People v. Williams CA4/1 ( 2015 )

Filed 1/29/15 P. v. Williams CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D064768
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. SCD244308)
v.
CORY BRANDON WILLIAMS,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Dwayne K. Moring, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part, remanded for further
proceedings.
Loleena H. Ansari, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
A. Natasha Cortina, Barry J.T. Carlton and Lise Jacobson, Deputy Attorneys General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
Cory Brandon Williams pleaded guilty to two counts of unlawful intercourse with
a minor under 16 years of age. The trial court suspended sentence, placed Williams on
probation for three years consisting of 365 days in custody and two years of formal
probation and ordered him to register as a sex offender. Williams appeals, contending
(1) the trial court erred in imposing probation conditions requiring that (a) a probation
officer approve his residence and (b) he submit to warrantless searches, (2) the trial court
improperly imposed the sex offender registration requirement, and (3) the order to
register as a sex offender violated Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466(Apprendi). We affirm the conviction as modified by striking the probation condition
requiring approval of his residence. We reverse the trial court's order imposing
discretionary sex offender registration on Williams under Penal Code section 290.006
and remand the matter for the limited purpose of resentencing with respect to the order
requiring Williams to register as a sex offender. (Undesignated statutory references are
to the Penal Code.)
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Williams, age 22, and 15-year-old C.P. lived in the same complex. Williams gave
C.P. cigarettes and they " 'got together' " and " 'fooled around' " twice. The first time he
kissed C.P. and the second time he touched her " 'whole body' " and digitally penetrated
her vagina. At some point, Williams and C.P. were talking in a stairwell, when Williams
told her he was " 'horny.' " The couple had sex in the stairwell. C.P. explained that she
"felt like [she] had to because he was getting [her] cigarettes and stuff." C.P. did not
initially report the incident because she was in "denial."
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Williams later encountered C.P. and her 14-year-old friend S.W. at a hot tub
located in the complex where Williams and C.P. lived. C.P. and S.W. had been drinking
alcohol and S.W. was heavily intoxicated. S.W. and Williams left and she smoked some
marijuana with him. Over S.W.'s protests and as she was passing out and almost falling
asleep, Williams engaged in sexual intercourse with her without a condom.
About two months later, after the case had been assigned to detectives, the
detectives began exchanging text messages with Williams posing as C.P. Through the
exchange, the detectives confirmed Williams's knowledge that C.P. was a minor, yet he
asked her to send nude photos of herself to which he could masturbate. He also
instructed her to erase the text messages and change his name to " 'Erika' " in C.P.'s
contacts.
DISCUSSION
I. Probation Conditions
A. General Legal Principles
A probation condition is invalid if it (1) is not related to the crime of which the
offender was convicted, (2) relates to noncriminal conduct, and (3) requires or forbids
conduct which is not reasonably related to future criminality. (People v. Lent (1975) 15
Cal.3d 481, 486 (Lent).) All three parts of the Lent reasonableness test must be satisfied
before a reviewing court will invalidate a condition of probation. (People v. Olguin
(2008) 45 Cal.4th 375, 379.) Probation conditions should be given " 'the meaning that
would appear to a reasonable, objective reader.' " (Id. at p. 382.)
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A challenge to a probation condition based on the Lent unreasonableness factors is
forfeited on appeal if the defendant fails to object on that ground in the trial court.
(People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 234-238.) However, a defendant may raise on
appeal, without having objected in the trial court, an appellate claim amounting to a
" 'facial challenge' " based on a constitutional defect that does not require scrutiny of
individual facts and circumstances. (In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 885-886
(Sheena K.).) In other words, for the forfeiture exception to apply, an appellate court
must only concern itself with abstract and generalized legal concepts and not with the
individual facts and circumstances of the case. (Id. at p. 885.) A probation condition that
imposes limitations "on a person's constitutional rights must closely tailor those
limitations to the purpose of the condition to avoid being invalidated as unconstitutionally
overbroad." (Id. at p. 890.)
We review a trial court's imposition of a probation condition for an abuse of
discretion. (See People v. Carbajal (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1114, 1120-1121.) "However, we
review constitutional challenges to a probation condition de novo." (In re Shaun R.
(2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1129, 1143.)
B. Residency Approval Condition
As a condition of probation, the trial court required Williams to "[o]btain P.O.
approval as to residence." (The propriety of a residence approval probation condition in a
case involving possession of drugs and misdemeanor drug use is presently before the
Supreme Court in People v. Schaeffer (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1, review granted Oct. 31,
2012, S205260.) Williams concedes he did not challenge the condition below, but asserts
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his claim is not forfeited because the condition unconstitutionally impinges on his rights
to travel and freely associate. Specifically, he asserts the residency approval condition is
unconstitutional on its face as it confers untailored carte blanche power to the probation
officer. Williams has forfeited all claims except a challenge "based on the ground the
condition is vague or overbroad and thus facially unconstitutional." (Sheena K., supra,
40 Cal.4th at p. 878.) Accordingly, we focus only on the constitutionality of the
condition, not whether it is reasonable as applied to Williams.
The Attorney General does not contend that Williams's residence was related to
his crime and the record does not support such a contention. Rather, the Attorney
General asserts the residence approval condition is reasonably related to the compelling
state interest in reformation and rehabilitation by preventing Williams from having ready
access to minor girls. While accomplishing this purpose, under the imposed probation
condition, the probation officer could prohibit Williams from living with any person, for
any reason, as the condition places no limits on the probation officer's discretion and sets
no guidelines for the exercise of that discretion. The condition could allow the probation
officer to prevent Williams from living with his own child or in any housing complex
where minor girls are present.
The residence approval condition is overbroad as it impedes Williams's rights to
travel and freely associate and is not narrowly tailored to the government's interests of
rehabilitation and protection of the public. (Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.)
Moreover, we note unchallenged conditions of the probation order require Williams to
notify the probation officer within 72 hours of any change of address. He also is barred
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from knowingly associating with minors. These conditions adequately address the state's
interest in rehabilitation and protection of the public without unduly burdening Williams's
constitutional right to freedom of association. (In re White (1979) 97 Cal.App.3d 141,
150 ["If available alternative means exist which are less violative of the constitutional
right and are narrowly drawn so as to correlate more closely with the purposes
contemplated, those alternatives should be used."].) Accordingly, we modify the
probation order by striking the condition requiring Williams to obtain approval of his
residence from his probation officer.
C. Warrantless Search Term
The trial court also conditioned probation on Williams submitting his "person,
vehicle, residence, property, personal effects, computers, and recordable media to search
at any time with or without a warrant, and with or without reasonable cause," when
required by the probation officer, or any law enforcement officer. Williams concedes he
did not object to the probation condition below, but asserts the claim is not forfeited
because it presents a pure question of constitutional law. In making his argument,
however, Williams refers to the facts of his case and claims the condition should be
stricken "given the facts in [his] case." Thus, while purportedly presenting a facial
challenge to the constitutionality of the condition, requiring no reference to the record
below, Williams's argument relies on the particular facts of his conviction. Accordingly,
we conclude that Williams has forfeited his appellate claim concerning the warrantless
search condition by not objecting below. (Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at pp. 885, 889.)
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II. Sex Offender Registration - Alleged Apprendi Violation
A. General Legal Principles
Sex offender registration is mandatory where a person is convicted of one or more
enumerated sex crimes. (§ 290, subd. (b).) " 'The purpose of section 290 is to assure that
persons convicted of the crimes enumerated therein shall be readily available for police
surveillance at all times because the Legislature deemed them likely to commit similar
offenses in the future.' " (In re Alva (2004) 33 Cal.4th 254, 264.) Another purpose is to
notify the public of convicted sex offenders' existence and location so that persons may
take protective action. (People v. Hofsheier (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1185, 1196.) Section
290.006 permits the trial court to order sex offender registration on a discretionary basis
for those who have committed offenses other than those that trigger mandatory
registration under Penal Code section 290.
In November 2006, the voters enacted Proposition 83, the Sexual Predator
Punishment and Control Act: Jessica's Law. (In re E.J. (2010) 47 Cal.4th 1258, 1263.)
Among other things, Proposition 83 amended section 3003.5, a statute setting forth
restrictions on where certain sex offenders subject to the lifetime registration requirement
of section 290 may reside. Section 3003.5 is included in a portion of the Penal Code
addressing parolees. Subdivision (b), added to section 3003.5, provides the following:
"Notwithstanding any other provision of law, it is unlawful for any person for whom
registration is required pursuant to Section 290 to reside within 2000 feet of any public or
private school, or park where children regularly gather." (§ 3003.5, subd. (b) (section
3003.5(b)), italics added.)
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The Sixth Amendment guarantees that a defendant's punishment cannot be
increased beyond the maximum penalty authorized by the facts reflected in a jury verdict
or a guilty plea. (Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. at p. 490.) Any fact, other than a prior
conviction, that increases punishment beyond the maximum must be submitted to a jury
and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. (Ibid.) The United States Supreme Court has
concluded that sex offender registration does not constitute punishment. (Smith v. Doe
(2003) 538 U.S. 84, 89, 105-106.) With respect to California's statutory scheme, our high
court came to the same conclusion. (In re Alva, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 288-289.)
B. Analysis
Williams contends the trial court's order for him to register as a sex offender under
section 290.006 violated the Sixth Amendment under Apprendi because the residency
restriction of section 3003.5(b) applies to him and imposes punishment beyond the
statutory maximum based on facts not admitted by him, or submitted to a jury and proved
beyond a reasonable doubt. The issue whether the Proposition 83 residency restriction,
when enforced as a mandatory parole condition against registered sex offenders paroled
to San Diego County constitutes an unreasonable statutory parole condition that infringes
on their constitutional rights is pending before our high court. (In re Taylor (2012) 209
Cal.App.4th 210, review granted Jan. 3, 2013, S206143.) The issue whether the
discretionary imposition of lifetime sex offender registration, which includes the section
3003.5(b) residency restrictions, increases the penalty for the offense within the meaning
of Apprendi thereby requiring that the facts supporting the trial court's imposition of the
registration requirement be found true by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt is also
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currently pending before our high court in People v. Mosley (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th
1090, review granted Jan. 26, 2011, S187965.
The Attorney General argues that the residency restriction of section 3003.5(b)
applies only to parolees; thus, it does not apply to a probationer such as Williams.
Williams concedes that should we adopt this construction, it would avoid the
constitutional problems raised in his opening brief. The record on appeal shows the trial
court did not refer to the residency restriction of section 3003.5(b) when imposing the
discretionary registration requirement on Williams, and there is nothing indicating the
residency restriction has ever been imposed on Williams by the authorities. We accept
the People's concession and do not decide the underlying issues presented in this portion
of Williams's appeal. Rather, we construe the judgment as not imposing the statutory
residency restriction, thereby mooting Williams's arguments. (People v. Picklesimer
(2010) 48 Cal.4th 330, 341-342 [court accepted People's concession, without deciding the
issue, that defendant was not subject to mandatory registration requirement].)
III. Alleged Errors in Ordering Sex Offender Registration
A. General Legal Principles
Discretionary sex offender registration may be ordered "if the court finds at the
time of conviction or sentencing that the person committed the offense as a result of
sexual compulsion or for purposes of sexual gratification." (§ 290.006.) The trial court
is required to "state on the record the reasons for its findings and the reasons for requiring
registration." (Ibid.) "By requiring a separate statement of reasons for requiring
registration even if the trial court finds the offense was committed as a result of sexual
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compulsion or for purposes of sexual gratification, the statute gives the trial court
discretion to weigh the reasons for and against registration in each particular case."
(People v. Hofsheier, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 1197.)
In determining whether to exercise its discretion in requiring registration under
section 290.006, the court may consider all relevant available information. (People v.
Garcia (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 475, 483.) "Most importantly, the trial court must
consider the likelihood defendant will reoffend." (People v. Thompson (2009) 177
Cal.App.4th 1424, 1431.) The decision to impose registration under section 290.006 is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. (See In re Robert L. (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 1057,
1067.) A trial court abuses its discretion if it considers impermissible factors or applies
an incorrect legal standard when making its decision. (People v. Knoller (2007) 41
Cal.4th 139, 156.)
B. Factual Background
At the sentencing hearing, the trial court indicated that it considered the probation
report, a defense sentencing memorandum and victim impact statements. S.W. presented
a statement indicating that she has been diagnosed with PTSD, anxiety and depression.
As a result of the crime, her school grades have suffered and she has lost faith in God.
The impact statement from S.W.'s parents stated that instead of preparing for a new
school year, their daughter is in residential care on medications and will thereafter require
out-patient care. C.P.'s father also addressed the court, stating his daughter was in a
special needs school and that S.W. is also in the "special needs category." He indicated
that C.P. needs more counseling, does not sleep and scratches herself. Defense counsel
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indicated that this was the first time the issue of special needs was brought up and he had
no opportunity to investigate the claim. The trial court acknowledged that the defense
had not investigated the "special needs" claims, but stated it received evidence regarding
this from C.P.'s father and this was "one of many factors" it could consider.
The trial court found the crimes were "clearly" committed for sexual gratification,
noting the victims were underage and had special needs. The court found that Williams
victimized S.W. while she was intoxicated and that he did not use a condom. The court
was "troubled" by Williams' request for photographs from C.P. and considered this
further evidence of Williams's continued interest in underage victims. After considering
"the impact of the registration on [Williams] versus the conduct and, most importantly,
. . . the impact on these victims," the court found registration warranted. After defense
counsel expressed concern that the impact of the crime on the victims was not reasonable
in making a registration determination, the court stated that the "impact on the victim is a
prime example of the harm that can be caused by doing this. . . . I want to protect victims
in the future. The fact that we know this is how victims are impacted tells us the need to
make sure that the public is warned and also just illustrates the wisdom of the law. [¶]
So whether it's used as a factor to support the registration or whether it's just used as
something that will bolster the court's wisdom, . . . I think it's relevant evidence."
C. Analysis
Williams contends the trial court erred in ordering discretionary registration
because it misconstrued statements of C.P.'s father as evidence of a disability at the time
of the offense so as to support a theory that Williams preyed on individuals of extreme
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vulnerability, whereas the actual statements meant that the offense caused C.P. to develop
special needs after the offense occurred. Williams next argues that after defense counsel
objected to the use of the victims' status as special needs at the time of the offenses, the
trial court made an erroneous alternate finding that the impact to the victims after the
offense was a legitimate factor to consider in exercising its discretion. He contends the
court abused its discretion in focusing on the impact to the victims, rather than his threat
to society, as this emphasis implies the registration requirement is a type of punishment.
The Attorney General concedes the record does not support a finding that S.W.
was a special needs child given the evidence that prior to the incident S.W. was a good
student and active church member. The Attorney General also concedes, and we agree,
the statements of C.P.'s father are ambiguous as to whether C.P. was a special needs child
before the incident or whether the incident caused her to be a special needs child.
Nonetheless, the Attorney General asserts we can affirm the registration requirement as it
had many other reasons for imposing the registration requirement. On this record, we
disagree.
The trial court found Williams committed the crimes for sexual gratification,
relying on the fact the victims were underage and had special needs. The trial court
specifically referenced the special needs status of both victims, suggesting it considered
this factor to be of significant importance. The trial court abused its discretion by heavily
relying on the purported special needs status of both victims at the time of the incidents
as the record does not support this finding as to S.W. and the evidence is ambiguous as to
C.P.
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In weighing the impact of registration on Williams versus the impact on these
victims, the trial court found the "most important[]" factor in ordering lifetime
registration was the impact to these victims because it wanted to prevent future victims.
The registration requirement is not punishment. (In re Alva, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 288-
289.) Thus, the trial court inappropriately considered the specific impact of the crimes on
the two victims when ordering registration.
The trial court later explained it properly considered the impact to the victims
because it wanted to prevent future victims. By this statement, the trial court seemingly
made a finding that Williams was likely to reoffend. Although the trial court referenced
the existence of a psychologist's report, it did not indicate whether it read and considered
this report in making its findings. We consider this to be a significant omission for two
reasons. First, the finding that a defendant is likely to reoffend is of great importance
when ordering registration. (People v. Thompson, supra, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 1431.)
Second, defense counsel represented at the hearing that a psychologist found Williams
did not pose a danger to the community, that he has been apologetic, open, remorseful
and cooperative. The psychologist's report, however, is not part of the record on appeal
as the clerk of the superior court represented the document could not be found.
Accordingly, we cannot confirm defense counsel's representations.
On this record, we reverse the trial court's order imposing discretionary sex
offender registration and remand the matter for a new hearing to determine whether to
require Williams to register as a sex offender under section 290.006. On remand, the trial
court is directed to consider any available psychological reports. Additionally,
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Williams's plea agreement allows the sentencing court to consider "the entire factual
background of the case." This broad waiver includes the probation report. Evidence of
Williams's behavior since the time of the original sentencing hearing is also relevant in
determining the likelihood of reoffense and should be considered. (People v. Garcia,
supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 485.)
DISPOSITION
The conviction is affirmed as modified by striking the probation condition
requiring approval of Williams's residence. We reverse the trial court's order imposing
discretionary sex offender registration on Williams under section 290.006 and remand the
matter for the limited purpose of resentencing with respect to the order requiring
Williams to register as a sex offender under section 290.006.
MCINTYRE, J.
WE CONCUR:
MCCONNELL, P. J.
HALLER, J.
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