Birts v. Super. Ct. ( 2018 )

Filed 04/11/18
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
WILLARD BIRTS, JR.
Petitioner,
v.
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF SAN A152923
MATEO COUNTY,
(San Mateo County
Respondent; Super. Ct. No. 17-SF-008610-A)
THE PEOPLE,
Real Party in Interest.
Petitioner Willard Birts, Jr. (petitioner), was charged with several counts of felony
domestic violence, along with special allegations for use of a deadly weapon, serious
felony enhancements, prior strikes and prison priors. Shortly after the trial judge ruled on
several pretrial motions, real party in interest the People of the State of California (the
District Attorney) moved to dismiss the case for insufficient evidence, and the motion
was granted. The following day, the District Attorney refiled the case under a new case
number. The refiled case was assigned to the same trial judge as before, and the District
Attorney immediately moved to disqualify him under Code of Civil Procedure
section 170.6 (section 170.6). The motion was granted by respondent superior court.
Petitioner now seeks writ relief, arguing the District Attorney’s peremptory challenge in
the refiled case was an abuse of the judicial process in violation of his due process rights.
We agree that the peremptory challenge should have been denied, but for a
different reason. Because the record before us discloses a clear effort by the District
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Attorney to avoid the effect of the trial judge’s orders in the dismissed case, we conclude
the second action was a mere continuation of the first, and thus, the peremptory challenge
was untimely. Accordingly, we shall grant the petition and direct issuance of a
peremptory writ of mandate directing respondent superior court to vacate its order
granting the section 170.6 motion and to issue a new order denying the motion.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Petitioner was arraigned on a felony information with two counts of inflicting
corporal injury to a cohabitant (Pen. Code, § 273.5, subd. (a); counts one and three), one
count of aggravated assault (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(4); count two), one count of
making criminal threats (Pen. Code, § 422, subd. (a); count four), and one count of
stalking (Pen. Code, § 646.9, subd. (a); count five). The information alleged personal use
of a deadly weapon (Pen. Code, § 12022, subd. (b)(1)) with respect to count three, two
prior serious felony convictions (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (a)(1)), prior strikes (Pen. Code,
§ 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)), and eight prior prison terms (Pen. Code, § 667.5, subd. (b)).
The case was originally assigned to the Honorable Gerald J. Buchwald for trial.
On July 6–7, 2017, Judge Buchwald heard 10 motions in limine filed by the prosecution.
He granted four of the motions, deferred ruling on five of the motions, and granted in part
and denied in part motion in limine no. 9, by which the District Attorney sought to
exclude two statements made by Officer John Russell to a deputy district attorney in a
prefiling email. Specifically, Judge Buchwald granted the motion to exclude Officer
Russell’s statement questioning whether the elements of Penal Code section 646.9 had
been met. However, the court denied the District Attorney’s motion to exclude that
portion of Officer Russell’s statement that the confidential victim was “ ‘a nice and
genuine person, but I think she is a little unreliable and inconsistent.’ ”
On July 10, 2017, Judge Buchwald ruled on three of the previously deferred
prosecution motions in limine. He denied without prejudice motion in limine no. 4b
(motion to admit petitioner’s statements to Officer Russell) and no. 5 (motion to admit
petitioner’s prior convictions for impeachment), and granted in part, denied in part
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motion in limine no. 7 (motion to admit the testimony of the prosecution’s expert
witness).
Later that day, the District Attorney moved to dismiss the case. The prosecutor
stated, “The People would move to dismiss for insufficient evidence and with the
intention of refiling, which I understand Officer Russell is able to do today. So the
defendant will be arraigned tomorrow in the in-custody calendar.” When petitioner’s
counsel asked that the specific reasons for dismissal be put on the record, Judge
Buchwald responded, “I’m not sure that they’re required to do that. I think they have the
right—we have not empaneled a jury yet. There was a waiver of just one day, which
would be tomorrow. And I think they have the right to dismiss and refile it tomorrow if
that’s what they want to do, and their reasons are their work product.” Over petitioner’s
objection, Judge Buchwald granted the motion.
Petitioner was arraigned the following day, July 11, 2017, on a new complaint
bearing a different case number. At the arraignment, the prosecutor told the Honorable
Clifford V. Cretan that “[t]he dismissal was based on in limine rulings that were made
excluding certain evidence. There’s no issue with the state of the evidence and refiling.”
On August 2, 2017, the District Attorney filed a felony information alleging virtually the
same felony charges, enhancements, strike offenses and prior offenses, convictions and
prison terms as the previous information.1
On August 17, 2017, petitioner filed a nonstatutory motion to dismiss the
complaint under the doctrine of judicial estoppel. Petitioner argued the District
Attorney’s dismissal and immediate refiling of charges violated petitioner’s due process
rights and constituted manipulation of the system because the District Attorney was
actually motivated by Judge Buchwald’s evidentiary rulings. In opposition, the District
Attorney argued the case was properly dismissed prior to jeopardy attaching and within
1
There were no major substantive changes in the offenses alleged between the
first information filed on January 31, 2017, and the second information filed on August 2,
2017. There were some minor changes in dates for the alleged prior strikes and prior
prison terms.
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the statute of limitations for felonies, and the refiling was not barred by the two-dismissal
rule of Penal Code section 1387. In reply, petitioner argued that the District Attorney
committed prosecutorial misconduct by misleading the court as to the grounds for
moving to dismiss. The District Attorney filed a response to petitioner’s reply, arguing
the claim of prosecutorial misconduct was unsubstantiated because the District Attorney
was permitted to elect to dismiss and refile a felony case “after receiving unfavorable pre-
trial rulings which the prosecutor believed to be fatal to the case.” On September 22,
2017, the Honorable Donald J. Ayoob denied petitioner’s nonstatutory motion to dismiss.
Three days later, on September 25, 2017, the presiding judge, the Honorable
Susan I. Etezadi, assigned the case from the master calendar back to Judge Buchwald for
jury trial. The District Attorney immediately exercised a section 170.6 peremptory
challenge to Judge Buchwald. Petitioner opposed the challenge, arguing that because the
District Attorney had not previously challenged Judge Buchwald and had dismissed and
refiled the case after his in limine rulings, allowing the peremptory challenge would
“basically come[] down to forum shopping[.]” Judge Etezadi asked the District Attorney
if the refiled case was “the same case that was dismissed after Judge Buchwald made
certain rulings and . . . was dismissed for insufficient evidence and then refiled by the
People . . . ?” The District Attorney responded, “It is the same charges, yes.” Noting that
the parties had not provided the court with any points or authorities “on this very
interesting legal issue,” Judge Etezadi granted the section 170.6 motion. Judge Etezadi
also granted petitioner’s motion to continue trial to seek relief in the form of a writ, and
set a new trial date of December 4, 2017.
On November 20, 2017, petitioner filed a timely petition for writ of mandate
challenging the order granting the District Attorney’s section 170.6 motion. We
temporarily stayed the trial and requested informal briefing from the parties. We also
served notice that, if appropriate, we might issue a peremptory writ in the first instance
pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 1088 and Palma v. U.S. Industrial Fasteners,
Inc. (1984) 36 Cal.3d 171, 180 (Palma).
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DISCUSSION
“Section 170.6 permits a party to disqualify a judge for prejudice based upon a
sworn affidavit without having to establish the fact of prejudice.” (Bravo v. Superior
Court (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 1489, 1493 (Bravo).) Section 170.6 “guarantees a litigant
‘ “an extraordinary right to disqualify a judge.” ’ [Citation.] When a challenge is timely
and properly made, the challenged judge immediately loses jurisdiction and must recuse
himself.” (Ziesmer v. Superior Court (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 360, 363–364 (Ziesmer).)
“A party is limited to a single peremptory challenge ‘in any one action or special
proceeding.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 364.) “If directed to the trial of a cause with a master
calendar, the motion shall be made to the judge supervising the master calendar not later
than the time the cause is assigned for trial.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 170.6, subd. (a)(2).)
“[S]ection 170.6 is designed to prevent abuse by parties that merely seek to delay
a trial or obtain a more favorable judicial forum. [Citations.] An important element of
that design is the limitation, in any one action, of each party to a single motion . . . .”
(The Home Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1025, 1032.) “A peremptory
challenge may not be made when the subsequent proceeding is a continuation of an
earlier action. . . . The rule is designed to prevent forum shopping.” (Bravo, supra, 149
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1493–1494.)
The District Attorney argues that under Paredes v. Superior Court (1999) 77
Cal.App.4th 24 (Paredes) and Ziesmer, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th 360, after criminal
charges are dismissed and refiled, a new criminal action is commenced for section 170.6
purposes. In Paredes, the court held that after a criminal case was dismissed under Penal
Code section 1382 (right to speedy trial) and immediately refiled, the defendant’s
peremptory challenge was timely because the dismissal terminated the action, and the
refiling of the case was not a continuation of the dismissed case. (Paredes, supra, 77
Cal.App.4th at pp. 34–35.) In Ziesmer, the court relied on Paredes and held that the
dismissal of a grand jury indictment pursuant to Penal Code section 995,
subdivision (a)(1)(A), was a “termination” of the action for section 170.6 purposes, and
the defendant’s peremptory challenge in the refiled action was timely. (Ziesmer, supra,
5
107 Cal.App.4th at p. 367.) Petitioner argues these cases are distinguishable because
they did not involve a dismissal under Penal Code section 1385, which can only be
brought by the court or upon the application of the prosecution, not the defendant.
We find that Paredes and Ziesmer do not control in situations where, as here, the
second case is virtually identical to the dismissed case and the sole rationale articulated
for the dismissal and refiling is to evade the impact of rulings made in the first case. In
the instant matter, the District Attorney has not denied—and indeed has stated rather
openly—that the refiled case involves the same charges as before, and that the decision to
dismiss the first case was motivated solely by Judge Buchwald’s pretrial rulings. In its
opposition to the petition for writ of mandate, the District Attorney provided no
alternative explanation as to why the state of the evidence was insufficient on one day,
but sufficient the next. Rather, the District Attorney acknowledged that the first case was
dismissed “because evidentiary rulings hampered the prosecutor’s case,” a concession the
District Attorney did not make to Judge Buchwald when moving to dismiss. Thus, the
dismissal and refiling simply erased the effect of Judge Buchwald’s evidentiary rulings.
Under section 170.6 and the cases interpreting it, we cannot allow such gamesmanship.
We find NutraGenetics, LLC v. Superior Court (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 243(NutraGenetics) and Pickett v. Superior Court (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 887 (Pickett),
although not cited by the parties, to be instructive. In NutraGenetics, the court examined
a long line of cases applying the “continuation rule” as it relates to peremptory challenges
under section 170.6. The court concluded, “All the cases applying the continuation rule
to preclude a peremptory challenge in the second proceeding involve the same parties at a
later stage of their litigation with each other, or they arise out of conduct in or orders
made during the earlier proceeding.” (NutraGenetics, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 257,
italics omitted.) In Pickett, the court applied NutraGenetics to conclude that an action
under the Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (PAGA) was not a
continuation of an earlier filed PAGA action. Although both PAGA actions were brought
against the same defendant for failing to provide adequate seating for its cashier
employees, the cases were brought by different plaintiffs and sought different relief.
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(Pickett, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at pp. 894–895.) Furthermore, the court observed that
“[t]he record reveals no effort to enforce, modify, or avoid any order generated in [the
prior filed] case or otherwise to obtain a recovery based on some aspect of [the prior
plaintiff’s] action.” (Id. at p. 895.)
Here, the dismissed and refiled cases are virtually the same, and the record
discloses the District Attorney’s clear and singular intent to evade the effect of Judge
Buchwald’s evidentiary rulings by dismissing the prior action. Thus, the dismissal and
immediate refiling constituted efforts to “avoid [an] order generated in” the prior case.
(Pickett, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 895.) Because the District Attorney did not
challenge Judge Buchwald when he was first assigned as the trial judge in the dismissed
case, under the continuation rule articulated in NutraGenetics and Pickett, the District
Attorney’s peremptory challenge in the refiled action should have been denied as
untimely.2
In so holding, we take no position on petitioner’s contention that the District
Attorney abused the judicial process and engaged in prosecutorial misconduct in
violation of his due process rights. Our conclusion is based on the continuation rule as
expressed in NutraGenetics and Pickett and the clear evidence of the District Attorney’s
singular intent to avoid an unfavorable ruling in the prior proceeding.
2
We recognize that NutraGenetics’s phrase “arise out of . . . orders made during
the earlier proceeding” and Pickett’s similar phrase “avoid any order generated in” the
earlier proceeding can be read more narrowly to describe later proceedings for violation
or enforcement of an order made in a prior proceeding. (See NutraGenetics, supra, 179
Cal.App.4th at p. 253, italics omitted; Pickett, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at pp. 894–895,
citing McClenny v. Superior Court (1964) 60 Cal.2d 677, 678–679 [indirect contempt
proceedings occasioned by a husband’s violation of visitation and receivership orders in
divorce proceedings was continuation of divorce proceedings].) However, where, as
here, the record discloses a clear and singular intent to avoid the impact of an adverse
order in the prior proceeding, we have no trouble finding that the continuation rule should
apply.
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DISPOSITION
The accelerated Palma procedure (Palma, supra, 36 Cal.3d 171) is appropriate
here. Given the clear and indisputable evidence of judge shopping, “petitioner’s
entitlement to relief is so obvious that no purpose could reasonably be served by plenary
consideration of the issue . . . .” (Ng. v. Superior Court (1992) 4 Cal.4th 29, 35.)
Let a peremptory writ of mandate issue, directing respondent superior court to
vacate its order of September 25, 2017, granting the District Attorney’s peremptory
challenge under section 170.6, and to issue a new order denying the motion. This court’s
November 30, 2017, order staying the pending trial shall be dissolved on issuance of our
remittitur.
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_________________________
Jenkins, J.
We concur:
_________________________
McGuiness, Acting P.J.*
_________________________
Pollak, J.
A152923/Birts v. Super. Ct. of San Mateo County
*
Retired Presiding Justice of the Court of Appeal, First Appellate District,
Division Three, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the
California Constitution.
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A152923/Birts v. Superior Court of San Mateo County
Trial Court: Superior Court of San Mateo County
Trial Judge: Susan I. Etezadi, J.
Counsel: Law Office of L. Scott Sherman and L. Scott Sherman for Petitioner.
No appearance for respondent.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Jeffrey M. Laurence, Senior Assistant Attorney
General, René A. Chacón, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, for
Real Party in Interest.
10