Turrieta v. Lyft, Inc. ( 2021 )


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  • Filed 9/30/21
    CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
    DIVISION FOUR
    TINA TURRIETA,                        B304701
    Plaintiff and Respondent,      (Los Angeles County
    Super. Ct. No. BC714153)
    v.
    LYFT, INC.,
    Defendant and Respondent;
    MILLION SEIFU et al.,
    Movants and Appellants.
    APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of
    Los Angeles County, Dennis J. Landin, Judge. Affirmed.
    Lichten & Liss-Riordan, Shannon E. Liss-Riordan, Anne
    Kramer for Appellant Million Seifu.
    Outten & Golden, Jahan C. Sagafi, Laura Iris Mattes and
    Adam Koshkin; Olivier Schreiber & Chao, Monique Olivier,
    Christian Schreiber and Rachel Bien for Appellant Brandon
    Olson.
    Michael L. Smith as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Appellants.
    The Graves Firm, Allen Graves and Jacqueline Treu for
    Plaintiff and Respondent.
    Horvitz & Levy, Christopher D. Hu, Peder K. Batalden, and
    Felix Shafir; Keker, Van Nest & Peters, R. James Slaughter, Erin
    E. Meyer, Ian Kanig and Morgan E. Sharma for Defendant and
    Respondent.
    Appellants Brandon Olson and Million Seifu and
    respondent Tina Turrieta worked as drivers for a rideshare
    company, respondent Lyft, Inc. In 2018, Olson, Seifu, and
    Turrieta each filed separate representative actions against Lyft
    under the Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (PAGA) (Lab.
    Code, § 2698 et seq.),1 alleging that Lyft misclassified its
    California drivers as independent contractors rather than
    employees, thereby violating multiple provisions of the Labor
    Code. Following a mediation in 2019, Turrieta and Lyft reached
    a settlement.
    After Turrieta moved for court approval of the settlement,
    appellants sought to intervene in the matter and object to the
    settlement. Appellants argued that Lyft had engaged in a
    “reverse auction” by settling with Turrieta for an unreasonably
    low amount, and that the settlement contained other provisions
    that were unlawful and inconsistent with PAGA’s purpose. The
    trial court rejected appellants’ requests to intervene, finding that
    appellants lacked standing. The court found the settlement to be
    fair and adequate, and approved it. The court also denied the
    1All further statutory references are to the Labor Code
    unless otherwise indicated.
    2
    subsequent motions by appellants to vacate the judgment under
    Code of Civil Procedure section 663.
    On appeal, appellants contend the trial court erred in
    approving the settlement, and in denying their motions to
    intervene and to vacate the judgment. Respondents argue that,
    as nonparties, appellants lack standing to seek any relief in this
    case, and further, that the settlement was proper. We agree with
    respondents and the trial court that appellants’ status as PAGA
    plaintiffs in separate actions does not confer standing to move to
    vacate the judgment or challenge the judgment on appeal.
    Moreover, while appellants may appeal from the court’s implicit
    order denying them intervention, we find no error in that denial.
    We therefore affirm.
    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
    I.     Initiation of PAGA Lawsuits by Drivers
    Olson, Seifu, and Turrieta each worked as drivers for Lyft.
    As alleged by Turrieta, Lyft is a transportation company that
    employs drivers to transport customers by automobile. Lyft uses
    a cell phone application to connect its drivers with riders seeking
    transportation. During the relevant period, Lyft “maintained a
    uniform policy of classifying all Drivers as independent
    contractors rather than employees.”
    On May 24, 2018, Olson filed his lawsuit, Olson v. Lyft, Inc.
    (Super. Ct. San Francisco County, No. CGC-18-566788) (Olson),
    alleging PAGA claims on behalf of the State of California and
    other similarly situated individuals who worked as drivers for
    Lyft in California. He alleged that Lyft willfully misclassified its
    drivers as independent contractors resulting in numerous Labor
    Code violations, and sought recovery of civil penalties under
    PAGA. Seifu filed his lawsuit on July 5, 2018, captioned Seifu v.
    3
    Lyft, Inc. (Super. Ct. Los Angeles County, No. BC712959) (Seifu),
    also alleging PAGA claims based on driver misclassification.2
    Turrieta filed the instant case on July 13, 2018 (Turrieta).
    Turrieta’s complaint alleged six claims under PAGA for willful
    misclassification, failure to pay overtime wages, failure to timely
    pay wages, failure to pay wages upon termination, failure to
    provide accurate itemized paystubs, and failure to reimburse
    business expenses.
    In April 2019, Olson filed a petition to coordinate five
    actions against Lyft pending in San Francisco and Los Angeles
    Superior Courts, including Olson, Seifu, and Turrieta. Lyft
    opposed the petition, as did Seifu and several other plaintiffs.
    The Olson court denied the petition without prejudice, noting
    that four of the five cases were currently stayed—Seifu and Olson
    pending resolution of appeals and Turrieta pending resolution of
    Seifu.3
    II.    Settlement in Turrieta
    In September 2019, Turrieta and Lyft reached a settlement
    of her case following a mediation. Turrieta and Lyft signed the
    settlement agreement on December 4, 2019. The proposed
    settlement covered all individuals who provided at least one ride
    as a driver on Lyft’s platform from April 30, 2017 to December
    31, 2019. Lyft estimated the group to include a maximum of
    565,000 individuals. The settlement required Lyft to pay $15
    2  During oral argument, counsel for Seifu and Olson
    clarified that Olson added his PAGA claims to his existing
    complaint in July 2018, after Seifu had filed his PAGA complaint.
    Thus, Seifu was the first of these three plaintiffs to file the PAGA
    claims at issue here.
    3 We granted Olson’s request for judicial notice of the
    petition and court’s order regarding coordination in Olson.
    4
    million in total, including a $14,000 enhancement payment to
    Turrieta, $5,048,087.34 in attorney fees and costs to Turrieta’s
    counsel, $6,071,978.17 to be paid to PAGA group members,4 and
    $3,215,934.50 in penalties paid to the state. Turrieta estimated
    that group members would receive an average payment of $12.
    Under the settlement, the parties agreed to file a first
    amended complaint in Turrieta that “covers all PAGA claims that
    could have been brought against Lyft” for the relevant time
    period, so that those claims would be released by the settlement.
    In the proposed first amended complaint, Turrieta alleged four
    additional claims for failure to provide breaks, failure to store
    records, failure to pay minimum wage, and failure to provide
    hiring notice. The settlement expressly exempted from release
    any claims for damages (as opposed to penalties) and direct
    claims by group members other than Turrieta. On December 9,
    2019, Turrieta gave notice of the settlement to the state through
    the California Labor and Workforce Development Agency
    (LWDA), including a copy of the settlement agreement and the
    proposed first amended complaint. The LWDA did not respond.5
    On December 9, 2019, Turrieta filed a motion for approval
    of the settlement, with a hearing date of January 2, 2020. She
    4 The amount allocated to PAGA group members represents
    a $5 million payment for “underpaid wages” pursuant to section
    558, subdivision (a)(3), and the balance of over $1 million as 25
    percent of the recovered penalties paid to employees pursuant to
    section 2699, subdivision (i).
    5Although the LWDA did not respond or object to the
    proposed settlement below, it did file a brief, through the Division
    of Labor Standards Enforcement, as amicus curiae on appeal,
    urging us to reverse the trial court’s order approving the
    settlement. Turrieta filed a response to the amicus brief.
    5
    argued that the court should approve the settlement, as it was
    “almost twice the amount of a similar settlement in the rideshare
    industry that was approved in 2018,” citing Price v. Uber
    Technologies, Inc. (Super. Ct. Los Angeles County, 2018, No.
    BC554512). Turrieta stated that she and Lyft engaged in
    “extensive informal pre-mediation discovery,” including provision
    by Lyft of the number of pay periods at issue, the number of
    unique drivers on Lyft’s platform each week during the liability
    period, and detailed data for a sample of 10,000 drivers. Based
    on that data, Turrieta’s counsel “completed an extensive and
    detailed calculation of the value of the claims in the case” and
    estimated the maximum liability to be over $30 billion.
    Turrieta acknowledged that the Supreme Court’s recent
    decision in Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Superior Court
    (2018) 
    4 Cal.5th 903
     (Dynamex) established a new test that
    “poses a higher hurdle for employers” to prove that a worker was
    an independent contractor rather than an employee. However,
    she argued that “the uncertainty as to retroactivity of this ruling,
    as well as disputes as to which claims were subject to Dynamex,
    rendered the impact of Dynamex uncertain.” Turrieta also
    informed the court that the parties had attended a full day of
    mediation in September 2019 with “noted mediator” Antonio
    Piazza, but were unable to reach an agreement. However, the
    mediator later “made a settlement proposal representing his own
    independent valuation of the case, which the parties accepted.”
    III. Motions by Olson and Seifu and Approval of Settlement
    On December 24, 2019, Olson filed a motion to intervene in
    Turrieta and raised objections to the settlement. He stated that
    he had not been notified by Turrieta’s counsel of the proposed
    settlement and only learned of it on December 20, 2019. Olson
    6
    argued that he was entitled to intervene as a matter of right
    under Code of Civil Procedure section 387, subdivision (d)(1)
    because he “(1) claims an interest in the property or transaction
    that is the subject of the litigation; (2) is so situated that the
    disposition of the action may impair or impede his ability to
    protect that interest; and (3) will not be adequately represented
    by the existing party.” Alternatively, Olson sought permissive
    intervention under Code of Civil Procedure section 387,
    subdivision (d)(2). Olson objected to the proposed settlement as
    unfair, unreasonable, and inadequate in light of the purposes of
    PAGA, arguing, among other reasons, that the amount of the
    penalties paid to the state was “grossly inadequate” given the
    strength of the claims. In addition, Olson asserted the settlement
    was secured through a reverse auction, it was obtained by
    “deliberately excluding” Olson and his counsel from the
    negotiation, and it included an unjustified amount in attorney
    fees.
    Because the hearing on Olson’s motion was set for April
    2020, he also filed an ex parte application to continue the
    January 2020 settlement approval hearing until after his motion
    to intervene could be heard. The court denied the application on
    December 26, 2019.6
    On December 31, 2019, Seifu also filed a motion for leave to
    intervene in Turrieta and an objection to the proposed
    settlement. Like Olson, he sought to intervene as a matter of
    6 There is no transcript in the record from the hearing on
    the ex parte application. In its subsequent order on January 2,
    2020 approving the settlement, the court stated that it had
    denied the application “after finding that there were no exigent
    circumstances warranting relief.”
    7
    right, arguing that he had an interest in the action as a member
    of the PAGA settlement group and as the PAGA representative
    with the “first-filed” action. He also asked the court to postpone
    the settlement approval hearing and argued that the settlement
    was not fair, adequate, or reasonable.
    The court held the settlement approval hearing in Turrieta
    on January 2, 2020. Counsel for Turrieta argued that appellants
    lacked standing to intervene or object to the settlement because
    “this case belongs exclusively to the State.” He also contended
    that the settlement would be “one of the largest payments” ever
    received by the state, “so they of course have not objected, they
    would like to be paid.” Lyft’s counsel agreed with Turrieta’s
    position.
    Counsel for appellants appeared at the hearing and the
    court allowed them to argue. Seifu’s counsel argued that Seifu’s
    case was “the first-filed case” and Lyft had engaged in a reverse
    auction by settling with Turrieta after it failed to reach an
    agreement with Seifu. She also argued that Seifu had moved for
    an injunction in his case, which was stayed pending Lyft’s appeal,
    but that Lyft was attempting to avoid the effect of potential
    injunctive relief by settling a “copycat” case for monetary
    penalties. She argued in the alternative that Seifu should be
    allowed to opt out of the Turrieta settlement, so that “he can
    continue his pursuit of his injunction claim.” Olson’s counsel
    contended that the small amount of the settlement compared to
    the amount of possible liability “does not represent any kind of
    deterrent or punitive result for a company such as Lyft which is
    currently employing hundreds of thousands of workers in
    California and has billions of dollars in revenue each year.” He
    also argued that other drivers should have standing to intervene
    8
    and appeal as they would in class actions.
    In response to Seifu’s arguments, counsel for Lyft
    contended that injunctive relief was not available under PAGA,
    and that there was no such motion pending because Seifu was
    stayed. In addition, even if injunctive relief was permitted, the
    settlement would not preclude injunctive relief. He also disputed
    the suggestion of gamesmanship in the settlement.
    Turrieta’s counsel disputed appellants’ assertion of
    standing, arguing that if the court allowed notice to or
    intervention by another PAGA plaintiff, “you’d be undoing a basic
    structural element of PAGA” that was distinct from class action
    procedure. He also reiterated that the amount of the settlement
    was reasonable compared to past settlements, and rejected the
    suggestion that the state did not review the proposed settlement,
    considering it was “their biggest recovery of the year.” He
    emphasized that the settlement was made at arm’s length, and
    was proposed by an experienced, neutral mediator. At the
    conclusion of the hearing, the court took the matter under
    submission.
    The court issued an order later that day, January 2, 2020.
    The court overruled Seifu’s objection to the settlement, finding
    that “[a]part from the fact that it was filed on the eve of the
    hearing, the Court does not believe that he (like Olson) has
    standing to be heard on this matter.” The court held that the real
    party in interest was the state, citing Amalgamated Transit
    Union, Local 1756, AFL-CIO v. Superior Court (2009) 
    46 Cal.4th 993
     (Amalgamated). The court also denied Seifu’s request to “opt
    out” of the settlement, finding he had no legal basis to do so, and
    was not precluded by the settlement from pursuing a preliminary
    injunction.
    9
    The court further found that the settlement was “fair,
    adequate, and reasonable in light of the time period that is
    encompassed by it and the amount that will eventually be paid to
    the State of California and to the hundreds of thousands of Lyft
    drivers.” The court noted it had considered another settlement
    approved in January 2018 for $7.75 million for a “period three
    times as long.” The court also found that “although it is possible
    that monetary penalties could be up to $100 billion,[7] given that
    the claims in this case would likely be considered under pre-
    Dynamex law, it is also possible that the penalties could be zero
    dollars.” The court rejected appellants’ assertion that “Lyft
    engaged in gamesmanship such that plaintiffs in other cases (as
    well as the State) could be shortchanged. In this regard, the
    court notes that after the parties engaged in mediation before a
    very experienced mediator, they were still not able to arrive at a
    resolution. Instead, they ultimately accepted the mediator’s
    proposal.” In addition, the court concluded that it would “not
    assume that the State of California [h]as not read and seriously
    considered the proposed settlement. As mentioned above, it is
    the real party in interest and by not filing an opposition to the
    settlement, the Court assumes that it agrees that the settlement
    is appropriate.”
    The court signed the proposed order submitted by Turrieta,
    approving the settlement agreement and finding the settlement
    7Turrieta subsequently filed a request for clarification,
    noting that the record supported a value of “over $10 billion.”
    During the settlement approval hearing, Seifu’s counsel argued
    that the maximum liability totaled over $2 billion, while Olson’s
    counsel estimated it at over $12 billion. Ultimately, this factual
    dispute is irrelevant to resolution of this appeal.
    10
    “is in all respects fair, reasonable and adequate, and complies
    with the policy goals of the PAGA. There was no collusion in
    connection with the Settlement. The Settlement was the product
    of informed and arm’s-length negotiations among competent
    counsel and the record is sufficiently developed to have enabled
    Plaintiff and Defendant to adequately evaluate and consider their
    respective positions.” The court further found that the
    settlement agreement was “reasonable as it provides substantial
    payment for the State of California and will provide the PAGA
    Settlement Group Members with substantial recovery from a
    non-reversionary common fund.” The court retained jurisdiction
    to enforce the settlement agreement, vacated all other hearing
    dates, and ordered the matter dismissed with prejudice. The
    court entered judgment on January 6, 2020.
    On January 14, 2020, Olson filed a motion to vacate the
    Turrieta judgment pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section
    663. He again argued that the court erred in approving the
    settlement for several reasons, including: (1) the provision paying
    $5 million to drivers as underpaid wages pursuant to section 558
    was barred by the recent Supreme Court decision in ZB, N.A. v.
    Superior Court (2019) 
    8 Cal.5th 175
    ; (2) the amount paid in
    penalties to the state was unreasonable given the strength of the
    claims, which the court erroneously found would not be
    considered under Dynamex; (3) the court “ignored the undisputed
    facts suggesting that Lyft reverse-auctioned the State’s claims”;
    and (4) the court erred in finding that Olson lacked standing to
    intervene. Seifu also moved to vacate the judgment on January
    21, 2020.8 Lyft and Turrieta both opposed the motions.
    Seifu’s motion to vacate the judgment, supporting
    8
    documents, and reply are not included in the record on appeal.
    11
    The court held a hearing on the motions to vacate the
    judgment on February 28, 2020. Following argument by counsel
    for appellants and respondents, the court reiterated its finding
    that the settlement “is in the best interest of the workers and in
    the best interest of the state of California.” Then, the court found
    that appellants did not have standing to object to the settlement
    or to bring a motion to set aside the judgment. The court
    subsequently issued a minute order denying the motions. Olson
    and Seifu timely appealed.
    Respondents moved to dismiss the appeals, arguing that
    appellants lacked standing. We issued an order summarily
    denying the motions to dismiss without prejudice to the parties
    raising the issue again in their briefing.9 The parties submitted
    their briefs and appellate record. After full consideration of the
    record and relevant legal authorities, we conclude that appellants
    lack standing to appeal the judgment. Although they have
    standing to appeal the trial court’s implicit denial of their
    motions to intervene, we find no error and therefore affirm.
    After filing his opening brief, he moved to augment the record
    with these documents and then requested that we take judicial
    notice of them. We denied both requests.
    9 A summary denial of a motion to dismiss an appeal does
    not “preclude later full consideration of the issue, accompanied by
    a written opinion, following review of the entire record. . . .”
    (Kowis v. Howard (1992) 
    3 Cal.4th 888
    , 900, overruling the
    contrary holding in Pigeon Point Ranch, Inc. v. Perot (1963) 
    59 Cal.2d 227
    , 230–231; accord, Dakota Payphone, LLC v. Alcaraz
    (2011) 
    192 Cal.App.4th 493
    , 509, fn. 6 [reversing prior order and
    dismissing appeal upon “review of a complete record and further
    analysis of the law”].)
    12
    DISCUSSION
    I.     PAGA Overview
    “California’s Labor Code contains a number of provisions
    designed to protect the health, safety, and compensation of
    workers. Employers who violate these statutes may be sued by
    employees for damages or statutory penalties. [Citations.]
    Statutory penalties, including double or treble damages, provide
    recovery to the plaintiff beyond actual losses incurred. [Citation.]
    Several Labor Code statutes provide for additional civil penalties,
    generally paid to the state unless otherwise provided. [Citation.]
    Before PAGA’s enactment, only the state could sue for civil
    penalties.” (Kim v. Reins International California, Inc. (2020) 
    9 Cal.5th 73
    , 80 (Kim), citing Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los
    Angeles, LLC (2014) 
    59 Cal.4th 348
    , 378 (Iskanian).) The
    Legislature enacted PAGA in 2003 to allow aggrieved employees
    to act as private attorneys general and recover civil penalties for
    Labor Code violations. (Arias v. Superior Court (2009) 
    46 Cal.4th 969
    , 980-981 (Arias); Villacres v. ABM Industries Inc. (2010) 
    189 Cal.App.4th 562
    , 578.) The Legislature’s declared purpose in
    enacting PAGA was “to supplement enforcement actions by
    public agencies, which lack adequate resources to bring all such
    actions themselves.” (Arias, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 986.)
    PAGA deputizes “aggrieved” employees to bring a
    representative lawsuit on behalf of the state to enforce labor
    laws. (Kim, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 81; Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th
    at p. 386.) An “aggrieved employee” for purposes of bringing a
    PAGA claim is defined under the statute as “any person who was
    employed by the alleged violator and against whom one or more
    of the alleged violations was committed.” (§ 2699, subd. (c); see
    also Kim, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 82.) Although an aggrieved
    13
    employee is the named plaintiff in a PAGA action, PAGA
    disputes are between the state and the employer, not between the
    employee and the employer. (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p.
    386; Arias, 
    supra, 46
     Cal.4th at p. 986 [plaintiff represents same
    legal rights and interests as state labor law enforcement
    agencies].) Thus, an employee suing under PAGA “does so as the
    proxy or agent of the state’s labor law enforcement agencies. . . .
    In a lawsuit brought under the act, the employee plaintiff
    represents the same legal right and interest as state labor law
    enforcement agencies—namely, recovery of civil penalties that
    otherwise would have been assessed and collected by the
    [LWDA].” (Arias, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 986; accord, Iskanian,
    supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 380.)
    Before filing a PAGA lawsuit, an employee must provide
    written notice to the LWDA and the employer of the specific
    Labor Code violations alleged and facts and theories to support
    the claims. (§ 2699.3, subd. (a)(1)(A).) “If the [LWDA] elects not
    to investigate, or investigates without issuing a citation, the
    employee may then bring a PAGA action.” (Williams v. Superior
    Court (2017) 
    3 Cal.5th 531
    , 545 (Williams); see § 2699.3, subd.
    (a)(2)(A); Julian v. Glenair, Inc. (2017) 
    17 Cal.App.5th 853
    , 866
    (Julian).) The notice requirement allows the relevant state
    agency to decide “whether to allocate scarce resources to an
    investigation.” (Williams, supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 546.) The LWDA
    receives 75 percent of the civil penalties recovered in an action
    brought by an aggrieved employee; the remaining 25 percent of
    the penalties is distributed to the “aggrieved employees.”
    (§ 2699, subd. (i); Arias, 
    supra, 46
     Cal.4th at pp. 980-981.)
    Overlapping PAGA actions may be brought by different
    employees who allege the same violations and use the same
    14
    theories. (Julian, supra, 17 Cal.App.5th at pp. 866-867.)
    However, because an employee who brings an action under PAGA
    does so as the “proxy or agent” of the state, a judgment in an
    employee’s action under PAGA “binds all those, including
    nonparty aggrieved employees, who would be bound by a
    judgment in an action brought by the government.” (Arias,
    supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 986.) As our Supreme Court has
    explained, when an employee plaintiff prevails in a PAGA action,
    “[n]onparty employees may then, by invoking collateral estoppel,
    use the judgment against the employer to obtain remedies other
    than civil penalties for the same Labor Code violation[s].” (Id. at
    p. 987.) “If the employer had prevailed, however, the nonparty
    employees, because they were not given notice of the action or
    afforded any opportunity to be heard, would not be bound by the
    judgment as to remedies other than civil penalties.” (Ibid.; see
    also Williams, supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 547, fn. 4 [employees “do not
    own a personal claim for PAGA civil penalties”].)
    If the parties settle a PAGA claim, section 2699,
    subdivision (l)(2) requires the plaintiff employee to
    simultaneously submit the proposed settlement to the LWDA and
    the court, and further requires that the court “review and
    approve” the settlement. As such, the court must “ensur[e] that
    any negotiated resolution is fair to those affected.” (Williams,
    supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 549.)
    II.    Analysis
    This appeal presents overlapping challenges to two
    separate orders. First, appellants seek to appeal from the
    judgment on the ground that the trial court should not have
    approved the settlement. They contend that they have standing
    to do so because they moved to vacate the judgment under Code
    15
    of Civil Procedure section 663. Respondents counter that
    appellants, as nonparties, lacked standing to move to vacate the
    judgment and therefore cannot use those motions as a basis for
    appeal. We agree with respondents and the trial court that due
    to the unique nature of PAGA, in which the state is the real party
    in interest, appellants had no personal interest in Turrieta and
    therefore are not “aggrieved parties” who may appeal from the
    judgment.
    Second, appellants challenge the trial court’s denial of their
    motions to intervene in Turrieta. Again, they argue that they
    had a personal interest in the Turrieta proceedings and proposed
    settlement because they were deputized to prosecute PAGA
    claims on behalf of the state. Respondents assert that this issue
    is outside the scope of the appeal and, additionally, that
    appellants are not entitled to intervene. Although we agree with
    appellants that they may raise this issue on appeal, we conclude
    that the trial court did not err in denying them intervention.
    A.    Motion to vacate judgment
    Respondents contend that appellants lacked standing below
    to bring a motion to set aside the judgment pursuant to Code of
    Civil Procedure section 663, and lack standing to appeal from the
    judgment for the same reasons. We agree.
    Code of Civil Procedure section 902 allows “‘[a]ny party
    aggrieved’” to appeal from a judgment. Thus, “[t]he test is
    twofold—one must be both a party of record to the action and
    aggrieved to have standing to appeal.” (Shaw v. Hughes Aircraft
    Co. (2000) 
    83 Cal.App.4th 1336
    , 1342; see also Hernandez v.
    Restoration Hardware, Inc. (2018) 
    4 Cal.5th 260
    , 263
    (Hernandez).) However, a nonparty that is aggrieved by a
    judgment or order may become a party of record and obtain the
    16
    right to appeal by moving to vacate the judgment pursuant to
    Code of Civil Procedure section 663. (Hernandez, supra, 4
    Cal.5th at p. 267, citing Eggert v. Pac. States S. & L. Co. (1942)
    
    20 Cal.2d 199
    , 201; County of Alameda v. Carleson (1971) 
    5 Cal.3d 730
    , 736, 738 (Carleson) [one who is legally “aggrieved” by
    judgment may become “party of record” with the right to appeal
    by moving to vacate judgment for “incorrect legal conclusion” or
    “erroneous judgment upon the facts”].) Similarly, pursuant to
    Code of Civil Procedure section 663, a “party aggrieved” may
    move for a judgment “to be set aside and vacated . . . and another
    and different judgment entered, . . . materially affecting the
    substantial rights of the party and entitling the party to a
    different judgment.” Thus, in order for appellants to have
    standing to bring a motion to vacate the judgment or to appeal
    from that judgment, they must have been “aggrieved” by the
    judgment.
    A party is aggrieved “only if its ‘rights or interests are
    injuriously affected by the judgment.’” (Sabi v. Sterling (2010)
    
    183 Cal.App.4th 916
    , 947, quoting Carleson, supra, 5 Cal.3d at p.
    737.) The aggrieved party’s interest “must be immediate,
    pecuniary, and substantial and not nominal or a remote
    consequence of the judgment.” (Carleson, supra, 5 Cal.3d at p.
    737; see also Howard Contracting, Inc. v. G.A. MacDonald
    Construction Co., Inc. (1998) 
    71 Cal.App.4th 38
    , 58.)10
    10 We note that whether someone is an “aggrieved
    employee” as defined by section 2699, subdivision (c) and thus
    able to bring a lawsuit under PAGA is a distinct inquiry from
    whether a nonparty may become an aggrieved party because of a
    personal interest in a different lawsuit and thereby obtain
    standing to challenge the judgment. None of the parties here
    17
    Appellants contend they are “aggrieved” parties because of
    their status as designated proxies for the state. Olson argues
    that the settlement has an “‘immediate, pecuniary, and
    substantial’ effect on the State (and Olson as the State’s proxy):
    it extinguishes the claims Olson was deputized to pursue for less
    than pennies on the dollar.” Similarly, Seifu contends that he
    has “an interest in representing the State’s interest” in
    “achieving the maximum recovery possible for Lyft’s misdeeds,”
    and deterring future violations.
    We are not persuaded that appellants’ role as PAGA
    plaintiffs confers upon them a personal interest in the settlement
    of another PAGA claim. As our Supreme Court recently
    explained: “A PAGA claim is legally and conceptually different
    from an employee’s own suit for damages and statutory penalties.
    An employee suing under PAGA ‘does so as the proxy or agent of
    the state’s labor law enforcement agencies.’” (Kim, supra, 9
    Cal.5th at p. 81, quoting Arias, 
    supra, 46
     Cal.4th at p. 986.) As
    such, “[e]very PAGA claim is ‘a dispute between an employer and
    the state.’ [Citations.] . . . . Relief under PAGA is designed
    primarily to benefit the general public, not the party bringing the
    action.” (Ibid.; see also Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 386;
    Arias, 
    supra, 46
     Cal.4th at p. 986.) “‘A PAGA representative
    action is therefore a type of qui tam action,’” and the “government
    entity on whose behalf the plaintiff files suit is always the real
    party in interest.” (Ibid., quoting Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at
    p. 382.)11
    have claimed otherwise.
    11 As such, Seifu’s contention that he “supplanted the State
    as the real party in interest” is meritless.
    18
    In Amalgamated, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 1003, the court
    rejected an attempt by a labor union to bring a PAGA claim as
    the assignee of the employees who had suffered injury. The court
    reasoned that the claim could not be assigned because PAGA
    “does not create property rights or any other substantive rights.
    Nor does it impose any legal obligations. It is simply a
    procedural statute allowing an aggrieved employee to recover
    civil penalties—for Labor Code violations—that otherwise would
    be sought by state labor law enforcement agencies.” (Ibid.) Thus,
    the court held that an aggrieved employee could not assign a
    PAGA claim for “statutory penalties because the employee does
    not own an assignable interest.” (Ibid.)
    Consequently, appellants’ ability to file PAGA claims on
    behalf of the state does not convert the state’s interest into their
    own or render them real parties in interest. (Amalgamated,
    
    supra, 46
     Cal.4th at p. 1003; Arias, 
    supra, 46
     Cal.4th at p. 986.)
    Appellants were deputized under PAGA to prosecute their
    employer’s Labor Code violations on behalf of the state; they fail
    to point to any authority allowing them to act on the state’s
    behalf for all purposes. Because it is the state’s rights, and not
    appellants’, that are affected by a parallel PAGA settlement,
    appellants are not aggrieved parties with standing to seek to
    vacate the judgment or appeal.12 Nor can appellants claim a
    pecuniary interest in the penalties at issue, as the “civil penalties
    recovered on the state’s behalf are intended to ‘remediate present
    violations and deter future ones,’ not to redress employees’
    12To the extent Seifu additionally contends that his
    purported status as the “first-filed” PAGA plaintiff creates a
    personal interest in the settlement of a later-filed PAGA action,
    he cites no authority supporting that contention.
    19
    injuries.” (Kim, supra, 
    9 Cal.5th 73
    , 86, quoting Williams, supra,
    3 Cal.5th at p. 546; see also Iskanian, supra, at p. 381.)
    We disagree with Olson’s prediction that denying him
    status as an aggrieved party will “have the dangerous effect of
    insulating all PAGA settlement approval orders from objection at
    the trial court level and subsequent appellate review,” allowing a
    plaintiff to “settle PAGA claims on patently unreasonable terms.”
    PAGA expressly requires notice of a proposed settlement to both
    the LWDA and the trial court, and directs the court to review the
    settlement prior to approval. (§ 2699, subd. (l)(2); see also
    Williams, supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 549 [court must “ensur[e] that
    any negotiated resolution is fair to those affected”].) These
    procedures were followed here.13 Moreover, as evidenced by
    several of the cases cited by appellants, the LWDA may provide
    the trial court with comments on or objections to a proposed
    settlement, and has done so in the past. (See O'Connor v. Uber
    Technologies, Inc. (N.D. Cal. 2016) 
    201 F.Supp.3d 1110
    , 1113
    [noting that the court “invited and considered the comments” of
    the LWDA before rejecting the proposed settlement of class and
    PAGA claims].) Here, the LWDA did not raise objections to the
    settlement until it submitted an amicus brief on appeal, but that
    does not invalidate the protections provided by PAGA’s notice
    and review requirements.14
    13 We also note that, while it did not allow appellants to
    intervene, the trial court did allow appellants to submit
    objections, and to present argument at two hearings, and it
    addressed those objections (albeit briefly) in its order approving
    the settlement.
    14 The LWDA raises several objections to the settlement in
    its amicus brief; in particular, it contends that the settlement
    released claims (newly added to the FAC) that Turrieta was not
    20
    Appellants also argue that they are aggrieved as nonparty
    employees who would be bound by the judgment. But the
    settlement of Turrieta’s PAGA claims is only binding with respect
    to the state’s assertion of the same PAGA claims and recovery of
    the same civil penalties—not any personal claims appellants may
    have against Lyft. (See Julian, supra, 17 Cal.App.5th at p. 867
    [“under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, a [PAGA] judgment . . .
    binds the government, as well as all aggrieved nonparty
    employees potentially entitled to assert a PAGA action”].) As the
    Williams court explained: “absent employees do not own a
    personal claim for PAGA civil penalties (see Amalgamated[,
    supra,] 46 Cal.4th [at p.] 1003), and whatever personal claims the
    absent employees might have for relief are not at stake (Iskanian
    deputized to pursue because she never gave the requisite 65-day
    notice to the state under section 2699.3, subdivision (a). This
    argument should have been addressed to the trial court below. If
    the LWDA had asserted its objections before the trial court (or at
    a minimum, requested more time to consider the proposal), it
    could have provided the court with potentially useful information
    in considering the fairness of the settlement. Instead, it did so
    only belatedly and in its limited role as amicus on appeal.
    Moreover, regardless of the standing issue, neither appellant
    timely raised the argument that adding causes of action in the
    FAC required a new notice to the state—Seifu did not raise it at
    all and Olson did so only in a single paragraph at the very end of
    his reply in support of his motion to vacate. This issue is
    therefore forfeited and we would not consider it, even if
    appellants had standing to raise it. (See St. Mary v. Superior
    Court (2014) 
    223 Cal.App.4th 762
    , 783 [“points raised in a reply
    brief for the first time will not be considered unless good cause is
    shown for the failure to present them before”]; Balboa Ins. Co. v.
    Aguirre (1983) 
    149 Cal.App.3d 1002
    , 1010.)
    21
    [ ], supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 381 [“The civil penalties recovered on
    behalf of the state under the PAGA are distinct from the
    statutory damages to which employees may be entitled in their
    individual capacities”]).” (Williams, supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 547, fn.
    4; see also Sakkab v. Luxottica Retail North America, Inc. (9th
    Cir. 2015) 
    803 F.3d 425
    , 436.) Thus, the settlement forecloses
    only the state’s ability to seek the same civil penalties; it does not
    bar any claims owned by appellants and therefore does not injure
    their personal interests.
    The unique nature of a PAGA claim is further underscored
    by the distinction between a PAGA claim and a class action. “In a
    class action, the ‘representative plaintiff still possesses only a
    single claim for relief—the plaintiff's own,’” and the class action
    is used as a procedural device to aggregate numerous individual
    claims. (Kim, supra, 9 Cal.5th at pp. 86-87, quoting Watkins v.
    Wachovia Corp. (2009) 
    172 Cal.App.4th 1576
    , 1589.) “‘But a
    representative action under PAGA is not a class action.’
    [Citation.] There is no individual component to a PAGA action
    because ‘every PAGA action . . . is a representative action on
    behalf of the state.’” (Ibid., quoting Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th
    at p. 387.) As a result, unlike a class action, PAGA has no notice
    requirements for unnamed aggrieved employees, nor may such
    employees opt out of a PAGA action. (See Sakkab v. Luxottica
    Retail North America, Inc., supra, 803 F.3d at p. 436; see also
    Arias, 
    supra, 46
     Cal.4th at p. 987 [“the nonparty employees,
    because they were not given notice of the action or afforded any
    opportunity to be heard, would not be bound by the judgment as
    to remedies other than civil penalties”].)15 Here, appellants have
    15Although appellants complained to the trial court and on
    appeal that they were not notified of the settlement, they cite no
    22
    no individual claims that would be affected by the settlement and
    are therefore not “aggrieved” for the purposes of standing to move
    to vacate or appeal from that judgment.
    B.    Motion to intervene
    1.    Scope of appeal
    We next turn to appellants’ challenge to the court’s denial
    of their motions for intervention pursuant to Code of Civil
    Procedure section 387. As an initial matter, respondents contend
    that appellants have not properly raised this issue on appeal
    because the trial court never denied the motions and appellants
    did not appeal from any such denial.
    From the record before us, it appears that the court did not
    issue an order specifically denying appellants’ motions to
    intervene. However, Olson argues that the court effectively
    denied his motion when it vacated the scheduled hearing and
    denied his motion to vacate the judgment.16 We find that the
    record supports the conclusion that the trial court denied
    appellants’ motions for intervention.17 In its January 2, 2020
    authority entitling them to such notice. Similarly, appellants
    devoted much of their briefing and most of their time during oral
    argument on appeal to policy arguments (despite the panel‘s
    inquiries on the standing issue). The policy issues appellants
    raise are best addressed to the Legislature.
    16 Despite its length, Seifu’s reply brief is largely silent as to
    respondents’ challenges to intervention. In his opening brief, he
    commingles the discussion regarding the motion to vacate and
    intervention.
    17 Respondents do not dispute that an order denying
    intervention would be appealable. (See Carleson, supra, 5 Cal.3d
    at p. 736 [“[O]ne who is denied the right to intervene in an action
    ordinarily may not appeal from a judgment subsequently entered
    in the case. [Citations.] Instead, he may appeal from the order
    23
    order, the court addressed the issues raised by the parties
    regarding intervention, expressly finding that Seifu and Olson
    did not have standing to be heard, because the state was the real
    party in interest. The court also vacated the scheduled hearing
    on the motions to intervene. As such, the trial court’s January 2,
    2020 order effectively denied appellants’ motions for intervention.
    Respondents also contend that appellants appealed only
    from the denial of their motions to vacate, not from any order
    denying intervention. “[I]t is and has been the law of this state
    that notices of appeal are to be liberally construed so as to protect
    the right of appeal if it is reasonably clear what appellant was
    trying to appeal from, and where the respondent could not
    possibly have been misled or prejudiced.” (Etheridge v. Reins
    Internat. California, Inc. (2009) 
    172 Cal.App.4th 908
    , 913,
    quoting Luz v. Lopes (1960) 
    55 Cal.2d 54
    , 59; Cal. Rules of Court,
    rule 8.100(a)(2).) In Seifu’s notice of appeal, he expressly
    appealed from both the January 2 and February 28, 2020 orders.
    Olson’s notice of appeal lists only the February 28, 2020 order
    denying the motion to vacate; however, in his description of the
    issues to be raised on appeal, he included the court’s refusal to
    hear his motion to intervene. Moreover, all the parties addressed
    the issue of intervention in their briefs on appeal. As such, we
    construe appellants’ notices of appeal as taken from both the
    order denying their motions to vacate the judgment and the
    implicit order denying intervention.
    denying intervention.”]; see also Hodge v. Kirkpatrick
    Development, Inc. (2005) 
    130 Cal.App.4th 540
    , 547 (Hodge) [an
    order denying a motion to intervene is appealable “because it
    finally and adversely determines the moving party’s right to
    proceed in the action”].)
    24
    2.     Code of Civil Procedure section 387
    Code of Civil Procedure section 387 allows either
    mandatory or permissive intervention. A nonparty has a right to
    mandatory intervention where “[t]he person seeking intervention
    claims an interest relating to the property or transaction that is
    the subject of the action and that person is so situated that the
    disposition of the action may impair or impede that person's
    ability to protect that interest, unless that person’s interest is
    adequately represented by one or more of the existing parties.”
    (Code Civ. Proc., § 387, subd. (d)(1).) Thus, “the threshold
    question is whether the person seeking intervention has ‘an
    interest relating to the property or transaction which is the
    subject of the action.’” (Siena Court Homeowners Assn. v. Green
    Valley Corp. (2008) 
    164 Cal.App.4th 1416
    , 1423, quotation
    omitted; Mylan Laboratories, Inc. v. Soon–Shiong (1999) 
    76 Cal.App.4th 71
    , 78 (Mylan).)
    Permissive or discretionary intervention under Code of
    Civil Procedure section 387, subdivision (d)(2) also requires a
    showing that “the nonparty has a direct and immediate interest
    in the action,” among other criteria. (Reliance Insurance Co. v.
    Superior Court (2000) 
    84 Cal.App.4th 383
    , 386.) “The
    requirement of a direct and immediate interest means that the
    interest must be of such a direct and immediate nature that the
    moving party ‘“will either gain or lose by the direct legal
    operation and effect of the judgment.”’” (City and County of San
    Francisco v. State of California (2005) 
    128 Cal.App.4th 1030
    ,
    1036.) “Conversely, ‘[a]n interest is . . . insufficient for
    intervention when the action in which intervention is sought does
    not directly affect it although the results of the action may
    indirectly benefit or harm its owner.’” (Ibid.)
    25
    3.    Standard of review
    The parties dispute the appropriate standard of review.
    Several appellate courts have implicitly applied the de novo
    standard of review to an order denying mandatory intervention.
    (See, e.g., Hodge, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th at pp. 548–550; Mylan,
    supra, 76 Cal.App.4th at pp. 78–80.) Turrieta, on the other hand,
    argues that the applicable standard is abuse of discretion, citing
    Reliance Insurance Co. v. Superior Court, supra, 84 Cal.App.4th
    at p. 386. We conclude that the denial of mandatory intervention
    was proper under either standard. We review the denial of
    permissive intervention for an abuse of discretion. (See id. at p.
    386; Truck Ins. Exchange v. Superior Court (1997) 
    60 Cal.App.4th 342
    , 345.)
    4.    Denial of Intervention
    Appellants contend the trial court should have granted
    their motions based on either mandatory or permissive
    intervention. Both mandatory and permissive intervention
    require a motion to intervene to be made “upon timely
    application.” (Code Civ. Proc. § 387, subds. (d)(1), (2).)
    Respondents argue that neither appellant’s motion was timely, as
    they knew about the Turrieta action for many months but did not
    seek to intervene, even after the court in Olson denied Olson’s
    motion to coordinate the cases. Appellants counter that
    timeliness is measured from the date the intervenors “knew or
    should have known their interests were not being adequately
    represented.” (Lofton v. Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc. (2018)
    
    27 Cal.App.5th 1001
    , 1013.) According to appellants, they had no
    reason to believe their interests were not being protected by
    Turrieta as another proxy until they became aware of the terms
    of the settlement.
    26
    Although the trial court noted that Seifu’s motion to
    intervene was filed on the eve of the settlement approval hearing,
    it is not apparent from the record that the court made a finding of
    untimeliness as a basis to deny intervention. We need not
    resolve this issue. Even if we found that appellants’ motions
    were timely, we nevertheless would conclude that they failed to
    establish a right to intervention.
    Appellants cannot meet the threshold showing that they
    had a direct and immediate interest in the settlement, which
    would establish their entitlement to mandatory or permissive
    intervention. Appellants’ claim that they had a qualifying
    interest fails for the same reason they could not establish they
    were “aggrieved” for the purposes of standing. As we explained
    in our discussion of standing above, appellants’ position as PAGA
    plaintiffs in different PAGA actions does not create a direct
    interest in Turrieta, in which they are not real parties in interest.
    Appellants’ interest in pursuing enforcement of PAGA claims on
    behalf of the state cannot supersede the same interest held by
    Turrieta in her own PAGA case. As with standing, appellants
    have no personal interest in the PAGA claims and any individual
    rights they have would not be precluded under the PAGA
    settlement. (Amalgamated, 
    supra, 46
     Cal.4th at p. 1003; Arias,
    
    supra, 46
     Cal.4th at p. 986.) Thus, the trial court did not err in
    denying appellants’ motions to intervene.
    27
    DISPOSITION
    The judgment is affirmed. Respondents are awarded their
    costs on appeal.
    CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
    COLLINS, J.
    We concur:
    MANELLA, P. J.
    CURREY, J.
    28
    

Document Info

Docket Number: B304701

Filed Date: 9/30/2021

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 9/30/2021