People v. Tapia CA3 ( 2022 )

Filed 2/7/22 P. v. Tapia CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(San Joaquin)
----
THE PEOPLE, C090447
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. Nos. LF006912A
& LOD-CR-FE-2003-
v. 0000191)
MARTIN TAPIA,
Defendant and Appellant.
A jury convicted defendant Martin Tapia of rape, making criminal threats, and
simple kidnapping. The court sentenced him to state prison for a term of 55 years to life.
(People v. Tapia (Dec. 11, 2006, C050402 [nonpub. opn.] (Tapia).)1 In 2019,
California’s Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) sent a letter to the
trial court indicating two ways in which the sentence might be incorrect and requesting
clarification of the sentence. CDCR advised the court that: (1) there was a discrepancy
between the statutory designation of the rape charge as reflected in the abstract of
judgment and alleged in the information, and the description of the charge by the court at
1 We granted defendant’s motion to incorporate Tapia by reference.
1
sentencing; and (2) the One Strike allegation used to increase the sentence on the rape
charge was not alleged in the information and not reflected in the abstract of judgment.
The trial court found the discrepancy in the statutory designation of the rape charge was a
clerical error and ordered the abstract of judgment corrected. The trial court did not
address the claim that the One Strike allegation was not pleaded in the information or
reflected in the abstract of judgment. On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred
by failing to correct his unauthorized sentence, specifically as to One Strike allegation
that was not pleaded in the information.2 We conclude the trial court relied on an error of
law and failed to exercise its discretion as to CDCR’s recommendation, and therefore,
abused its discretion. We remand for further proceedings to address CDCR’s
recommendation as to whether the sentence on the One Strike allegation was illegal.
BACKGROUND
A detailed discussion of the substantive facts underlying defendant’s convictions
is not necessary to resolve the issues raised on appeal. Defendant and the victim dated
for some time until she decided to distance herself from him. She went to a dance club
for her birthday and defendant was also there. After having some drinks, she accepted
his offer to drive her back to her home. Instead of driving her to her home, he took her to
his home which was in a trailer on a horse ranch in a rural area. There, he raped and beat
her. She was able to escape when defendant fell asleep. (Tapia, supra, C050402.)
Following a preliminary hearing, defendant was held to answer on a complaint
charging him with kidnapping to commit rape (Pen. Code, § 209, subd. (b)(1) – count 1),3
2 Defendant filed his notice of appeal on September 12, 2019. Due to multiple
extensions to the briefing schedule, some pursuant to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-
19) emergency orders, and supplemental briefing, this case was not fully briefed until
June 2021.
3 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
forcible rape (§ 261, subd. (a)(2) – count 2), and making criminal threats (§ 422 –
count 3). The information further alleged defendant had a prior serious felony conviction
(§ 667, subd. (a)(1).) An information was filed on these charges, and added an allegation
that defendant had a prior serious felony under sections 667, subdivision (d) and 1170.12,
subdivision (b). There was no allegation in either the complaint or information under
section 667.61, subdivision (d)(2) (section 667.61(d)(2)) that “defendant kidnapped the
victim of the present offense and the movement of the victim substantially increased the
risk of harm to the victim over and above that level of risk necessarily inherent in the
underlying” rape.
At the conclusion of the instruction conference, the trial court indicated there
would need to be a special finding on the rape verdict form. During closing argument,
the prosecutor argued that the allegations of kidnapping to commit rape under count 1
and the special allegation under section 667.61(d)(2), that the rape occurred in the course
of a kidnapping, were different offenses. The prosecutor went on to discuss the elements
of that allegation and the evidence supporting it. The prosecutor explicitly asked the jury
to find the section 667.61(d)(2) allegation true. Defense counsel’s closing argument
focused on the victim’s credibility, inconsistencies between her prior statements and her
trial testimony, and consent.
The trial court instructed the jury that if it found defendant guilty of rape by
force,4 it was also required to determine whether defendant kidnapped the victim and that
the movement substantially increased the risk of harm inherent in the rape, as set forth in
section 667.61(d)(2). There was no other instruction regarding the section 677.61(d)(2)
allegation.
4 The oral instruction given described the offense as rape by force, but referenced
section 261, subdivision (a)(1). The written instruction referenced section 261,
subdivision (a)(2).
3
The jury found defendant guilty of the lesser included offense of kidnapping
(§ 207), rape by force (§ 261, subd. (a)(2)), 5 and making criminal threats (§ 422). The
jury also found true the allegation that defendant kidnapped the victim and the movement
substantially increased the risk of harm (section 667.61(d)(2).)
The minute order of May 4, 2005, the date the verdict was returned, included
section 667.61(d)(2) as one of the allegations attached to count 2. The minute order also
referenced section 261, subdivision (a)(1) (section 261(a)(1)) as the rape offense charged
in count 2. All the previous minute orders referenced the rape charged in count 2 as
section 261, subdivision (a)(2) (section 261(a)(2)). No previous minute order included
the section 667.61(d)(2) allegation.
The trial court selected rape by force 6 as the base term, noted that because of the
section 667.61(d)(2) finding, the sentence for that offense was 25 years to life, doubled to
50 years to life because of the strike conviction. As to the kidnapping conviction, the
court imposed the aggravated term of eight years, appropriate because the victim was
particularly vulnerable, doubled to 16 years because of the strike. The court stayed that
sentence, under section 654. On the making criminal threats conviction, the court also
imposed the aggravated term of three years, doubled because of the strike, and stayed
under section 654. The court also imposed a consecutive five years for the prior
conviction under section 667, subdivision (a). Thus, the court imposed an aggregate term
of 55 years to life in prison. The minute order and abstract of judgment reflect the
conviction on count 2 was for section 261(a)(1) and a sentence of 50 years to life, but
neither specifies the additional punishment imposed for section 667.61(d)(2).
5 The special verdict form described the offense as rape by force, but referenced section
261, subdivision (a)(1).
6 The court describe the offense as rape by force but did not indicate a corresponding
statute.
4
In 2010, CDCR sent a letter to the trial court indicating the abstract of judgment
might need amending because defendant was sentenced to prison under section 261(a)(1),
however the abstract did not indicate whether he had been advised of the AIDS testing
requirement and it did not direct CDCR to perform the test and report the results. The
court ordered defendant tested, directed CDCR to perform the test and report the results,
and ordered the abstract of judgment amended.
In 2019, CDCR sent a letter to trial court advising the trial court that the abstract
of judgment might be in error or incomplete in two specific ways. CDCR reported that
the abstract of judgment indicated defendant had been convicted and sentenced under
section 261(a)(1), rape by force or fear of a mentally disabled person, but the sentencing
transcript reflected a conviction for rape by force or fear and the information had alleged
rape by force or fear under section 261(a)(2). CDCR also advised the court that the
abstract of judgment contained a possible error as to the 50 years to life sentence imposed
on the rape count. CDCR reported that the sentencing triad for both sections 261(a)(1)
and 261(a)(2), when doubled pursuant to the strike, is 6, 12, or 16 years. The sentencing
transcript reflected a sentence under section 667.61(d)(2). CDCR advised that section
667.61(d)(2) only applied to section 261(a)(2), not section 261(a)(1). CDCR also advised
that the section 667.61(d)(2) allegation was not reflected in the abstract of judgment or
alleged in the information. CDCR requested the court review the file to determine if a
correction was required. CDCR also advised the court that when a trial court is notified
by CDCR that an illegal sentence exists, the trial court is entitled to consider all
sentencing choices.
The court considered CDCR’s letter ex parte and ordered the original sentence to
remain in full force and effect but modified the abstract of judgment to reflect the
conviction in count 2 was under section 261(a)(2). In a written response, the trial court
noted: “The jury was told the Defendant was charged with rape with force. The jury was
instructed with CALJIC jury instruction 10.00, rape by force, § 261(a)(2) P. C., and
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returned a verdict of guilty of rape by force. The Defendant was then sentenced to 55
years to life for rape by force with priors. [¶] The verdict form signed by the jury stated
that the code section was 261(a)(1) P. C., (rape of a disabled person) rather than
261(A[)](2) P. C., rape by force. The verdict form state that it was rape by force. [¶] A
conviction of § 261(a)(1) P. C. with a prior serious felony carries a maximum penalty of
16 years. A conviction of § 261(a)(2) P. C. with a (serious) felony prior carries a
maximum penalty of 50 years to life. People v. Abdullah [(2019)] 38 Cal.App.5th
[218],[7] states that when correction of errors in a sentence involves ‘only a question of
law,’ due process does not require a resentencing hearing to correct them. This is clearly
a clerical error regarding a single number. The Defendant was arraigned on a charge of
rape by force, the jury was instructed as to rape by force, the Defendant was sentenced
for rape by force, and the jury signed a guilty verdict for rape by force. A review of the
District Court of Appeal decision in this case clearly shows the facts of the case proved
forcible rape. There was no mention of disability whatsoever in the decision or during
the trial. The Abstract of Judgment will be corrected to reflect that count two was in fact
§ 261(a)(2) P. C., rape by force. All other portions of the abstract will remain the same.”
Neither the order nor the written response mentions the other error raised by CDCR
regarding the imposition of a sentence under section 667.61(d)(2) that was not reflected
in the abstract of judgment or alleged in the information.
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends the trial court erred in failing to correct an illegal sentence.
Specifically, he contends the trial court’s statement that the maximum penalty for forcible
rape with a prior serious felony is 50 years to life, is incorrect. Defendant argues this
7 On October 30, 2019, our Supreme Court denied review of Abdullah and ordered it
depublished. (People v. Abdullah (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 218, rev. den. & depub. Oct. 30,
2019, S257756.)
6
sentence was unauthorized, as punishment under section 667.61(d)(2) is only permissible
where the People have pleaded and proven the special allegation; and as noted by CDCR,
the record does not reflect an accusatory pleading with such an allegation.
The People contend the appeal is unauthorized because it exceeds the scope of the
trial court’s correction of the abstract. The People also argue the claim is forfeited
because defendant failed to object in the trial court, on direct appeal, or in his petition for
review. Lastly, the People claim defendant was on notice of the allegation and potential
sentencing exposure. Accordingly, he received all the process that was due.
Appealability
A postjudgment order “affecting the substantial rights of the party” is an
appealable order. (§ 1237, subd. (b).) A postjudgment order that merely corrects a
clerical error in the abstract of judgment pointed out by CDCR does not affect the
defendant’s substantial rights and is, therefore not an appealable order. (See People v.
Magana (2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 1120, 1127-1128.) A clerical error in the judgment
includes a mismatch between the minutes or abstract of judgment and the judgment
pronounced by the court, or the erroneous calculation of presentencing credits. (People v.
Humphrey (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 371, 379.)
However, where CDCR recommends recall and reconsideration of a sentence
under former section 1170, subdivision (d)(1) (section 1170(d)(1)),8 the decision of the
trial court is an order that affects defendant’s substantial rights, and is an appealable
order. (People v. Frazier (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 858, 863, fn. 2; People v. McCallum
(2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 202, 211, fn. 7; People v. Arias (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 213, 217 &
8 Assembly Bill No. 1540 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) revised and continued former section
1170(d)(1) to section 1170.03, subdivision (a)(1). (Stats. 2021, ch. 719, § 3.1.) The
continuation of the provision and accompanying revisions do not change the analysis of
this opinion.
7
fn. 4; cf. People v. Loper (2015) 60 Cal.4th 1155, 1158, 1163 [defendant has a personal
liberty interest to “ ‘suffer only . . . deprivation’ ” of liberty warranted by crimes and
order summarily declining to exercise discretion to follow CDCR’s recommendation for
recall and resentencing under § 1170, subd. (e), is an appealable order].)
CDCR’s letter advised the trial court of a clerical error as to the designation of the
statutory basis for the rape charge, an error the trial court could correct on its own
authority. (In re Candelario (1970) 3 Cal.3d 702, 705.) The trial court ordered that
clerical error corrected. CDCR’s letter also advised the trial court of an illegal sentence
as to the One Strike allegation, either because it could not be imposed on a section
261(a)(1) conviction or because it had not been pleaded in the information. Based on the
illegal sentence, CDCR’s letter advised the trial court it could “reconsider all sentencing
choices,” citing to People v. Hill (1986) 185 Cal.App.3d 831. Accordingly, the letter
invoked the trial court’s authority to resentence under section 1170(d)(1).9 An order
declining to exercise section 1170(d)(1) discretion is an appealable order.
Forfeiture
The People contend this claim is forfeited by defendant’s failure to object in the
original proceedings, on direct appeal, or on petition for review. Defendant contends
imposing sentence based on the One Strike allegation was an unauthorized sentence,
subject to correction at any time, and is the type of error the court should exercise its
discretion to address. In supplemental briefing, defendant claims if the issue was
forfeited, he received ineffective assistance of counsel.
9 CDCR’s letter does not explicitly reference section 1170(d)(1), but references
People v. Hill, supra 185 Cal.App.3d 831. Hill relies on former section 1170,
subdivision (d), as the basis for the trial court’s authority to recall and resentence the
defendant where CDCR advises the trial court the sentence is unauthorized. (Hill, at
pp. 833-835.)
8
The parties’ arguments regarding forfeiture and unauthorized sentences go to an
appellate court’s authority to consider the merits of a claim on appeal, not our authority to
consider the propriety of a trial court’s ruling under section 1170(d)(1). This is an appeal
from the denial of a section 1170(d)(1) recommendation and the claim is that the trial
court abused its discretion pursuant to that authority in failing to correct an unauthorized
sentence under section 667.61(d)(2). Section 1170(d)(1) provides the court with
jurisdiction to correct an illegal or incorrect sentence where, as here, CDCR initiates such
a proceeding. That jurisdiction is not dependent upon an objection having been raised in
the original trial proceedings, at the original sentencing, in the initial appeal, or petitions
for review. Rather, the jurisdiction may be exercised “for any reason rationally related to
lawful sentencing. The court may then impose any otherwise lawful resentence
suggested by the facts available at the time of resentencing.” (Dix v. Superior Court
(1991) 53 Cal.3d 442, 456.) In its response to CDCR’s recommendation, the trial court
did not address the validity of the sentence under section 667.61(d)(2) or the lack of
pleading as to that allegation. Its decision on the letter was rendered ex parte. There was
no earlier opportunity for defendant to objection to the trial court’s section 1170(d)(1)
ruling.
Even if defendant’s appellate claim were forfeited by a failure to object, the error
is within our discretion to address. While a “pleading must provide the defendant with
fair notice of the potential sentence” (People v. Anderson (2020) 9 Cal.5th 946, 956
(Anderson)), imposition of sentence on an unpleaded allegation does not necessarily result
in an unauthorized sentence correctable at any time, including if first raised on appeal.
(Id. at p. 962.) Anderson provides guidance as to circumstances in which we should
exercise our discretion to “decide an otherwise forfeited claim where the trial court has
made an error affecting ‘an important issue of constitutional law or a substantial right.’ ”
(Id. at p. 963.) Anderson considered three factors relevant in this determination: (1) the
error was “clear and obvious,” that is, the trial court imposed punishment on allegations
9
that were “never pleaded, in contravention of the express pleading requirements of the
relevant statutes”; (2) “the error affected substantial rights by depriving [defendant] of
timely notice of the potential sentence he faced”; and (3) “the error was one that goes to
the overall fairness of the proceeding.” (Ibid.) Each of these factors applies here. The
record on appeal does not reflect any pleading of the section 667.61(d)(2) allegation; it
does not appear defendant received timely notice that he faced a potential enhanced
sentence of 50 years to life; and the error goes to the overall fairness of the proceedings.
Although defendant’s asserted defense likely would not have been different if the One
Strike allegation had been pled, the significantly increased sentence exposure might well
have impacted his decision whether to plea bargain or go to trial. (People v. Mancebo
(2002) 27 Cal.4th 735, 750-752 (Mancebo).) The purpose of a statutory pleading
requirement is not simply to ensure the defendant has notice of the potential sentence on
the day of sentencing, it is meant to give sufficient notice to permit the defense to make
informed decisions about the case, including whether to plead guilty, how to allocate
investigatory resources, and what strategy to deploy at trial. (Anderson, at p. 964.) The
failure to receive adequate notice of the potential sentence faced is not harmless error.
(Ibid.) Accordingly, the error warrants consideration, even if it was forfeited.
Abuse of Discretion
“In deciding whether to recall a sentence under section 1170, subdivision (d)(1),
the trial court may exercise its authority ‘for any reason rationally related to lawful
sentencing.’ ” (People v. McCallum, supra, 55 Cal.App.5th 202, 210.)
We review the courts “order declining to follow the Secretary’s recommendation
for abuse of discretion.” (People v. Frazier, supra, 55 Cal.App.5th 858, 863.) Its
decision “ ‘will not be disturbed except on a showing the trial court exercised its
discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a
manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ” (People v. Holford (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 155, 168.)
In determining whether there was an abuse of discretion, “we ask whether the trial court’s
10
findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence, whether its rulings of law are
correct, and whether its application of the law to the facts was neither arbitrary nor
capricious. [Citation.] Critical to the resolution of this case, we note that when a trial
court’s decision rests on an error of law, that decision is an abuse of discretion.”
(People v. Superior Court (Humberto S.) (2008) 43 Cal.4th 737, 746.) In addition, “[a]
court necessarily abuses its discretion when it fails to exercise its discretion at all,
however.” (People v. Choi (2021) 59 Cal.App.5th 753, 766.) That is, it is an abuse of
discretion where there is no evidence the court “ ‘engaged in a reasoned exercise of
judgment based on an examination of the particular circumstances of this case.’
[Citation.]” (Id. at p. 767.)
One Strike Law – Section 667.61(d)(2)
The One Strike law applies to sex crimes specified in section 667.61,
subdivision (c). Among those is forcible rape in violation of section 261(a)(2) (§ 667.61,
subd. (c)(1).) A conviction for this offense can result in one of two heightened sentences:
15 years to life if the jury finds one or more of the “circumstances” listed in section
667.61, subdivision (e) (§ 667.61, subd. (b)); or 25 years to life if the jury finds either
(1) two of the “circumstances” listed in section 667.61, subdivision (e), or (2) one of the
more aggravated “circumstances” listed in section 667.61, subdivision (d). (§ 667.61,
subd. (a).)
“The One Strike law specifically spells out what the People must do in order to
invoke its greater penalties: ‘The penalties provided in this section shall apply only if the
existence of any circumstance specified in subdivision (d) or (e) is alleged in the
accusatory pleading pursuant to this section, and is either admitted by the defendant in
open court or found to be true by the trier of fact.’ (§ 667.61, subd. (o).)” (People v.
Perez (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1223.)
The relevant aggravated circumstance here is set forth in section 667.61(d)(2):
“The defendant kidnapped the victim of the present offense and the movement of the
11
victim substantially increased the risk of harm to the victim over and above that level of
risk necessarily inherent in the underlying offense in subdivision (c).” The existence of
the aggravating circumstances must be specifically pled even though it can be established
from the mere fact of ultimate conviction. (Mancebo, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 752.) This
specificity is mandated not only by the language of the One Strike law but also by the
defendant’s “cognizable due process right to fair notice of the specific sentence . . .
allegations that will be invoked to increase punishment for his crimes.” (Mancebo, at
p. 747.) The prosecution need not specify a particular numerical provision so long as the
accusatory pleading affords the defendant “fair notice of the qualifying statutory
circumstance or circumstances that are being pled, proved, and invoked in support of One
Strike sentencing.” (Id. at p. 754.)
Section 1170(d)(1) Determination
As indicated in CDCR’s letter, the sentencing triad under section 261(a)(2) with a
serious prior felony is a determinate term of 6, 12, or 16 years. (§§ 264, subd. (a); 667,
subd. (e)(1); 1170.12, subd. (c)(1).) Thus, the maximum penalty is 16 years. In addition,
CDCR’s letter advised the court, there is no section 667.61(d)(2) allegation in the
information in this case.
In its written response, the trial court indicated the maximum penalty for a
conviction under section 261(a)(2) with a prior serious felony is 50 years to life. That is
an incorrect statement of the law. In addition, in its response and order, the trial court did
not address the propriety of the section 667.61(d)(2) sentence at all.10 The trial court
10 The record on appeal does not contain any written amendment to the information. It
appears, that the first mention of the One Strike allegation came at the instruction
conference, shortly before the jury would receive the case for deliberation. Even that
mention did not indicate the additional punishment faced as a result of the One Strike
allegation. On the record before us, it appears defendant did not receive the information
about the increased punishment until the actual sentencing hearing. “At that point, the
damage was done — it was by then too late to consider the prosecution’s pretrial plea
12
relied on an error in law and declined to exercise its discretion as to the propriety of the
section 667.61(d)(2) sentence based on an examination of the particular circumstances of
this case. This was an abuse of discretion.
DISPOSITION
The order is reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court for further
proceedings to consider the propriety of the sentence under section 667.61(d)(2) and
address CDCR’s recommendation as to the imposition of this sentence.
/s/
HOCH, J.
We concur:
/s/
MAURO, Acting P. J.
/s/
MURRAY, J.*
deal or reshape his trial strategy.” (Anderson, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 964.) That said, we
recognize there may have been an amendment to the information that is not contained
within our record on appeal. An information may be orally amended and there are
circumstances in which defendant may consent to an informal amendment. (People v.
Sandoval (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 111, 132.) These are factual determinations beyond
our purview on appeal.
* Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Third Appellate District, assigned by
the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
13