In re J.G. CA2/2 ( 2023 )

Filed 4/28/23 In re J.G. CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re J.G., a Person Coming B318657
Under the Juvenile Court Law. (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No.
21CCJP04881B)
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF
CHILDREN AND FAMILY
SERVICES,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
M.G.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles
County. Robin R. Kesler, Judge Pro Tempore. Reversed and remanded
with directions.
Roni Keller, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Dawyn R. Harrison, County Counsel, Kim Nemoy, Assistant
County Counsel, and Jane E. Kwon, Principal Deputy County Counsel,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.
__________________________________________
In this juvenile dependency appeal, M.G. (father) challenges the
juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings and dispositional orders related
to his two-year-old son, J.G. (son). In particular, father argues
substantial evidence did not support a finding that father put son at
risk and the juvenile court erred in requiring father to participate in
court-ordered services.
Initially, we address the justiciability of father’s appeal. While
his appeal was pending, the juvenile court terminated its jurisdiction
and issued a final custody order granting joint legal and physical
custody of son to father and son’s mother. Although the juvenile court’s
postappeal orders rendered father’s appeal moot, we exercise our
inherent discretion to address father’s challenge to the juvenile court’s
jurisdictional findings. (In re D.P. (2023) 14 Cal.5th 266.) However, we
decline to address father’s challenge to the court’s dispositional orders.
As discussed below, we conclude substantial evidence did not
support the jurisdictional findings against father. Therefore, we
reverse and order the jurisdictional findings vacated as to father only.
Our decision does not affect the juvenile court’s findings and orders as
to son’s mother.
BACKGROUND
1. The Family
Son is father’s only child. Son’s mother, L.G. (mother), and son
both tested positive for amphetamines at son’s birth. Mother has one
other child, a six-year-old daughter, son’s half sister (half sister).
Although not half sister’s biological parent, father has been a father
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figure to half sister. Mother and half sister are not parties to this
appeal and are mentioned only to the extent relevant.
2. Events Preceding the Petition
In August 2021, when son was two years old, the family court
issued a custody order granting father sole physical custody of son and
joint legal custody of son to mother and father. Mother was granted
reasonable visitation.
On September 8, 2021, soon after the family court issued its
custody order, father met mother at a motel to discuss mother’s visits
with son. At the time, son was at home with his paternal grandmother
and aunt, with whom father lived. Half sister was with mother at the
motel. While at the motel, father and mother began arguing over the
family court order.
According to father, mother became aggressive, causing father to
react in self-defense. Father said mother threatened to use pepper
spray, which prompted him to try to leave the motel room. Mother
blocked the doorway, swung at father with her fists, then bit him on his
left bicep, leaving a mark. Father stated he then “shove[d] mother
away from him using his hand on her forehead,” which allowed father
to leave the room and drive home. Father said mother drove after him
with half sister in her car. According to father, mother was driving on
the wrong side of the road and running red lights. On his way home,
father called his sister (paternal aunt) to tell her mother was following
him home and to lock the doors to the house. Once home, father called
law enforcement to help de-escalate mother’s behavior. Father stated
the police officers almost arrested him because mother stated father
shoved her. Father explained mother bit him and he had acted in self-
defense. A responding officer saw the bite mark on father’s arm.
Consequently, mother was arrested for domestic violence, but father
said he would not press charges. Father had not wanted mother
arrested but only wanted law enforcement to help calm her down.
Mother provided a different description of her altercation with
father. According to mother, father had “blindsided her with the
custody order.” Mother said she had allowed son to stay with father for
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a couple of days just prior to their meeting at the motel. When she and
father met at the motel, father said he had obtained the custody order
giving him sole physical custody of son and that mother could not have
son back with her. Mother said father told her to “ ‘forget about [son]
and focus on caring [for] your daughter.’ ” Mother tried to leave the
motel room with half sister. Mother said “father then pushed her
backwards from her shoulders” and “ ‘shoved her out of the way.’ ”
Mother said she bit father on his arm in self-defense. Another time,
mother stated she bit father because he “grabbed her by the neck.”
Mother explained she was arrested at father’s home because father had
called law enforcement and there was physical evidence she had bitten
father.
We refer to parents’ September 8, 2021 argument that began at
the motel and continued in front of father’s home as the September
2021 altercation. Following that altercation, a referral was made to the
Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services
(Department), citing concerns for son and half sister’s emotional and
physical safety.
One week after the September 2021 altercation, mother and
father had another physical argument regarding son. According to
father, he found mother and half sister sitting on the street in front of
his house. Mother asked to see son and, after moving one block away
from father’s home (because paternal grandmother did not want
mother near the home), father obliged. During the visit, mother
grabbed son and told father he would never see son again. Father tried
to grab son from mother’s arms but let go because he did not want son
to get hurt. Mother ran with son in her arms around the block and into
people’s yards. Father ran to his house, called law enforcement, and
retrieved the custody order. After that incident, father did not want
mother to visit son.
According to mother, she had arranged with father in advance to
visit with son in father’s neighborhood. During the visit, mother asked
father if she could take son and half sister for a walk. Although father
said no and indicated the visit was over, mother started walking with
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the children because she “saw nothing wrong with her wanting to walk
with the children around the block.” Mother said she did not run with
son around the block, explaining “that would be impossible due to her
height and caring [sic] a 2 year old child.” Mother believed father
overreacted to the situation.
Toward the end of September 2021, a Department social worker
spoke with half sister. Half sister told the social worker she was not
fearful of father but he was “ ‘mean to my mom.’ ” Half sister stated
father refused to allow mother and half sister to see son. She also said
one time father told mother, “ ‘You can’t have [son],’ ” and put both of
his hands to mother’s neck. Half sister could not remember where or
when that happened. She said she had never seen mother physically
hurt father.
During the Department’s investigation of the family, mother was
observed to act erratically at times, was difficult to contact, did not
have a permanent home, and had problems with voluntary drug
testing. There were concerns mother may have been using drugs.
In mid-October 2021, the Department obtained a removal order
to remove both children from mother’s care. Son was placed with
father.
3. Petition and Detention from Mother
On October 19, 2021, the Department filed a seven-count Welfare
and Institutions Code section 300 petition on behalf of son and half
sister (petition).1 As to father, the petition alleged two identical counts,
one under subdivision (a) and one under subdivision (b) of section 300.
Those two counts (counts a-1 and b-1) alleged the children were at risk
of serious physical harm due to mother and father’s violent September
2021 altercation. Mother’s alleged conduct was the subject of the
remaining counts. Those counts were brought under subdivisions (b)
and (j) of section 300 and alleged the children were at risk because of
mother’s history of substance abuse, mother’s reckless driving while
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and
Institutions Code.
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under the influence and with half sister in the car, and mother’s
creation of a detrimental and endangering home environment.
At the detention hearing held a few days later, the juvenile court
detained son from mother and released him to father under
Department supervision. The court stated, “Not only did mom engage
in a physical assault upon father . . . in front of [half sister], she drove
very erratically with [half sister] in the car. . . . [S]he was driving on
the wrong side of the road. She was running red lights. She was
driving very, very unsafe with [half sister] in the car; that absolutely
places [half sister] at risk.” As to son, the court noted mother also
placed son in harm’s way when she ran away with him during a visit.
4. Adjudication
a. Continued Investigation
Prior to adjudication, the Department continued its investigation.
A Department social worker spoke separately with mother and father.
Father reiterated what he previously had reported about the
September 2021 altercation. He added that he told mother he did not
want to keep son from her but wanted them “to co-parent better.”
Father said that, as he was trying to leave the motel room, mother “was
pushing me and her daughter [half sister] was in front of the bed
watching the whole thing. . . . I asked why was she doing this in front of
her daughter. That’s when I reached for the door and she bit my
shoulder, the inner arm at the top. She bit me and locked on me. I
grabbed her by the neck and told her to get the f*ck off of me. I didn’t
just choke her. I grabbed her by the neck to get her off of me. She was
locked on my arm like a piranha or pit-bull. I told her to get off of me.
She was crying on the floor. She got up and got in front of the door
again and tried to hit me again.” Father also stated mother tried to
stop father from driving away from the motel in his car. She stuck her
arm in his open car window, which father then rolled up on her arm.
Father said mother was “making a scene” so he unrolled his window
and tried to drive away. Mother then “ran into [his] car like a football
player,” fell to the ground and said to father, “[L]ook what you did to
me.” Father also said the day mother was released from jail (after her
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arrest following the September 2021 altercation), she came to father’s
home. Parents had another argument regarding son, during which
mother “ripped the chain off [father’s] neck,” leaving burn marks on
father’s skin.
Mother also reiterated what she previously had told the social
worker about the September 2021 altercation. Mother believed father
had tricked her by obtaining the custody order giving him sole physical
custody of son. She said father told her to forget about son and to take
care of herself and half sister. Mother insisted father tried to prevent
her from leaving the motel room by “pushing [her] back.” Mother said
she was dodging father and she pushed him. She said, by the third
push, she “grabbed his arm and bit him.”
The social worker also spoke with half sister again about the
September 2021 altercation. Half sister stated mother and father were
talking when mother bit father, but she “didn’t really see it.” Half
sister said mother and father were fighting, father “was holding
[mother] down,” and “he got her by the arm and held her down.” Half
sister explained she “was sad,” “was crying,” and “was really scared,
because boys can’t hit girls.”
In its adjudication report, the Department noted no concerns for
“[son] in the care of father” and stated son “is being well cared for by
the father.” The Department reported father was appropriate with son
and had demonstrated his ability to supervise and protect son from
exposure to further violence, stating that father’s “pro-activity in caring
[for] and protecting [son] is demonstrated in his filing for custody of
[son].”
Just prior to the adjudication hearing, the Department reported
one of its social workers had met with father and son monthly for the
past three months and no concerns were noted. The Department stated
father was “currently compliant, properly caring for the child, and
there are no concerns at this time for the family.” Nonetheless, the
Department asked the juvenile court to declare son a dependent of the
court and place him in the Department’s care and control, with a
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“Home of Parent-Father order contingent upon the father complying
with all court orders.”
b. Hearing
The adjudication was held on January 5, 2022. At the hearing,
counsel for the Department urged the juvenile court to sustain all
counts of the petition. Regarding the counts related to the September
2021 altercation, counsel stated, “It’s a bit of a he said/she said between
the parents, but what is clear is that there was mutual violence
between the parents” and “ongoing violence between the parents.” As
to the remaining counts related to mother’s conduct, the Department
argued the evidence supported the allegations of substance abuse,
reckless driving with half sister in the car, and an endangering home
environment.
Father’s counsel argued father should be nonoffending and urged
the juvenile court to dismiss the subdivision (a) count, which (along
with one subdivision (b) count) concerned the September 2021
altercation.
On the other hand, counsel for mother argued the juvenile court
should delete mother’s name from the two counts pertaining to the
September 2021 altercation. Counsel argued father was the aggressor
and half sister’s statements supported mother’s description of the
altercation. Mother denied she was the initial aggressor. Counsel for
mother also asked the court to dismiss the counts alleging mother’s
substance abuse, reckless driving with half sister in the car, and
creation of a dangerous home environment. Counsel claimed those
allegations were not supported by a preponderance of the evidence.
Counsel for son and half sister urged the juvenile court to sustain
the counts pertaining to the September 2021 altercation as well as the
counts regarding mother’s reckless driving with half sister in the car.
As to the September 2021 altercation, counsel stated, “I think it’s
pretty clear that this was a mutual, combative altercation.” Children’s
counsel argued the court should dismiss the remaining counts
pertaining to mother’s alleged substance abuse and endangering home
environment.
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After hearing argument, the juvenile court amended the petition.
The court amended the two counts related to the September 2021
altercation (counts a-1 and b-1) by noting half sister was the only child
present in the hotel room during the altercation and father grabbed
mother’s neck in order “to get mother off father.” The court sustained
those two counts as amended. The court also slightly amended the
count regarding mother’s substance abuse (count b-2) and sustained
that count as amended. Finally, the court sustained the counts
pertaining to mother’s reckless driving with half sister in the car
(counts b-3 and j-1), and dismissed the counts related to a dangerous
home environment (counts b-4 and j-2). The juvenile court found, “Both
mother and father did engage in the domestic violence” and “mother’s
behavior, quite outrageous overall, in regards to trying to race father to
his home in the car with the child with her, mother’s physical violence,
and father’s response to that physical violence with his own violence
puts the children at risk.”
The court found son was a person described by subdivisions (a),
(b), and (j) of section 300. Son remained released to father under
Department supervision.
5. Disposition
The juvenile court held the disposition hearing the following
month, on February 17, 2022. At the hearing, counsel for father
objected to the requirement that father participate in a full domestic
violence program and instead requested the court order father to
address domestic violence in individual counseling. Counsel for son did
not object to father’s request to address domestic violence in counseling
or that he attend a shortened domestic violence program. Counsel
stated, “I believe that mother was the main aggressor with the incident
that occurred.”
Following argument, the juvenile court declared son a dependent
of the court and ordered family maintenance services for father, with
enhancement services for mother. As to father, the court ordered a
shortened domestic violence program, a parenting program, and
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individual counseling. The court ordered son removed from mother and
released to father.
6. Appeal
Although somewhat confusing, it is reasonably clear from father’s
notice of appeal that father sought to appeal from the dispositional
order, which is the appealable judgment. (In re J.F. (2019) 39
Cal.App.5th 70, 74.) In his notice of appeal, father stated he appealed
from the “Jurisdiction and Disposition findings made on 01/05/2022,
including court-ordered case plan.” However, father failed to include
the relevant disposition hearing date (i.e., February 17, 2022).
Nonetheless, on the second page of his notice of appeal, father included
the date of the disposition hearing. We construe father’s appeal to be
from the court’s February 17, 2022, disposition order, which
encompasses the court’s earlier jurisdictional findings. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 8.100(a)(2); In re J.F., supra, 39 Cal.App.5th at pp. 75–76.)
7. Postappeal Termination of Dependency Jurisdiction and
Final Custody Order
In March 2023, while this appeal was pending, the juvenile court
terminated jurisdiction and entered a final custody order, granting
joint legal and physical custody of son to parents.
DISCUSSION
1. Justiciability
Initially, we address the justiciability of father’s appeal. As noted
above, while father’s appeal was pending, the juvenile court terminated
jurisdiction and issued a final custody order. Also while this appeal
was pending, our Supreme Court issued its decision in In re D.P.,
supra, 14 Cal.5th 266, which addresses the justiciability of dependency
appeals such as father’s here. Consequently, we asked the parties to
address whether, under In re D.P., supra, 14 Cal.5th 266, we can or
should address the merits of father’s appeal.
In response to our request, the Department stated it did “not
object to this Court considering the matter based on the issues argued
in the [parties’ opening and respondent’s briefs].” Father argued In re
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D.P., supra, 14 Cal.5th 266, supports considering father’s appeal on the
merits.
Because the juvenile court terminated jurisdiction and issued a
final custody order granting joint legal and physical custody of son to
mother and father, we can afford father no “ ‘effective relief.’ ” (In re
D.P., supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 277.) Thus, father’s appeal is moot.2
(Ibid.) Nonetheless, we exercise our inherent discretion to address the
merits of father’s appeal as to the jurisdictional findings against him.
(In re D.P., supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 282.) The jurisdictional findings
against father were based on “stigmatizing conduct” (i.e., engaging in
domestic violence) and “ ‘could be prejudicial to [father] or could
potentially impact the current or future dependency proceedings,’ or
‘ “could have other consequences for [father], beyond jurisdiction.” ’ ”
(Id. at p. 285.) We decline to consider, however, father’s challenge to
the juvenile court’s dispositional orders. Unlike the jurisdictional
findings, we discern no reason, and father has failed to raise a reason,
to exercise our inherent discretion to consider his challenges to those
orders.
2. Jurisdiction
a. Applicable law
In this case, the juvenile court exercised its jurisdiction under
subdivisions (a), (b), and (j) of section 300. Because the two identical
counts pertaining to father were brought under subdivisions (a) and (b),
we focus on those subdivisions.
Under section 300, subdivision (a), a juvenile court may assert
dependency jurisdiction over a child when “[t]he child has suffered, or
there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical
harm inflicted nonaccidentally upon the child by the child’s parent or
guardian. For purposes of this subdivision, a court may find there is a
substantial risk of serious future injury based on the manner in which
a less serious injury was inflicted, a history of repeated inflictions of
2Father’s appeal also could be considered moot because, even if
we agreed with father, dependency jurisdiction would have remained
based on mother’s conduct. (In re D.P., supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 283.)
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injuries on the child or the child’s siblings, or a combination of these
and other actions by the parent or guardian that indicate the child is at
risk of serious physical harm.” (§ 300, subd. (a).)
Under section 300, subdivision (b)(1), a juvenile court may assert
dependency jurisdiction over a child when, among other things, “[t]he
child has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will
suffer, serious physical harm or illness, as a result of” “[t]he failure or
inability of the child’s parent or guardian to adequately supervise or
protect the child.” (§ 300, subd. (b)(1)(A).)
“The legislatively declared purpose of these provisions ‘is to
provide maximum safety and protection for children who are currently
being physically, sexually, or emotionally abused, being neglected, or
being exploited, and to ensure the safety, protection, and physical and
emotional well-being of children who are at risk of that harm.’ (§ 300.2,
italics added.) ‘The court need not wait until a child is seriously abused
or injured to assume jurisdiction and take the steps necessary to
protect the child.’ ” (In re I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 766, 773.) “ ‘The
purpose of dependency proceedings is to prevent risk, not ignore it.’ ”
(Jonathan L. v. Superior Court (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1074, 1104.)
Nonetheless, “[a]lthough evidence of past conduct may be
probative of current conditions, the court must determine ‘whether
circumstances at the time of the hearing subject the minor to the
defined risk of harm.’ [Citations.] Evidence of past conduct, without
more, is insufficient to support a jurisdictional finding under section
300. There must be some reason beyond mere speculation to believe
the alleged conduct will recur.” (In re James R. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th
129, 135–136, abrogated in part on another ground in In re R.T. (2017)
3 Cal.5th 622.)
b. Standard of Review
We review the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings for
substantial evidence. (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773.) “ ‘In
reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the
jurisdictional findings and disposition, we determine if substantial
evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, supports them. “In making
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this determination, we draw all reasonable inferences from the
evidence to support the findings and orders of the dependency court; we
review the record in the light most favorable to the court’s
determinations; and we note that issues of fact and credibility are the
province of the trial court.” [Citation.] “We do not reweigh the
evidence or exercise independent judgment, but merely determine if
there are sufficient facts to support the findings [and disposition order]
of the trial court.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
“Substantial evidence is evidence that is ‘reasonable, credible,
and of solid value’; such that a reasonable trier of fact could make such
findings.” (In re Sheila B. (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 187, 199.) Substantial
evidence “ ‘is not synonymous with any evidence. [Citations.] A
decision supported by a mere scintilla of evidence need not be affirmed
on appeal.’ ” (In re Yolanda L. (2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 987, 992.)
c. Substantial evidence does not support dependency
jurisdiction based on father’s conduct.
Father argues substantial evidence does not support jurisdiction
based on his conduct. Rather, father claims he properly cared for son,
acted appropriately, and only in self-defense did he physically push
mother away from him. On the other hand, the Department claims
father “mutually engaged in domestic violence with mother” and lacked
insight into his actions. The Department argues substantial evidence
supports the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings as to father.
It is undisputed father never intentionally or otherwise
physically injured son. It is also undisputed son was not with parents
during the September 2021 altercation. In addition, the Department
consistently reported father was taking good care of son, meeting his
needs, and protecting him. During the pendency of the underlying
proceedings, the Department did not express concerns for son’s safety
while in father’s care. Son was never removed from father’s custody
and care. Significantly, although father acted violently during the
September 2021 altercation, the juvenile court recognized father acted
in self-defense. In fact, the juvenile court amended the two counts
involving father’s alleged conduct to include language that father
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grabbed mother by the neck “to get mother off father”—i.e., in self-
defense. Yet, the court then found father an offending parent based on
those very same defensive actions.
Considering the totality of the record, we conclude substantial
evidence does not support dependency jurisdiction under either
subdivision (a) or (b) of section 300 based on father’s conduct. The
statements of mother and father as to the September 2021 altercation
can be and have been characterized as a he-said, she-said scenario, and
father admitted he physically pushed mother off him when she bit him.
Yet, based on the evidence before it, the juvenile court determined
father acted in self-defense during the September 2021 altercation.
The court amended the two counts involving father’s conduct (counts a-
1 and b-1) to reflect that finding. On the record before us, we conclude
a finding of self-defense is insufficient to support the court’s
jurisdictional findings against father under either subdivision (a) or (b).
(In re Yolanda L., supra, 7 Cal.App.5th at p. 992 [Substantial evidence
“ ‘is not synonymous with any evidence. [Citations.] A decision
supported by a mere scintilla of evidence need not be affirmed on
appeal’ ”].)
Although we exercise our inherent discretion to address the
jurisdictional findings as to father, we decline to address the juvenile
court’s dispositional orders as to father. Despite our conclusion that
the jurisdictional findings as to father must be reversed, dependency
jurisdiction still would have remained based on mother’s conduct,
which went unchallenged. The juvenile court may impose a
dispositional order on a nonoffending parent, such as father here. (In
re D.L. (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 1142, 1148.) Father has not given us a
reason, and we can discern no reason, why we should exercise our
discretion to address his challenge to the court’s dispositional orders.
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DISPOSITION
The January 5, 2022 jurisdictional findings as to father only are
reversed. The matter is remanded and the juvenile court is ordered to
vacate its January 5, 2022 jurisdictional findings as to father only.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
LUI, P. J.
We concur:
ASHMANN-GERST, J.
CHAVEZ, J.
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