope of issues on appeal, we need not decide that point or
    whether subsection (f)(5) applies to Mr. Hall’s claim.
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 2012-7115

Citation Numbers: 717 F.3d 1369, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 11497, 2013 WL 2450628

Judges: Rader, Schall, Prost

Filed Date: 6/7/2013

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/19/2024