People v. Jones CA4/2 ( 2015 )

Filed 1/30/15 P. v. Jones CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for
publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E060211
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1308036)
ISHMAEL GABRIEL JONES, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Charles J. Koosed,
Judge. Affirmed.
Paul S. Berger, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney
General, Eric A. Swenson, Kristine A. Gutierrez and Lynne G. McGinnis, Deputy
Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
A jury found defendant and appellant Ishmael Gabriel Jones guilty of making
criminal threats. (Pen. Code, § 422.) The trial court granted defendant 36 months
1
formal probation with the condition defendant serve 245 days in county jail, which
equated with the 245 days credit defendant had already accrued. Defendant contends
the trial court erred by denying his Batson/Wheeler1 motion. We affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. OFFENSE
On August 6, 2013, the victim was working by herself at a bakery as a cashier.
At approximately 9:00 a.m., defendant entered the bakery wearing a backpack. The
victim recognized defendant because he had been in the bakery on prior occasions
asking for food and trying to sell items such as purses, condoms, and headphones.
On August 6th, defendant told the victim he was going to charge his cellular
phone using one of the bakery’s electrical outlets. The victim told defendant he could
not charge his phone at the bakery. Defendant became upset. Defendant moved back
and forth and yelled. Defendant said “he [(defendant)] used to be a terrorist. He used to
terrorize people and that he was going to come back and blow up the place with [the
victim] inside of it.” Defendant called the victim “a bitch.” Defendant said a customer,
who was also in the bakery, was “lucky” because the customer “was going to live,”
while the victim was not. The victim felt threatened because she “didn’t know what
[defendant] was capable of doing.” Defendant left the bakery, but stood “nearby”
outside. The customer eventually left. The victim locked the bakery’s door and called
the police.
1 Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79 (Batson); People v. Wheeler (1978) 22
Cal.3d 258 (Wheeler).
2
B. JURY SELECTION
The trial court began asking questions of 24 prospective jurors. The trial court
gave the prospective jurors a printed list of questions. The list of questions does not
appear in the record; however, the prospective jurors’ answers to the questions are in the
record. Two of the prospective jurors were M.N. and D.J. In response to the questions,
D.J. said she was unmarried, unemployed but had previously worked in retail, was a
part-time college student, and did not have children.
In response to the printed questions, M.N. said she was a widow, retired from a
job in retail sales, and had five children. M.N. disclosed that one of her children was
mentally ill, and another of her children had been tried for threatening a woman. M.N.
said that, at one point, M.N.’s home was “broken into”; she did not believe police
located a suspect.
The trial court asked the attorneys for their peremptory challenges. The
prosecutor requested to excuse D.J. and M.N. Defense counsel made a Batson/Wheeler
motion. Defense counsel explained that defendant, D.J. and M.N. were African-
American. Defense counsel asserted their shared race was sufficient to establish a
prima facie case.
The prosecutor explained, “[D.J.], she showed up ten minutes late after we joined
the Court at 1:30. She’s also unemployed and young and I don’t find her to be a
suitable juror for this case.” In regard to M.N., the prosecutor explained that M.N. had a
mentally ill child, which would be “somewhat of an issue,” because the defense had
3
implied that mental illness may be an issue in the case. The prosecutor also noted that
M.N.’s son had been accused of a threat-related offense.
The trial court found a prima facie was established, but the prosecutor
“adequately rebutted any inappropriate use of their preemptory [sic] challenges.” The
court found the prosecutor’s reasons were neutral and appropriate. The court noted
there were other African-American people on the panel and in the jury box, so defense
counsel could bring the motion again if needed. The trial court explained that it did not
necessarily agree with the prosecutor’s choice to excuse a potential juror due to
tardiness and unemployment, but that it believed the prosecutor was sincere in her race-
neutral reasons for excusing D.J.
After testimony began in the case, defense counsel made a further record
regarding her Batson/Wheeler motion from the day prior. Defense counsel could not
recall the names of the two prospective jurors the prosecutor had challenged. The trial
court explained, “[D.J.] was the younger of the two. I think she was the single mom
that was—came late to court.”2 Defense counsel asserted Juror No. 8 had arrived to
court approximately 30 minutes late and was young as well. Defense counsel noted that
Juror No. 8 appeared to be White, and the prosecutor allowed Juror No. 8 to remain on
the panel. The trial court remarked that Juror No. 8 was not African-American.
The prosecutor responded that D.J. was unemployed, which the prosecutor felt
“was significant in whether or not they’re motivated to sit in something like this. And
2 D.J. had said during voir dire that she did not have children.
4
she was late at the lunch break, you know, so being a single mom had nothing to do
with whether or not she was late. And to me from my past experience, that is an
indication of how serious they approach this task.” The trial court said, “All right.
Recess.” After the recess, testimony resumed.
During voir dire, when Juror No. 8 answered the printed questions, he said he
was single, did not have children, worked in retail management for CVS, had been at his
job for three years, had a high school diploma, and was a student pursuing his college
degree.
DISCUSSION
A. CONTENTION
Defendant contends the trial court erred by denying his Batson/Wheeler motion
because (1) the prosecutor did not have a sufficient racially neutral reason for
challenging D.J.; and (2) the trial court did not properly evaluate the prosecutor’s
claimed justifications.
B. LAW
“The three-stage procedure of a Batson/Wheeler motion is now familiar. ‘First,
the defendant must make out a prima facie case “by showing that the totality of the
relevant facts gives rise to an inference of discriminatory purpose.” [Citations.]
Second, once the defendant has made out a prima facie case, the “burden shifts to the
State to explain adequately the racial exclusion” by offering permissible race-neutral
justifications for the strikes. [Citations.] Third, “[i]f a race-neutral explanation is
tendered, the trial court must then decide . . . whether the opponent of the strike has
5
proved purposeful racial discrimination.”’ [Citation.]” (People v. Williams (2013) 56
Cal.4th 630, 649.)
C. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“‘Review of a trial court’s denial of a Wheeler/Batson motion is deferential,
examining only whether substantial evidence supports its conclusions.’ [Citation.] ‘We
presume that a prosecutor uses peremptory challenges in a constitutional manner and
give great deference to the trial court’s ability to distinguish bona fide reasons from
sham excuses.’ [Citation.] As long as the court ‘makes a sincere and reasoned effort to
evaluate the nondiscriminatory justifications offered, its conclusions are entitled to
deference on appeal.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Williams, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 650.)
D. RACE-NEUTRAL JUSTIFICATION
The prosecutor challenged D.J. because she believed D.J. might not approach
jury duty with a sufficiently serious attitude. We now examine whether the evidence
supports this race-neutral reasoning. The record reflects D.J. was young, unemployed,
had no children, was attending school part time, and arrived late to court following the
lunch recess. It is reasonable, from this information in the record, for the prosecutor to
be concerned about D.J,’s attitude toward jury service. D.J. appeared to have few
obligations or responsibilities, which could cause one to infer she is irresponsible or
immature. This inference is then supported by D.J. returning to court 10 minutes late
following the lunch recess—reflecting a lack of responsibility or lack of maturity
concerning jury duty. Accordingly, given this information, we conclude there is
6
substantial evidence supporting the prosecutor’s race-neutral justification. (See People
v. Sims (1993) 5 Cal.4th 405, 429-430 [juror challenged due to perceived immaturity].)
Defendant contends that since Juror No. 8 was also young and late to court, the
prosecutor’s only reason for challenging D.J. was that D.J. was unemployed. Defendant
asserts that D.J. was attending college part time, had previously worked in retail, and
may have had a good reason for being unemployed. Defendant asserts that being
unemployed is not sufficient to prove D.J. was immature or irresponsible. As explained
ante, “[w]e presume that a prosecutor uses peremptory challenges in a constitutional
manner.”’” (People v. Jones (2011) 51 Cal.4th 346, 361.) Defendant’s argument looks
at the information in the record in a light favorable to the defense, i.e., there may have
been a good reason for D.J.’s unemployment. Defendant is disregarding the
presumption in favor of the prosecutor. Since D.J. was unemployed, appeared to have
few responsibilities, and was late to court, we conclude there was adequate support for
the prosecutor challenging D.J. for a race-neutral reason.
E. TRIAL COURT’S EVALUATION
Defendant contends the trial court did not make a sincere and reasoned attempt to
evaluate the prosecutor’s proffered race-neutral justification.
In the third step of analyzing a Batson/Wheeler motion, the trial court must
determine if the defendant has proven purposeful racial discrimination. (People v.
Stanley (2006) 39 Cal.4th 913, 936.) “‘In determining whether the defendant ultimately
has carried his burden of proving purposeful racial discrimination, “the trial court ‘must
make “a sincere and reasoned attempt to evaluate the prosecutor’s explanation in light
7
of the circumstances of the case as then known, his knowledge of trial techniques, and
his observations of the manner in which the prosecutor has examined members of the
venire and has exercised challenges for cause or peremptorily . . . .”’” [Citation.]
“[T]he trial court is not required to make specific or detailed comments for the record to
justify every instance in which a prosecutor’s race-neutral reason for exercising a
peremptory challenge is being accepted by the court as genuine.” [Citation.] Inquiry by
the trial court is not even required. [Citation.] “All that matters is that the prosecutor’s
reason for exercising the peremptory challenge is sincere and legitimate, legitimate in
the sense of being nondiscriminatory.” [Citation.] A reason that makes no sense is
nonetheless “sincere and legitimate” as long as it does not deny equal protection.
[Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
After defense counsel made the Batson/Wheeler motion, presented a prima facie
case, and the prosecutor presented race-neutral justifications, the trial court said, “I
think the People have adequately rebutted any inappropriate use of their preemptory
[sic] challenges. I do find their reasons to be neutrally given and appropriate, and those
are the ones [the prosecutor] indicated just now in response to the prima facie case . . . .”
The trial court explained that there were other African-American people on the panel or
in the jury box, so defendant could bring another Batson/Wheeler motion if needed.
Further, the trial court said it did not necessarily agree with the prosecutor’s choice to
challenge D.J. due to D.J. being late and unemployed, but that it believed the
prosecutor’s justifications were legitimate and sincere.
8
The trial court’s comments reflect it listened to both the prosecutor and defense
counsel, and evaluated both arguments. On the prosecutor’s side, the trial court
explained that it did not agree with the prosecutor’s reasoning, but that it nonetheless
believed the prosecutor was sincere in her belief that D.J. should be disqualified due to
being tardy, young, and unemployed. On defendant’s side, the trial court invited
defendant to make another Batson/Wheeler motion if there were further peremptory
challenges to prospective African-American jurors, implying such challenges may
create a stronger case of purposeful discrimination. The trial court’s remarks reflect that
it found defendant had not yet met his burden of proving purposeful racial
discrimination, and that the prosecutor’s justifications were sincere and legitimate.
Accordingly, the record reflects the trial court made a sincere and reasoned attempt to
evaluate the prosecutor’s explanation.
Defendant contends the trial court did not make a sincere and reasoned attempt to
evaluate the prosecutor’s stated justifications because the trial court was not sufficiently
critical of the prosecutor’s “implausible” reasoning. Defendant asserts the trial court’s
failure to critically explore the prosecutor’s justifications reflects the court did not make
a sincere and reasoned attempt to evaluate the issue.
Our Supreme Court explained, in response to a similar argument, “the ‘court
denied the motions only after observing the relevant voir dire and listening to the
prosecutor’s reasons supporting each [challenge] and to any defense argument
supporting the motions. Nothing in the record suggests that the trial court either was
9
unaware of its duty to evaluate the credibility of the prosecutor’s reasons or that it failed
to fulfill that duty.’” (People v. Jones, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 361.)
As explained ante, there is sufficient information in the record to support the
prosecutor’s reasoning. The record reflects the trial court listened to defense counsel’s
argument and the prosecutor’s reasoning prior to evaluating the prosecutor’s stated
justifications. As a result, we are not persuaded by defendant’s argument because there
is nothing indicating that the trial court needed to probe further in order to rule on the
motion.
Defendant also raises the issue of comparative analysis.3 “[C]omparative juror
analysis is but one form of circumstantial evidence that is relevant, but not necessarily
dispositive, on the issue of intentional discrimination.” (People v. Lenix (2008) 44
Cal.4th 602, 622.) Defendant compares D.J. to Juror No. 8. Juror No. 8 was employed
as a manager at CVS, and had been at the job for three years. In terms of information
available on the record, the primary differences between D.J. and Juror No. 8 were
employment status and race. Juror No. 8’s employment as a manager supports a finding
that he possessed some maturity and responsibility. As a result, this difference in
employment status is a critical one, because it provides a race-neutral justification for
the prosecutor challenging D.J., while not challenging Juror No. 8. Namely, it explains
why the prosecutor could have found Juror No. 8 acceptable for a race-neutral reason—
3 The People contend defendant forfeited this issue for review by failing to raise
the comparative analysis in the trial court prior to the jury being empanelled. We
choose to address the merits of the issue because it is easily resolved.
10
Juror No. 8 had demonstrated some maturity and responsibility by having a
management level job. As a result, we are not persuaded that the only difference
between D.J. and Juror No. 8 was race.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MILLER
J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ
P. J.
McKINSTER
J.
11