People v. Aguilar , 60 Cal. 4th 862 ( 2015 )

Filed 1/12/15 (this opn. follows companion case, S213687, also filed 1/12/15)
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, )
)
Plaintiff and Respondent, )
) S213571
v. )
) Ct.App. 1/4 A135516
OCTAVIO AGUILAR, )
) Contra Costa County
Defendant and Appellant. ) Super. Ct. No. 51202696
____________________________________)
As in the companion case of People v. Trujillo (Jan. 12, 2015, S213687)
___ Cal.4th ___ (Trujillo), we consider whether the appellate forfeiture rule
applies to challenges to fees imposed at sentencing, here, probation-related costs
and an order for reimbursement of the fees paid to appointed trial counsel under
sections 1203.1b and 987.8 of the Penal Code, respectively.1 We hold that
defendant‟s failure to challenge the fees in the trial court precludes him from
doing so on appeal.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A jury convicted defendant of one count of corporal injury on a spouse
(§ 273.5, subd. (a)) and, in a bifurcated proceeding, the court found he had
suffered a prior conviction of battery within seven years (§ 243; former § 273.5,
1 Further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
specified.
subd. (e), now subd. (f)). At the sentencing hearing, the court suspended
imposition of sentence and placed defendant on formal probation for three years
on various conditions. Without objection, the court also imposed various fines and
fees as recommended in the presentence investigation report, including a fee of
$176 for the report; the cost, “not to exceed $75/month,” of probation supervision
(§ 1203.1b); and a “criminal [administration] assessment” fee (which is generally
known, and hereafter referred to, as a booking fee; see, e.g., People v. McCullough
(2013) 56 Cal.4th 589, 590), of $564 (see Gov. Code, §§ 29550, 29550.1).2 The
court also ordered defendant to pay attorney fees in the amount of $500. (§ 987.8,
subd. (b).) The court noted: “Many of these fees are going to be based on his
ability to pay. When he contacts the probation office, he‟ll fill out fiscal financial
assessment form [sic] and he can talk with the probation deputy about his ability to
pay these various fees.” The record does not disclose whether defendant
subsequently appeared before the probation officer to contest his ability to pay the
fees.
On appeal, defendant contended the court imposed these fees without
making a finding of his ability to pay (and, in the case of the booking fee, without
evidence in the record of the actual costs of the governmental services to be
reimbursed through such fees) as required by People v. Pacheco (2010) 187
Cal.App.4th 1392, 1400–1401, disapproved on other grounds in People v.
McCullough, supra, 56 Cal.4th 589, and further disapproved in Trujillo, supra, __
2 The trial court separately imposed what it termed a “booking fee,” and what
the applicable statute denominates an “administrative screening fee,” in the
amount of $25. (§ 1463.07 [requiring imposition of fee on all persons arrested and
released on own recognizance upon conviction of criminal offense related to the
arrest other than infraction].) That fee is not at issue in this case and, as noted in
the text, we use the term “booking fee” to describe the fee the trial court imposed
pursuant to Government Code sections 29550 and 29550.1.
2
Cal.4th at page __ [p. 8, fn. 5]. Defendant also contended he was not advised of
and did not waive his right to a court hearing on the probation supervision fee.
The Court of Appeal rejected his contentions. We granted defendant‟s petition for
review.
ANALYSIS
As noted, the trial court ordered defendant to pay probation costs under
section 1203.1b, consisting of a fee of $176 for the presentence investigation
report and an amount not to exceed $75 per month for supervision, and the sum of
$500 for attorney fees under section 987.8, subdivision (b). Our opinion in
Trujillo, supra, __ Cal.4th at pages ___ [pp. 3–4], quotes relevant portions of
section 1203.1b, and we need not reiterate them here. Section 987.8, subdivision
(b) provides: “In any case in which a defendant is provided legal assistance, either
through the public defender or private counsel appointed by the court, upon
conclusion of the criminal proceedings in the trial court, or upon the withdrawal of
the public defender or appointed private counsel, the court may, after notice and a
hearing, make a determination of the present ability of the defendant to pay all or a
portion of the cost thereof. The court may, in its discretion, hold one such
additional hearing within six months of the conclusion of the criminal
proceedings. The court may, in its discretion, order the defendant to appear before
a county officer designated by the court to make an inquiry into the ability of the
defendant to pay all or a portion of the legal assistance provided.” At such a
hearing, the defendant is entitled to various rights, including the right to be heard
in person (id., subd. (e)(1)), to present witnesses and documentary evidence (id.,
subd. (e)(2)), to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (id., subd. (e)(3)),
to disclosure of the evidence against him or her (id., subd. (e)(4)), and to a written
statement of the court‟s findings (id., subd. (e)(5)).
3
Like the defendant in Trujillo, defendant here relies on the specification in
sections 1203.1b and 987.8 of certain procedural requirements not contained in the
booking fee statutes (Gov. Code, §§ 29550–29550.2) in an effort to distinguish our
decision in People v. McCullough, supra, 56 Cal.4th 589, which held that
challenges to the imposition of booking fees are forfeited unless made at
sentencing. For the reasons discussed in our opinion in Trujillo, supra, __ Cal.4th
at page ___ [pp. 8–11], the effort is unavailing. Likewise unavailing is
defendant‟s citation to two Court of Appeal decisions invalidating attorney fee and
probation cost orders for lack of notice and findings despite the lack of objection
at trial. People v. Poindexter (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 803, 810, is dissimilar in
pertinent respects to this case. There, although the defendant received notice of an
initial hearing at which the court found him unable to pay costs, he was not given
notice of, or allowed to call witnesses on his behalf or confront adverse witnesses
at, a second hearing at which the court reversed its finding. Here, in contrast,
defendant neither sought to present, nor was precluded from presenting, evidence
on his own behalf and the record contains no suggestion he ever accepted the trial
court‟s invitation to address to the probation office any concerns about his ability
to pay these costs. People v. Heath (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 892, 902–903, in the
published portion of the opinion contains no discussion of the forfeiture issue and
thus has no precedential significance on the point.
Defendant here makes an additional argument why the appellate forfeiture
rule should not bar his appeal. Asserting that the orders for probation costs and
attorney fees are each enforceable as civil judgments by the terms of the relevant
statutes, he contends that, just as civil judgments are deemed excepted to by law
(and thus appealable without contemporaneous objection) under Code of Civil
Procedure section 647, so too are the orders at issue here. Defendant reads too
much into the statutory language. Penal Code section 1203.1b, subdivision (d)
4
provides that an order for probation costs may be executed on “in the same manner
as a judgment in a civil action,” and Penal Code section 987.8, subdivision (e)
provides that an order to pay attorney fees “may be enforced in the manner
provided for enforcement of money judgments generally but may not be enforced
by contempt.” That the Legislature has decreed the state shall enforce fee orders
in the same manner as civil judgments does not remove a defendant‟s challenge to
such orders from the criminal sentencing matrix in which it necessarily arises, and
in which the Welch/Scott forfeiture rule governs.3 Notably, in bringing his
challenge to these fees, defendant availed himself of rights, such as the right to
appointment of counsel, that are afforded only to criminal, not civil, appellants.
We need not in this case enumerate all the possible ramifications of the
circumstance that fee orders are enforceable in the same manner as civil
judgments. Suffice it to say that defendant fails to persuade us that circumstance
has any bearing on his appellate challenge to the fees at issue here.
Defendant also relies on People v. Butler (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1119 (Butler),
but that case is distinguishable. Butler permitted the appeal, even without a
contemporaneous objection, of an order for involuntary HIV testing of a defendant
convicted of a sex offense enumerated in section 1202.1, on the ground the record
contained insufficient evidence to establish probable cause to believe the
defendant transferred a bodily fluid capable of transmitting HIV to the victim.
(Butler, supra, at pp. 1126–1128.) Butler did not articulate a general rule that
would displace Scott‟s forfeiture principle, and its reasoning is, on its face, limited
to section 1202.1 and controlled by the statutory restrictions on involuntary HIV
testing. (Butler, supra, at p. 1128, fn. 5.)
3 People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 230; People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th
331, 354.
5
To apply the forfeiture rule in the present case is especially appropriate
because, under the procedures contemplated by sections 987.8 and 1203.1b,
defendant had two opportunities to object to the fees the court imposed, and
availed himself of neither. Defendant, of course, could have objected when the
court, at sentencing, announced the fees it was imposing, which largely tracked
those recommended in the presentence investigation report. Furthermore, the
court advised defendant he would have the opportunity to assert inability to pay in
subsequent proceedings before the probation officer: “Many of these fees are
going to be based on his ability to pay. When he contacts the probation office,
he‟ll fill out fiscal financial assessment form [sic] and he can talk with the
probation deputy about his ability to pay these various fees.” The record contains
no hint that defendant presented any financial justification for a fee reduction to
the probation officer and we see no basis to grant him a third such opportunity by
exempting him from the appellate forfeiture rule. Moreover, although the
presentence investigation report indicates defendant claimed to possess no
significant assets (or debts) and his residence was held in the victim‟s name, at
sentencing he emphasized his uninterrupted employment history, a stance
seemingly at odds with an appellate claim of inability to pay the fees.4
As recognized in our opinion in Trujillo, a defendant who fails to object in
the trial court to an order to pay probation costs or attorney fees is not wholly
without recourse. “[T]he court may hold additional hearings during the
probationary or conditional sentence period to review the defendant‟s financial
4 This case does not present, and we therefore do not address, the question
whether a challenge to an order for payment of the cost of the services of
appointed counsel is forfeited when the failure to raise the challenge at sentencing
may be attributable to a conflict of interest on trial counsel‟s part. (See, e.g.,
People v. Viray (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 1186, 1216–1217.)
6
ability to pay [probation costs in] the amount, and in the manner, as set by the
probation officer, . . . or as set by the court pursuant to” section 1203.1b.
(§ 1203.16, subd. (c).) Likewise, “[a]t any time during the pendency of the
judgment [ordering payment of attorney fees], a defendant against whom a
judgment has been rendered may petition the rendering court to modify or vacate
its previous judgment on the grounds of a change in circumstances with regard to
the defendant‟s ability to pay the judgment.” (§ 987.8, subd. (h).) “Although the
sentencing hearing is, in general, the proper time for a defendant to assert all
available procedural and factual contentions relating to the trial court‟s sentencing
choices, in an appropriate case a defendant‟s discovery of trial counsel‟s failure to
properly advise the defendant, before the sentencing hearing, of the requirement of
a waiver of a court hearing on ability to pay probation costs may constitute a
change of circumstances supporting a postsentencing request for such a hearing.”
(Trujillo, supra, __ Cal.4th at p. ___ [p. 12].)
Finally, although he neither objected on this basis in the trial court nor
included the issue in his petition for review, defendant contends the order
imposing probation costs and booking and attorney fees violates due process
because the record contains neither evidence nor trial court findings as to the
actual costs involved. He observes that Penal Code section 1203.1b, subdivision
(a) refers to an order for the “reasonable cost” of the presentence investigation
report and supervision; Government Code section 29550, subdivision (c) limits
booking fees to “actual administrative costs” incurred for booking and processing
arrested persons (see also id., subd. (e) [defining “ „actual administrative
costs‟ ”]); and Penal Code section 987.8, subdivision (d)(1) provides for notice to
the defendant against whom attorney fees are sought of “[a] statement of the cost
of the legal assistance provided to the defendant as determined by the court.”
Defendant contends that because our McCullough decision was based on the
7
assumption the booking fee was not a punishment but merely a recoupment of
expenses incurred in the proceedings (People v. McCullough, supra, 56 Cal.4th at
p. 598, citing People v. Alford (2007) 42 Cal.4th 749, 756–759), a fee may become
a punitive fine without evidence of actual costs involved. In other words, in the
absence of evidence showing the fees imposed represented actual costs, he argues,
the court lacked authority to order their payment and, as in Butler, supra, 31
Cal.4th 1119, its assertedly unauthorized action may be challenged on appeal even
absent an objection below. (See also Southern Union Co. v. United States (2012)
567 U.S. ___ [183 L.Ed.2d 318, 132 S.Ct. 2344] [fines constitute punishment to
which rule of Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466 applies].)
Defendant‟s contention lacks merit. As the Attorney General reasons, with
respect to the booking fee, the trial court correctly relied on the fee schedule set by
the county board of supervisors based on actual cost data submitted by the county
sheriff. With respect to the probation-related costs, subdivision (a) of section
1203.1b requires the probation department of each county to develop a payment
schedule for the reimbursement of the costs of presentence investigations, which is
to be approved by the presiding judge of the superior court, and subdivision (h)
authorizes the board of supervisors of a county to establish by resolution a
monthly fee for payment of probation supervision fees. Reading the statutory
subdivisions together, we find it apparent that the payment schedule must be based
on the actual average costs of such investigations and supervision. (See People v.
Wilson (1982) 130 Cal.App.3d 264, 268.) Nothing before us suggests the trial
court did not properly rely on the county‟s fee schedule. Finally, with respect to
the attorney fee order, the court, having presided over the four-day jury trial in this
case, was in a position to make, and did make, an implied finding that counsel
rendered legal services costing at least equal the amount of fees imposed.
8
DISPOSITION
The judgment of the Court of Appeal is affirmed.
WERDEGAR, J.
WE CONCUR:
CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
CHIN, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
LIU, J.
BAXTER, J.*
FRANSON, J.**
* Retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
** Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Fifth Appellate District, assigned by
the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
9
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.
Name of Opinion People v. Aguilar
__________________________________________________________________________________
Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding
Review Granted XXX 219 CAl.App.4th 1094
Rehearing Granted
__________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion No. S213571
Date Filed: January 12, 2015
__________________________________________________________________________________
Court: Superior
County: Contra Costa
Judge: Thomas M. Maddock
__________________________________________________________________________________
Counsel:
Kieran D. C. Manjarrez, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorneys General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Gerald A.
Engler, Assistant Attorney General, Laurence K. Sullivan and Catherine A. Rivlin, Deputy Attorneys
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):
Kieran D. C. Manjarrez
1535 Farmers Lane 133
Santa Rosa, CA 95405
(415) 520-0440
Catherine A. Rivlin
Deputy Attorney General
455 Golden Gate Avenue, Suite 11000
San Francisco, CA 94102-7004
(415) 703-5977
2