In re S.R.B. CA2/6 ( 2022 )

Filed 5/26/22 In re S.R.B. CA2/6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion
has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SIX
In re S.R.B., a Minor. 2d Juv. No. B316851
(Super. Ct. No. T000158)
(Ventura County)
M.S. et al.,
Petitioners and Respondents,
v.
S.B.,
Objector and Appellant.
Probate Code section 1516.51 sets out the procedures
guardians of a child must follow to have the child released from
the custody and control of the child’s parents. 2
All statutory references are to the Probate Code unless
1
otherwise stated.
2 “Section 1516.5 reads,
S.B. (Father) appeals an order of the superior court
granting a petition by M.S. and D.S. (Petitioners) to declare his
minor child S.R.B. freed from his custody and control under
Probate Code section 1516.5. Father contends the court erred by
“(a) A proceeding to have a child declared free from the
custody and control of one or both parents may be brought in
accordance with the procedures specified in Part 4 (commencing
with Section 7800) of Division 12 of the Family Code within an
existing guardianship proceeding, in an adoption action, or in a
separate action filed for that purpose, if all of the following
requirements are satisfied:
“(1) One or both parents do not have the legal custody of
the child.
“(2) The child has been in the physical custody of the
guardian for a period of not less than two years.
“(3) The court finds that the child would benefit from being
adopted by his or her guardian. In making this determination,
the court shall consider all factors relating to the best interest of
the child, including, but not limited to, the nature and extent of
the relationship between all of the following:
“(A) The child and the birth parent.
“(B) The child and the guardian, including family members
of the guardian.
“(C) The child and any siblings or half siblings.
“(b) The court shall appoint a court investigator or other
qualified professional to investigate all factors enumerated in
subdivision (a). The findings of the investigator or professional
regarding those issues shall be included in the written report
required pursuant to Section 7851 of the Family Code.
“(c) The rights of the parent, including the rights to notice
and counsel provided in Part 4 (commencing with Section 7800)
of Division 12 of the Family Code, shall apply to actions brought
pursuant to this section.
“(d) This section does not apply to any child who is a
dependent of the juvenile court or to any Indian child.”
2
finding S.R.B. was not an Indian child and that the Indian Child
Welfare Act (ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.) did not apply. The
court found ICWA did not apply. We affirm.
FACTS
Petitioners are the maternal grandparents of S.R.B. In
May 2017, they were appointed guardians of Father’s minor child
S.R.B. in Ventura County Superior Court (case No. 56-2017-
00492820-PR-GP-OXN).
On February 14, 2017, M.S., the maternal grandfather,
filed an ICWA-020 form and stated, “I may have Indian ancestry”
from the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. An ICWA-030 form
“Notice of Child Custody Proceeding for Indian Child” was mailed
to the Cherokee Indian tribes. Petitioners declared under oath
that they had “given all information [they] have about the
relatives” on the form.
On February 21, 2017, the Eastern Band of Cherokee
Indians determined that S.R.B. was “neither registered nor
eligible to register as a member of this tribe.” It said the tribe
was “not empowered to intervene in this matter.” On March 9,
2017, the Cherokee Nation determined the child was not an
Indian child and her name could not be “found as [a] current-
enrolled” member of the tribe. The tribe informed Petitioners’
counsel that it “does not have legal standing to intervene.” The
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma also
determined that S.R.B. “does not meet the definition of an Indian
Child” under ICWA, and said it “will not intervene in this
matter.”
On March 10, 2021, Petitioners then filed their petition to
declare S.R.B. “freed from parental custody and control” of Father
and mother (Mother) under section 1516.5. They alleged, among
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other things, that Father had not had “the legal or physical
custody of [S.R.B.] within the last two (2) years” and it would be
in the child’s “best interest to be adopted by Petitioners”; that
S.R.B. had bonded with Petitioners; and that Mother “is willing
to execute her consent to the adoption of the minor by
Petitioners.”
A report from the Ventura County Human Services Agency
(HSA) noted that Mother told a social worker, “[Father] is a very
violent man. I had to move away to be safe. I know my parents
take good care of [the child] and she is safe with them. . . . I have
permanent scars and injuries from him. He had terrorized me for
years.” Mother said, “I will consent to the adoption; it is what is
best for [the child].”
Petitioners requested the trial court to take judicial notice
of documents from the state of Nevada showing that Father had
pled guilty to burglary in 2017. The parties stipulated that
Father “has not had legal or physical custody of the minor for at
least the last five (5) years”; his last “face-to-face contact” with
the child was “on or about October 16, 2016”; and he has “not
financially supported” the child since October 2016.
ICWA
Petitioners alleged in their petition that S.R.B. is not an
Indian child under ICWA. The child’s maternal grandmother, a
petitioner, filed an ICWA-020 form. She declared that none of
the categories of Indian status, tribal membership, or eligibility
applied to her or the child.
Father appeared in these proceedings. On June 4, 2021,
the trial court said it looked at the guardianship file on the ICWA
issue, but, among other things, it did not see a response from the
three Cherokee tribes. It appears the court may not have
4
reviewed the complete file because the responses of those tribes
showing that ICWA does not apply are part of the record.
Petitioners’ “Report re Inapplicability of ICWA” was filed on
March 16, 2017, as shown by the court’s docket. The court
ordered Father to file an ICWA-020 form.
Two months later, Father filed his ICWA-020 form. He
declared that none of the categories of Indian status or tribal
eligibility or enrollment applied to him or the child.
At a hearing on October 25, 2021, the trial court stated it
had received Father’s ICWA-020 form. The court found, “[B]ased
upon the information the parties have provided, . . . ICWA does
not apply.” In its January 3, 2022, order, the court found,
“[T]here is no evidence or reason to believe that either of the
minor’s natural parents has any American Indian ancestry, and,
therefore, the minor is not an ‘Indian Child’ as defined in 25 USC
1903[,] subd. 4, and is not subject to the provisions of the Indian
Child Welfare Act, 25 USC 1901, et seq.”
The trial court declared S.R.B. “freed from the parental
custody and control” of Father.
DISCUSSION
ICWA
Under ICWA, in a proceeding involving termination of a
parent’s parental rights, a trial court must determine if the child
involved in the proceedings “is or may be an Indian child.” (Welf.
& Inst. Code, § 224.2, subd. (a); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a);
see also In re Noreen G. (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 1359, 1387.)
“The court, county welfare department, and the probation
department have an affirmative and continuing duty” to make an
adequate ICWA inquiry. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 224.2, subd. (a);
Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a).) If there is “reason to know”
5
that “an Indian child is involved,” notice must be sent to “the
child’s tribe.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 224.3, subd. (a).) The
“Indian tribe has the sole authority to determine its own
membership.” (In re K.P. (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 1063, 1066.)
The “court must defer to the membership decisions of an Indian
tribe” as those decisions are conclusive. (Ibid.)
Under current law, mere statements of belief that a child
may be an Indian child “is not among the statutory criteria for
determining whether there is a reason to know a child is an
Indian child.” (In re Austin J. (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 870, 887,
italics added.) The Austin J. court held such statements, by
themselves, would not be sufficient to trigger further ICWA
inquiry.
The trial court’s finding that ICWA does not apply is
consistent with the determinations of three Cherokee tribes that
said S.R.B. was not a member or entitled to tribal membership.
Father claims the trial court erred because the HSA report
in the 2021 proceedings “did not address ICWA” and HSA did not
“interview [him]” about Indian heritage. But in his ICWA-020
form, Father confirmed that neither he nor the child fell within
any of the categories for membership in any Indian tribe.
The absence of a statement on ICWA in that report does
not mean that the trial court did not have evidence to make its
ICWA findings. Father highlights the alleged ICWA omissions in
the HSA 2021 report. But the record also includes the 2017
proceedings where the ICWA compliance documents were filed
with the court, along with the responses by the three tribes.
There is no showing that the family’s biological or ancestral
history changed between 2017 and 2021.
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Father claims an “investigator for the guardianship report
filed May 4, 2017, stated it made two attempts to contact Father,
incarcerated at Clark County Detention [C]enter in Las Vegas,
Nevada, but was unable to arrange a telephonic interview.” But
Father has not shown how that alleged omission in not asking
him about Indian ancestry in 2017 would change the result.
“[T]here can be no prejudice unless, if he had been asked, father
would have indicated that the child did (or may) have such
ancestry.” (In re Rebecca R. (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1426, 1431.)
But in 2021, Father confirmed that neither he nor S.R.B. had
Indian heritage. There is no showing of reversible error. (Ibid.)
Father contends Petitioners did not make an attempt to
interview paternal family members. He suggests this meant the
tribes did not have sufficient information to make an adequate
determination on Indian heritage. But Father concedes that the
ICWA forms sent to the tribes contained information on the
paternal relatives. He notes that the notices included the names
of the “paternal grandmother,” the “paternal grandfather,” and
the “paternal great-grandmother.” He claims the ICWA forms
sent to the tribes indicated that some of the information about
these paternal relatives was “unknown.” But Petitioners stated
under oath on the ICWA notice forms that they provided all the
information they knew about these relatives.
Father has not shown that Petitioners withheld
information, or were negligent, or that their declarations were
not truthful. Nor has he provided the missing information about
his relatives, or shown this information is available or could be
ascertained, or shown that it could lead to information showing
some tribal connection. “The knowledge of any Indian connection
is a matter wholly within the appealing parent’s knowledge and
7
disclosure is a matter entirely within the parent’s present
control.” (In re Rebecca R., supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at p. 1431.)
The parent cannot simply assert speculative claims on appeal
“without any showing whatsoever that the interests protected by
the ICWA are implicated in any way.” (Ibid., italics added.)
Given the determinations by the three Cherokee tribes and
Father’s ICWA-020 form, there is no information sufficient to
give anyone a “reason to believe” that S.R.B. is an Indian child.
(In re Austin J., supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at p. 888; In re A.M. (2020)
47 Cal.App.5th 303, 323.) Those tribal determinations that the
child does not have any Indian heritage are conclusive, and they
undermine Father’s claims on appeal. (In re K.P., supra, 242
Cal.App.4th at p. 1066.)
“ICWA does not obligate the court or DPSS ‘to cast about’
for investigative leads.” (In re A.M., supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at
p. 323.) “There is no need for further inquiry if no one has offered
information that would give the court or [HSA] reason to believe
that a child might be an Indian child.” (Ibid.)
Father cites In re Noreen G. and claims it supports a
remand for a further ICWA inquiry. There the parent on appeal
made a specific offer of proof that a relative was listed on the
“ ‘Dawes Rolls’ as a Seminole Indian.” (In re Noreen G., supra,
181 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388.) The court indicated that had she not
made such an “offer of proof,” or an “affirmative assertion of
Indian heritage on appeal,” there would not have been a ground
to support an ICWA remand. (Ibid.) By contrast, Father made
no showing on appeal that any relative has any connection to any
tribe. There is no showing to require additional ICWA notices to
the tribes. (Ibid.; In re Austin J., supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at pp.
887-888.)
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“The burden on an appealing parent to make an affirmative
representation of Indian heritage is de minimis. In the absence
of such a representation, there can be no prejudice and no
miscarriage of justice requiring reversal.” (In re Rebecca R.,
supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at p. 1431.)
DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
GILBERT, P. J.
We concur:
PERREN, J.
TANGEMAN, J.
9
Tari L. Cody, Judge
Superior Court County of Ventura
______________________________
Janette Freeman Cochran for Objector and Appellant.
Donnelly & Evans and Douglas R. Donnelly for Petitioners
and Respondents.
10