Daugherty v. City & Co. of SF ( 2018 )


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  • Filed 5/30/18; pub. order 6/22/18 (see end of opn.)
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
    DIVISION THREE
    RAIN O. DAUGHERTY et al.,
    Plaintiffs and Respondents,
    A145863, A147385
    v.
    CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN                                    (City & County of San Francisco
    FRANCISCO et al.,                                         Super. Ct. No. CPF-15-514302)
    Defendants and Appellants.
    Under the Public Safety Officers Procedural Bill of Rights Act (POBRA) (Gov.
    Code, § 3300 et seq.),1 no punitive action may be taken against a public safety officer for
    any alleged act, omission, or other misconduct unless the investigation is completed
    within one year of “the public agency’s discovery by a person authorized to initiate an
    investigation of the allegation of an act, omission, or other misconduct,” subject to certain
    statutory exceptions. (§ 3304, subd. (d)(1).) One such exception provides that the one-
    year time period is tolled while the act, omission, or other alleged misconduct is also the
    “subject” of a pending criminal investigation or prosecution. (Id., subd. (d)(2)(A).)
    This case arises out of a criminal corruption investigation of officers in the San
    Francisco Police Department (SFPD). The investigation began in 2011 and was led by
    the United States Attorney’s Office (USAO), with the assistance of select members of the
    1
    Unless otherwise noted, all further statutory references are to the Government
    Code.
    1
    criminal unit of SFPD’s Internal Affairs Division (IAD-Crim). During the course of the
    investigation, search warrants of the cellphone records of former SFPD Sergeant Ian
    Furminger—the central figure in the corruption scheme—led to the discovery in about
    December 2012 of racist, sexist, homophobic, and anti-Semitic text messages between
    Furminger and nine SFPD officers.2
    The criminal case proceeded to trial and resulted in a verdict against Furminger
    and a codefendant for conspiracy to commit theft, conspiracy against civil rights and wire
    fraud. Three days after the verdict, on December 8, 2014, the text messages were
    released by the USAO to the administrative unit of SFPD’s Internal Affairs Division
    (IAD-Admin). After IAD-Admin completed its investigation of the text messages, the
    chief of police issued disciplinary charges against respondents in April 2015.
    While the disciplinary proceedings were pending, respondent Rain O. Daugherty
    went to court and filed a petition for writ of mandate and complaint for extraordinary
    relief, seeking to rescind the disciplinary charges on the grounds that they were untimely.
    The remaining respondents joined in Daugherty’s petition. The trial court granted the
    writ petition and complaint, finding the one-year statute of limitations began to accrue in
    December 2012 when the misconduct was discovered, and thus, the investigation of
    respondents’ misconduct was not completed in a timely manner.
    For the reasons discussed below, we conclude the one-year statute of limitations
    did not begin to run until the text messages were released by the USAO to IAD-Admin,
    because before then, the alleged misconduct was not and could not be discovered by the
    “person[s] authorized to initiate an investigation” for purposes of section 3304,
    subdivision (d)(1). We alternatively conclude the one-year statute of limitations was
    tolled until the verdict in the criminal corruption case because the text messages were the
    “subject” of the criminal investigation within the meaning of section 3304, subdivision
    2
    These officers are Rain O. Daugherty and eight others who were permitted to
    proceed in this case anonymously under their disciplinary matter numbers: 2015-0036,
    2015-0076, 2015-0078, 2015-0079, 2015-0082, 2015-0083, 2015-0084, and 2015-0087
    (collectively respondents).
    2
    (d)(2)(A). Thus, the April 2015 notices of discipline were timely. Because the trial
    court’s contrary conclusions were based on errors of law or were not supported by
    substantial evidence, we reverse.
    BACKGROUND
    In 2011, San Francisco Public Defender Jeffrey Adachi accused SFPD officers in
    the “plainclothes” units at Mission and Southern Stations of conducting illegal searches
    of residential units in hotels, stealing the residents’ property, and falsifying police reports
    regarding the legality of the searches. In response to these accusations, IAD-Crim
    opened criminal investigations into the alleged conduct.
    SFPD’s Internal Affairs Division is separated into two fully autonomous units:
    IAD-Crim and IAD-Admin. Each unit is supervised by a separately assigned police
    lieutenant. From February 2011 to June 2013, the supervising lieutenant of IAD-Crim
    was Lieutenant Jerome DeFilippo. He was succeeded by Lieutenant Michelle Jean, who
    supervised IAD-Crim from June 2013 to June 2015. At all relevant times, the
    supervising lieutenant of IAD-Admin was Robert Yick. Both the IAD-Crim and the
    IAD-Admin lieutenants report to the captain of the Risk Management Office (Risk
    Management), who reports to the deputy chief. The deputy chief oversees the day-to-day
    operations of the Office of the Chief of Staff and serves as the link between the chief of
    police and various units throughout SFPD. Investigations into potential criminal conduct
    by SFPD officers are handled by IAD-Crim, while disciplinary investigations are the
    purview of IAD-Admin. Where it is necessary to preserve confidentiality or protect the
    integrity of an ongoing criminal investigation, SFPD imposes a “wall” between IAD-
    Crim and IAD-Admin, preventing any dissemination of criminal evidence to the
    disciplinary investigators, or to the remainder of SFPD.
    The USAO initiated its own criminal investigation of the plainclothes officers at
    Mission and Southern Stations, led by Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA) Andrew
    Caputo. In June 2011, the USAO and FBI called a meeting with select members of
    SFPD. In attendance at the June 14, 2011 meeting were AUSA Caputo; special agents
    from the FBI; SFPD Deputy Chief of Staff Lyn Tomioka; Risk Management Captain
    3
    Greg McEachern; and members of IAD-Crim, including Lieutenant DeFilippo, Inspector
    Darcy Keller, Sergeant Joseph Minner, and Officer Al Duarte. No officers assigned to
    IAD-Admin were present at this meeting.
    One topic discussed at the June 2011 meeting was whether the federal authorities
    and SFPD should conduct parallel criminal investigations or a single investigation into
    the conduct of the officers at Mission Station. Deputy Chief Tomioka agreed, on behalf
    of Chief of Police Gregory Suhr and SFPD, that the USAO would lead a single
    investigation into Mission Station plainclothes officers assisted by select members of
    IAD-Crim. Deputy Chief Tomioka also agreed, as requested by the USAO, that IAD-
    Crim officers would maintain confidentiality throughout the Mission investigation.
    Deputy Chief Tomioka instructed the members of IAD-Crim who were present at the
    meeting to comply with the USAO’s instructions. The USAO also required SFPD to
    identify the highest ranking person who would be privy to information regarding the
    investigation and to ensure that this designated person—the “firewall” or “gatekeeper”—
    would not disclose information about the case to anyone above his or her rank or to
    anyone outside the group of investigators working on the case. Deputy Chief Tomioka
    selected Lieutenant DeFilippo for this role. Under Lieutenant DeFilippo’s direction, a
    select number of IAD-Crim members were assigned to work on the USAO’s Mission
    investigation and were not permitted to disclose information about the investigation to
    anyone outside of the authorized group. AUSA Caputo also required all agents, IAD-
    Crim officers and anyone working on the Mission investigation to sign a nondisclosure
    agreement, known as a “6(e) agreement,”3 before they could become privy to the federal
    government’s grand jury evidence.
    3
    A “6(e) agreement” or “Rule 6(e) letter” derives its name from rule 6(e) of the
    Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (18 U.S.C.), which includes a prohibition on
    disclosure of grand jury matters by persons to whom disclosure was made, including
    government personnel considered by an attorney for the government as necessary to
    assist in performing that attorney’s duty to enforce federal criminal law. (Fed. Rules
    Crim.Proc., rule 6(e)(2)(B)(vii) & (e)(3)(A)(iii), 18 U.S.C.)
    4
    Lieutenant Jean took over command of IAD-Crim in June 2013, and she was
    briefed on the USAO’s information-sharing restrictions. Lieutenant Jean indicated, at the
    time of the briefing, that she understood she “was the last line of defense, so to speak, the
    wall between [IAD-Crim] and the department” and was not “at liberty to speak about
    anything regarding the ongoing criminal investigation.”
    At all times during the USAO’s Mission Station corruption investigation and
    prosecution, the federal authorities retained exclusive authority to direct the course of the
    investigation and make the decisions about what criminal charges to pursue and against
    whom. Furthermore, all evidentiary materials discovered during the course of the
    USAO’s investigation, as well as materials obtained or possessed by IAD-Crim during
    the investigation, belonged to the federal authorities.
    Discovery of the Text Messaging Misconduct
    Federal agents and IAD-Crim officers assigned to the criminal corruption
    investigation pursued dozens of leads, including reports that police officers had paid
    informants for information with stolen cars and attempted to sell drugs. Further
    investigation of the allegations of a confidential informant revealed that Furminger was at
    the center of a network of corrupt and criminal activities, and the investigators began
    focusing on his associates and contacts.
    In December 2011, federal investigators obtained a search warrant for data from
    Furminger’s cellphone. In August 2012 and November 2012, federal investigators
    obtained additional search warrants for text messages sent to or from Furminger’s phone.
    The search warrants yielded thousands of Furminger’s text messages from June 2011 to
    August 2012, including the text messages between Furminger and respondents. When
    Sergeant Minner and others in IAD-Crim discovered the offensive text messages, they
    brought them to the attention of Lieutenant DeFilippo.4 The text messages were then
    4
    The precise dates when Sergeant Minner brought respondents’ text messaging
    misconduct to the attention of Lieutenant DeFilippo are not clear from the record, but the
    pleadings appear to form the basis for the parties’ focus on the December 2012 time
    frame.
    5
    reviewed by investigators at the FBI and personnel at IAD-Crim. The offensive content
    of the text messages, as well as the fact that the texts involved communications between
    officers (including respondents) and superior officers (including Furminger), denoted a
    comfort level between respondents and Furminger that led the investigators to suspect
    respondents were engaged in illegal activities with Furminger.
    Lieutenant DeFilippo engaged in several conversations concerning the text
    messages with the FBI and USAO. According to Lieutenant DeFilippo, because the text
    messages were “a mechanism in the investigation . . . , [the FBI and USAO] didn’t want
    any of the subjects to know we were looking at their text messages. [¶] So it was told to
    me, ‘No, we’re not telling anybody about text messages.’ ” Copies of the text messages
    were kept in binders in Lieutenant DeFilippo’s office under lock and key.
    Indictments and Convictions
    On February 24 and 25, 2014, a federal grand jury returned indictments charging
    six individuals—Furminger, Edmond Robles, Reynaldo Vargas, Arshad Razzak, Richard
    Yick, and Raul Elias—in two separate federal criminal proceedings captioned United
    States v. Furminger et al., No. 14-CR-00102-CRB (N.D. filed Feb. 24, 2014)
    (Furminger), and United States v. Razzak et al., No. 14-CR-00103-RS (N.D. filed Feb.
    25, 2014) (Razzak).5 In early February 2014, AUSA Rodney Villazor was assigned
    responsibility for the prosecution and trial of the Furminger and Razzak cases. Villazor’s
    responsibilities included the postindictment investigation of the criminal course of
    conduct charged in the indictments, and the investigation and prosecution of related
    additional counts that were charged in a superseding indictment issued in Furminger in
    October 2014. At the outset of his involvement in the case, AUSA Villazor instructed
    IAD-Crim members to maintain the confidentiality of information and evidence
    5
    The counts against Furminger, Robles, and Vargas were: (1) conspiracy to
    distribute controlled substances, (2) distribution of marijuana and aiding and abetting in
    the distribution of marijuana, (3) conspiracy against civil rights, (4) conspiracy to commit
    theft concerning a federally funded program, (5) theft concerning a federally funded
    program and aiding and abetting in the theft, and (6) (against Furminger only) extortion
    under color of official right.
    6
    accumulated in the corruption investigation “up until the return of a verdict in the
    Furminger case.”
    The text messages were part of criminal discovery in the Furminger case and were
    subject to a protective order entered by the United States District Court for the Northern
    District of California. According to AUSA Villazor, there were specific discussions
    about whether the criminal defendants would agree to modify the protective order to
    permit sharing or disclosure of discovery materials with IAD-Admin for the purpose of
    pursuing administrative, civil or disciplinary claims. However, the criminal defendants
    would not agree to the proposed modification or to the disclosure of these discovery
    materials to IAD-Admin.
    On December 5, 2014, a federal jury convicted Furminger and Robles of
    conspiracy to commit theft, conspiracy against civil rights and wire fraud. Three days
    later, a meeting was held between Lieutenant Yick and members of IAD-Admin, IAD-
    Crim, and AUSA’s Villazor and John Hemann. At this meeting, the USAO lifted the
    confidentiality restriction and authorized IAD-Crim to release respondents’ text messages
    to IAD-Admin. In the following days, IAD-Crim provided voluminous records to IAD-
    Admin, including a CD containing thousands of pages of text messages sent and received
    by Furminger. Lieutenant Yick assigned three investigators to review the records for
    evidence of administrative misconduct.
    On January 20, 2015, the executive director of the San Francisco Office of Citizen
    Complaints (OCC)6 wrote to SFPD indicating that it had reviewed some of Furminger’s
    text messages and found racist and other highly offensive messages between Furminger
    and SFPD officers, including some of the respondents. The IAD-Admin investigators
    ceased their review of other evidence, began reviewing the text messages for content
    similar to that identified by the OCC, and conducted interviews with the officers.
    6
    The OCC is now the Department of Police Accountability. (See S.F. Prop. G,
    adopted Nov. 8, 2016, adding S.F. Charter, § 4.136, and amending 
    id., § 4.127.)
    7
    Disciplinary Proceedings
    On April 2, 2015, Chief of Police Gregory Suhr filed disciplinary charges with the
    San Francisco Police Commission against eight of the nine respondents. On April 22,
    2015, Chief Suhr noticed proposed discipline against the remaining respondent.
    During an initial case management conference with the Commission, Daugherty
    argued that the discipline charges against him were untimely under POBRA’s one-year
    statute of limitations. The Commission set dates for briefing and a hearing on the statute
    of limitations issue.
    Trial Court Proceedings and Appeals
    While the Commission proceedings were pending, on May 11, 2015, Daugherty
    filed a verified petition for writ of mandate and stay application combined with a
    complaint for extraordinary relief and civil penalty in the San Francisco Superior Court.
    The petition asserted three causes of action for: (1) writ of mandate under Code of Civil
    Procedure section 1085; (2) extraordinary relief under section 3309.5, subdivision (d)(1);
    and (3) complaint for a civil penalty pursuant to section 3309.5, subdivision (e), claiming
    appellants maliciously violated respondents’ rights by pursuing and/or imposing punitive
    action after one year from the date of appellants’ discovery of the alleged misconduct in
    December 2012. The remaining eight respondents joined Daugherty’s petition.
    The trial court granted respondents’ ex parte application for a temporary stay order
    and ordered appellants to halt the administrative proceedings, pending a further hearing.
    Appellants filed a motion to vacate the order staying administrative proceedings on the
    grounds that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate the merits of the petition. On
    June 22, 2015, the trial court denied the motion, finding that it was able to render
    appropriate relief pursuant to section 3309.5. In addition, the court determined that the
    stay of proceedings would remain in effect pending a final adjudication of the writ. In a
    separate order issued that same day, the trial court granted, in part, respondents’ motion
    for a protective order and/or to seal records protected by Penal Code section 832.7. In
    particular, the court ordered certain personnel records to be filed under seal and permitted
    8
    respondents to proceed anonymously in court filings. On July 8, 2015, the trial court
    issued an order setting a hearing and briefing schedule for final adjudication of the writ.
    On July 29, 2015, appellants timely appealed from the trial court’s June and July
    2015 orders (case No. A145863). Appellants also filed two separate petitions for a writ
    of supersedeas, both of which we summarily denied.
    Thereafter, on December 21, 2015, the trial court held oral argument on the merits
    of respondents’ writ petition and complaint for extraordinary relief. After the matter was
    submitted, the trial court issued an order granting the petition for writ of mandamus and
    extraordinary relief. Pursuant to section 3304, subdivision (d), and SFPD’s General
    Order 1.06, the trial court found that “Lieutenant DeFilippo had an obligation to initiate
    an administrative investigation of [respondents’] misconduct in December 2012, when he
    first learned of the misconduct.” The trial court further determined that SFPD’s
    “unwritten policy, that the IAD-Admin Division is solely responsible for conducting
    administrative investigations of police misconduct, did not excuse the department’s
    failure to conduct the investigation in a timely manner.” Additionally, the trial court held
    that tolling under section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A), did not apply because
    “[respondents], their conduct, and their text messages were not the subject of a criminal
    investigation.”
    The court’s order continued, “Even assuming in arguendo [sic] that the department
    was prevented from conducting an administrative investigation of [respondents’]
    misconduct during the criminal investigation of Mr. Furminger, . . . [appellants],
    however, have failed to demonstrate that an investigation of the misconduct was
    prohibited, for confidentiality purposes, after Mr. Furminger was indicted on
    February 25, 2014.” Finally, the trial court held that appellants failed to establish the
    applicability of the statutory extensions for multijurisdictional and multi-officer
    investigations in section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(C) and (D).
    After the trial court entered its December 2015 order, appellants filed a second and
    timely notice of appeal from that order (case No. A147385). Respondents filed a motion
    seeking to dismiss the second appeal on the grounds that the appeal was premature and
    9
    violated the “one final judgment rule.” In particular, respondents argued that the trial
    court’s failure to resolve appellants’ third cause of action seeking a civil penalty under
    section 3309.5, subdivision (e), required dismissal of the appeal. On March 4, 2016, we
    denied the motion to dismiss, without prejudice to future consideration of the issue on the
    merits of the appeal, including whether the December 21, 2015 order is appealable under
    Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1, subdivision (a)(6), or whether the interests of
    justice require that the appeal be treated as a petition for writ of mandate.
    On May 3, 2016, these appeals were consolidated for briefing, argument and
    decision.
    DISCUSSION
    I. Appealability
    “An appealable judgment or order is essential to appellate jurisdiction, and the
    court, on its own motion, must dismiss an appeal from a nonappealable order.” (Art
    Movers, Inc. v. Ni West, Inc. (1992) 
    3 Cal. App. 4th 640
    , 645 (Art Movers).) The
    substance and effect of the order, not its form, determine whether or not it constitutes an
    appealable final judgment or order. (Griset v. Fair Political Practices Com. (2001) 
    25 Cal. 4th 688
    , 698 (Griset).) With these standards in mind, we turn to whether we have
    jurisdiction to resolve these appeals.
    Appellants argue the three orders issued by the trial court on June 22, 2015, and
    July 7, 2015 (case No. A145863), are appealable orders granting injunctive relief. We
    conclude that the second June 22, 2015 order and July 7, 2015 scheduling order cannot,
    in substance and effect, be construed as granting or refusing to dissolve an injunction
    because these orders did not enjoin or command the performance of a particular act by
    any person, and we have no jurisdiction to review them. (See PV Little Italy, LLC v.
    MetroWork Condominium Assn. (2012) 
    210 Cal. App. 4th 132
    , 142–143.) While the first
    June 22, 2015 order was an appealable order “refusing to . . . dissolve an injunction”
    (Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a)(6)), it was rendered moot by the December 21, 2015
    10
    order. (See People v. Rath Packing Co. (1978) 
    85 Cal. App. 3d 308
    , 314.) Accordingly,
    we shall dismiss the appeal from these orders.7
    Appellants argue the December 21, 2015 order is an appealable order granting a
    writ of mandamus. (See Daggs v. Personnel Commission (1969) 
    1 Cal. App. 3d 925
    , 930.)
    Such orders remain subject to the one final judgment rule, which “prohibits review of
    intermediate rulings by appeal until final resolution of the case.” 
    (Griset, supra
    , 25
    Cal.4th at p. 697.) The December 21, 2015 order was not a final judgment that
    completely disposed of all the causes of action between the parties, and the unadjudicated
    third cause of action under section 3309.5, subdivision (e), left a number of potential
    issues for future consideration. (See Morehart v. County of Santa Barbara (1994) 
    7 Cal. 4th 725
    , 743.) For example, any future proceeding would require the resolution of
    issues such as whether respondents’ POBRA rights were “maliciously violated,” whether
    appellants intended to injure respondents, and whether respondents suffered actual
    damages from the denial of POBRA rights. (§ 3309.5, subd. (e).) Resolution of these
    issues is not, as appellants argue, simply determining an amount of damages for which
    entitlement to relief has already been established or enforcing the terms of the
    December 21, 2015 order. (See Grant v. List & Lathrop (1992) 
    2 Cal. App. 4th 993
    , 998;
    Public Defenders’ Organization v. County of Riverside (2003) 
    106 Cal. App. 4th 1403
    ,
    1409.)
    Appellants alternatively argue that the December 21, 2015 order is appealable
    under Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1, subdivision (a)(6), as an order granting a
    permanent injunction. In Daro v. Superior Court (2007) 
    151 Cal. App. 4th 1079
    (Daro),
    another panel of this division held that the order appealed from—characterized by the
    parties and trial court as a “preliminary injunction”—was properly considered a
    7
    A sealing order is appealable under the collateral order doctrine (Mercury
    Interactive Corp. v. Klein (2007) 
    158 Cal. App. 4th 60
    , 76–77), but appellants raised no
    claim of error with regard to this portion of the second June 22, 2015 order. Thus, we
    treat appellants’ appeal of the sealing order as abandoned. (See Rich v. State Board of
    Optometry (1965) 
    235 Cal. App. 2d 591
    , 602–603.)
    11
    permanent injunction. (Id. at p. 1091, fn. 3.) Noting a split of authority on the
    appealability of permanent injunctions, the Daro court held that “even if there were a
    question about the order’s appealability [citation], we would simply exercise our
    discretion to treat the appeal as a petition for writ of mandate and arrive at the same
    outcome [citation].” (Ibid., citing Guntert v. City of Stockton (1974) 
    43 Cal. App. 3d 203
    ,
    207–209 and Art 
    Movers, supra
    , 3 Cal.App.4th at pp. 650–651).)
    We likewise conclude the December 21, 2015 order is an appealable permanent
    injunction, but even assuming there is some question about the appealability of this order,
    we, in all events, exercise our discretion to treat the appeal as a petition for writ of
    mandate. 
    (Daro, supra
    , 151 Cal.App.4th at p. 191, fn. 3; 
    Morehart, supra
    , 7 Cal.4th at
    pp. 764–765.) In our view, judicial economy would not be served by deferring resolution
    of this appeal pending a determination of the remaining third cause of action, as the
    merits of the issues on appeal have been fully briefed by the parties as well as the amici
    curiae. Moreover, any further proceedings in the trial court on section 3309.5,
    subdivision (e), would be unlikely to improve upon the record or briefing now presented
    to us for resolving the issues presented. (See 
    Morehart, supra
    , at p. 746.)
    II. Standard of Review
    “On appeal [from an order granting mandamus relief], we are not bound by any
    legal interpretation made by . . . the trial court. Instead, we make an independent review
    of any questions of law necessary to the resolution of this matter on appeal. [Citations.]
    Statutory interpretation is a clear question of law for our determination anew on appeal.
    [Citations.]” (Breslin v. City and County of San Francisco (2007) 
    146 Cal. App. 4th 1064
    ,
    1077 (Breslin).)
    “As to factual issues, ‘we determine whether the record provides substantial
    evidence supporting the trial court’s factual findings. [Citation.] Applying the
    substantial evidence test on appeal, we may not reweigh the evidence, but consider that
    evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court, indulging in every reasonable
    inference in favor of the trial court’s findings and resolving all conflicts in its favor.
    [Citations.] The question on appeal is whether the evidence reveals substantial support—
    12
    contradicted or uncontradicted—for the trial court’s conclusion that the weight of the
    evidence supports the commission’s findings of fact. [Citation.] We uphold the trial
    court’s findings unless they so lack evidentiary support that they are unreasonable. We
    may not uphold a finding based on inherently improbable evidence or evidence that is
    irrelevant to the issues before us. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Richardson v. City and
    County of San Francisco Police Com. (2013) 
    214 Cal. App. 4th 671
    , 692 (Richardson).)
    “Substantial” evidence means evidence “ ‘of ponderable legal significance.
    Obviously the word cannot be deemed synonymous with “any” evidence. It must be
    reasonable . . . , credible, and of solid value . . . .’ [Citation.] The ultimate determination
    is whether a reasonable trier of fact could have found for the respondent based on the
    whole record. [Citation.] While substantial evidence may consist of inferences, such
    inferences must be ‘a product of logic and reason’ and ‘must rest on the evidence’
    [citation]; inferences that are the result of mere speculation or conjecture cannot support a
    finding [citation].” (Kuhn v. Department of General Services (1994) 
    22 Cal. App. 4th 1627
    , 1633 (Kuhn.)
    III.    The Trial Court Had Initial Jurisdiction to Proceed on the Mandamus
    Petition
    Appellants contend that because the Commission had not yet issued a reviewable
    decision, respondents’ cases were unripe when the trial court asserted mandamus
    jurisdiction. Specifically, appellants argue that neither the initiation of a disciplinary
    investigation by the chief of police nor the Commission’s consideration of a limitations
    defense, as occurred here, supports the trial court’s exercise of mandamus jurisdiction.
    Appellants cite Moore v. City of Los Angeles (2007) 
    156 Cal. App. 4th 373
    (Moore) for the
    position that an officer may not make a perfunctory showing in an administrative hearing
    and thereafter obtain an unlimited trial de novo on expanded issues. Appellants contend
    this is precisely what respondents did by raising the statute of limitations issue initially in
    the Commission proceedings but then filing their mandamus petition in court before the
    Commission reached a decision.
    13
    Section 3309.5 was “specifically designed to allow an officer to pursue a remedy
    immediately in the courts for violation of [the rights set forth in POBRA] during the
    investigation and not be required to wait for judicial review after administrative
    consideration of those violations.” (Mounger v. Gates (1987) 
    193 Cal. App. 3d 1248
    ,
    1256 (Mounger).) Thus, section 3309.5 provides that “[t]he superior court shall have
    initial jurisdiction over any proceeding brought by any public safety officer against any
    public safety department for alleged violations of this chapter [POBRA].” (§ 3309.5,
    subd. (c).) A violation of “this chapter” (chapter 9.7 of division 4 of title 1 of the
    Government Code, spanning §§ 3300–3313) occurs when “any public safety department
    [denies or refuses] to any public safety officer the rights and protections guaranteed to
    him or her by this chapter.” (§ 3309.5, subd. (a).) “[T]he import of ‘initial’ in section
    3309.5 is to remove the defense of failure to exhaust administrative remedies in the event
    the employee elects to go to court with his claim of [a POBRA] violation.” (Alameida v.
    State Personnel Bd. (2004) 
    120 Cal. App. 4th 46
    , 54.)
    At issue in this case is the right to speedy disciplinary proceedings under section
    3304, subdivision (d)(1), which is found within chapter 9.7. Significantly, for our
    analysis, the statute gives trial courts initial jurisdiction over “alleged” violations of
    POBRA. (§ 3309.5, subd. (c).) Thus, we disagree with appellants’ contention that the
    trial court lacked initial jurisdiction over this controversy alleging violation of section
    3304, subdivision (d)(1). The cases relied upon by appellants are distinguishable. Moore
    involved appellate review of administrative mandamus proceedings under Code of Civil
    Procedure section 1094.5, which is limited to issues in the record at the administrative
    level. 
    (Moore, supra
    , 156 Cal.App.4th at pp. 382–384.) Undercutting the argument
    appellants make here, the Moore court specifically noted that the officer “never sought to
    invoke the superior court’s injunctive power to enforce his rights under [POBRA]
    pursuant to section 3309.5.” (Id. at p. 385.) Respondents, however, did invoke the
    superior court’s remedial powers under section 3309.5.
    Appellants’ reliance upon Gales v. Superior Court (1996) 
    47 Cal. App. 4th 1596
    (Gales) fares no better. They cite Gales for the position that the proper roadmap for
    14
    POBRA cases is for an officer to file for administrative mandamus after an administrative
    decision has been rendered, along with a concurrent section 3309.5 action. Gales,
    however, did not provide a roadmap for officers, such as respondents, who only allege a
    violation of their rights to speedy discipline under POBRA. Rather, Gales addressed
    “whether a police officer is entitled—after the public entity employer has issued its final
    decision—to file an action under section 3309.5” and concluded the officer must file an
    administrative mandamus petition pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5
    and may file a concurrent section 3309.5 action. 
    (Gales, supra
    , at pp. 1602–1603.)
    Respondents’ allegations of POBRA violations, however, are matters they were entitled
    to pursue “immediately in the courts” without having “to wait for judicial review after
    administrative consideration of those violations.” 
    (Mounger, supra
    , 193 Cal.App.3d at
    p. 1256.)
    Appellants also argue the trial court exceeded its mandamus powers by compelling
    the Commission to exercise its discretion in a particular manner to reach a particular
    result. (California Assn. of Medical Products Suppliers v. Maxwell-Jolly (2011) 
    199 Cal. App. 4th 286
    , 303.) Again, we disagree. The trial court found that appellants violated
    respondents’ rights to speedy disciplinary proceedings under section 3304,
    subdivision (d)(1), and accordingly enjoined appellants from taking punitive action
    against respondents. These actions were expressly permitted under section 3309.5,
    subdivision (d)(1), which provides in relevant part, “In any case where the superior court
    finds that a public safety department has violated any of the provisions of this chapter, the
    court shall render appropriate injunctive or other extraordinary relief to remedy the
    violation and to prevent future violations of a like or similar nature, including, but not
    limited to, the granting of a . . . permanent injunction prohibiting the public safety
    department from taking any punitive action against the public safety officer.”
    For these reasons, we conclude the trial court’s exercise of initial jurisdiction
    under section 3309.5, subdivision (c), was proper.
    15
    IV.POBRA’s One-year Statute of Limitations
    “Protection of peace officers from abusive or arbitrary treatment in their
    employment is the essence of [POBRA].” (Pasadena Police Officers Assn. v. City of
    Pasadena (1990) 
    51 Cal. 3d 564
    , 577 (Pasadena Police Officers Assn.).) “The various
    procedural protections provided by POBRA ‘balance the public interest in maintaining
    the efficiency and integrity of the police force with the police officer’s interest in
    receiving fair treatment.’ [Citations.]” (Mays v. City of Los Angeles (2008) 
    43 Cal. 4th 313
    , 320, superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Squire v. County of Los
    Angeles (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 16, 23.)
    “ ‘One such protection is to have a speedy adjudication of conduct that could
    result in discipline.’ ” (Parra v. City and County of San Francisco (2006) 
    144 Cal. App. 4th 977
    , 988 (Parra).) Accordingly, “no punitive action, nor denial of
    promotion on grounds other than merit, shall be undertaken for any act, omission, or
    other allegation of misconduct if the investigation of the allegation is not completed
    within one year of the public agency’s discovery by a person authorized to initiate an
    investigation of the allegation of an act, omission, or other misconduct,” subject to certain
    statutory exceptions. (§ 3304, subd. (d)(1).) “In the event that the public agency
    determines that discipline may be taken, it shall complete its investigation and notify the
    public safety officer of its proposed discipline by a Letter of Intent or Notice of Adverse
    Action articulating the discipline that year, except as provided in [the tolling and
    extension provisions of] paragraph 2.” (Ibid.)
    a. Section 3303 does not govern accrual of POBRA’s statute of limitations.
    We first address appellants’ contention that POBRA’s statute of limitations did not
    apply to the corruption investigation because section 3303, subdivision (i), provides an
    exception for investigations “concerned solely and directly with alleged criminal
    activities.” Appellants rely primarily on Van Winkle v. County of Ventura (2007) 
    158 Cal. App. 4th 492
    (Van Winkle), which interpreted section 3303, subdivision (i), in support
    of their contention.
    16
    Section 3303 provides various safeguards to public safety officers subject to
    interrogation by their employers. Subdivision (i) of section 3303 contains an express
    exception, which states in relevant part: “nor shall this section apply to any investigation
    concerned solely and directly with alleged criminal activities.” (§ 3303, subd. (i), italics
    added.) In interpreting section 3303, subdivision (i), Van Winkle held that POBRA’s
    interrogation safeguards did not apply during the investigation of a deputy sheriff by a
    county’s major crimes bureau because the investigation was an independent criminal
    investigation. (Van 
    Winkle, supra
    , 158 Cal.App.4th at p. 501.)
    Here a different section of POBRA—section 3304—governs the question of
    whether and when the statute of limitations accrued. We note at the outset that unlike
    section 3303, subdivision (i), section 3304 provides no exception from POBRA’s statute
    of limitations “for investigations concerned solely and directly with criminal activities.”
    Rather, section 3304, subdivision (d), provides for exceptions from POBRA’s statute of
    limitations as follows: Subdivision (d)(2)(A) tolls the one-year period while the act,
    omission, or alleged misconduct is the subject of a pending criminal investigation or
    prosecution, and subdivision (d)(2)(G) tolls the one-year period when the investigation
    “involves a matter in criminal litigation” and the complaint of officer misconduct is made
    by a criminal defendant. This implies that where evidence of misconduct emerges in a
    criminal case, the Legislature intended that section 3304, subdivision (d), govern the
    statute of limitations’ accrual date and any applicable periods of tolling or extension
    based on the statutory criteria set forth therein. (See, e.g., Department of Corrections &
    Rehabilitation v. State Personnel Bd. (2016) 
    247 Cal. App. 4th 700
    , 711.)
    For these reasons, we reject appellants’ argument based on Van Winkle and section
    3303 that the statute of limitations does not apply. We now turn to appellants’ claim that
    the trial court erred in finding that Lieutenant DeFilippo was a person authorized to
    initiate a POBRA investigation of the text messaging misconduct in December 2012.
    17
    b. The text messaging misconduct was not discovered by “a person authorized
    to initiate an investigation” until the text messages were released by the
    USAO.
    Appellants argue that Lieutenant DeFilippo and Sergeant Minner were not, as the
    trial court determined, “person[s] authorized to initiate an investigation” (§ 3304,
    subd. (d)(1)) into respondents’ text messaging misconduct at the time of discovery in
    December 2012. Relying upon the declarations of Chief Suhr and Lieutenant Yick of
    IAD-Admin submitted in the trial court proceedings below, appellants argue it was
    SFPD’s policy that only IAD-Admin was authorized to initiate disciplinary investigations
    of SFPD officers. Because the IAD-Admin officers authorized to initiate an investigation
    did not receive the text messages evidencing potential misconduct until they were
    released by the USAO to IAD-Admin on December 8, 2014, appellants contend the
    statute did not accrue until that date.
    Respondents contend that under SFPD’s General Order 1.06, Lieutenant
    DeFilippo of the IAD-Crim unit was a “superior officer” authorized to begin an
    investigation upon his discovery of the text messages in December 2012, and this
    investigation was independent of any proceedings conducted by IAD-Admin. This
    authority under General Order 1.06, respondents argue, was merely “supplemented” by
    the verbal confidentiality order and simply required Lieutenant DeFilippo to consult with
    the USAO before initiating an investigation.
    This issue presents a mixed question of law and fact in which we analyze the
    meaning of “a person authorized to initiate an investigation” as well as when such person
    discovered the relevant information. (Avner v. Longridge Estates (1969) 
    272 Cal. App. 2d 607
    , 617 [whether cause of action accrued is mixed question of law and fact].) In
    interpreting section 3304, “we apply basic principles that apply in all statutory
    construction cases. We seek to ascertain the Legislature’s intent so that we may
    effectuate the law’s purpose. Our goal is to interpret the language of the statute—not to
    insert what has been omitted or omit what has been inserted. We look first to the
    language of the statute itself, read as a whole, seeking to harmonize all parts of the
    18
    statutory scheme. If the words contained in the statute are reasonably free from
    ambiguity and uncertainty, we look no further than those words to ascertain the
    provision’s meaning. [Citations.] Only if the words are ambiguous or unclear may we
    turn to extrinsic aids to help us determine the Legislature’s intent. [Citation.]” 
    (Breslin, supra
    , 146 Cal.App.4th at p. 1079.)8
    Looking to the statutory language itself, we note that section 3304,
    subdivision (d)(1), triggers the statute of limitations upon discovery within a public
    agency by a person authorized to initiate an investigation. The reasonable implication
    from this language is that the statute of limitations is not triggered upon any employee’s
    discovery, but upon discovery by persons who are either specifically or generally vested
    with the authority to commence an investigation into the misconduct. Given that a public
    law enforcement agency may employ many individuals and have multiple divisions and
    levels of leadership, it is significant to us that the language of section 3304,
    subdivision (d)(1), ties the accrual of the statute to discovery by persons within a public
    agency who are authorized to initiate investigation of the pertinent information.
    Appellants argue that the power to designate persons authorized to initiate
    disciplinary investigations belongs to the law enforcement agency, and here, SFPD
    designated the officers assigned to IAD-Admin as authorized to initiate investigations of
    misconduct by SFPD officers. Appellants contend the trial court erred as a matter of law
    when it disregarded SFPD’s designation. Respondents counter that under Jackson v. City
    of Los Angeles (2003) 
    111 Cal. App. 4th 899
    (Jackson), courts favor a more expansive
    definition of who is authorized to initiate an investigation, such as the authorization
    8
    We previously deferred ruling on appellants’ request for judicial notice of
    legislative history materials for section 3304. Because we find the statute’s language to
    be unambiguous, we deny the request for judicial notice as not relevant to a material issue
    in this case. (Moraga-Orinda Fire Protection Dist. v. Weir (2004) 
    115 Cal. App. 4th 477
    ,
    482, fn. 4.)
    19
    provided in General Order 1.06.9 The trial court, too, relied on Jackson to conclude that
    Lieutenant DeFilippo was authorized to initiate an investigation into respondents’ text
    messaging misconduct.
    Jackson notwithstanding, we find that appellants have the more persuasive
    argument. The issue in Jackson was whether the city’s charter, as a matter of home rule
    under the California Constitution, established the limitations period rather than state law.
    The charter’s limitations provision began to run when the disciplinary issue was
    “ ‘brought to the attention of the Chief of Police.’ ” 
    (Jackson, supra
    , 111 Cal.App.4th at
    p. 905.) The court held that because section 3304, subdivision (d), was a matter of
    statewide concern, it governed over contrary charter provisions. (Id. at pp. 906–910.)
    The court then applied the police department’s Administrative Order No. 7 (identifying
    persons of the rank of “sergeant I or detective II or higher” as those authorized to initiate
    investigations into misconduct), not because it was broader than the charter provision, but
    because it was promulgated under the department’s “power to formulate procedures to
    implement the rights and protections in the [POBRA].” (Id. at p. 910.)
    Viewed in the correct light, Jackson actually supports appellants’ contention that
    courts should apply an agency’s designation of who is authorized to initiate investigations
    for purposes of POBRA. (See Benefield v. Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
    (2009) 
    171 Cal. App. 4th 469
    , 476 (Benefield) [looking to correctional department’s
    operations manual].) Jackson’s conclusion was based on case law recognizing that the
    procedural details for implementing the provisions of POBRA are to be formulated by the
    local agency. (See 
    Jackson, supra
    , 111 Cal.App.4th at p. 910, citing Caloca v. County of
    San Diego (1999) 
    72 Cal. App. 4th 1209
    , 1223; Browning v. Block (1985) 
    175 Cal. App. 3d 423
    , 429 [“Government Code section 3304 does not specify how its provisions are to be
    implemented”].) We conclude that law enforcement agencies have latitude to designate
    9
    Respondents further argue that a more expansive definition would align with the
    decision of the California State Personnel Board in In re Russell Brizendine (Cal.S.P.B.,
    July 8, 2008) Dec. No. 08-02. That decision, however, was premised on the
    “[a]bsen[ce of] any specific identification or authorization by the appointing power . . . .”
    20
    “a person authorized to initiate an investigation” for purposes of section 3304,
    subdivision (d), and courts should generally apply the agency’s designation in
    determining when the limitations period began to run.
    The trial court erred when it dismissed SFPD’s designation of IAD-Admin as an
    “unwritten” practice that should not take “precedence over a statute.” There is no
    conflict between the language of section 3304, subdivision (d)(1), which leaves for
    agency determination the designation of those persons authorized to initiate
    investigations of misconduct, and SFPD’s enactment of procedures to implement
    POBRA. Nor is SFPD’s unwritten practice inherently suspect. Under General
    Order 2.01, which sets forth the general rules of conduct for SFPD officers, verbal
    directives have the same force as written ones, as officers must “promptly obey all lawful
    written or verbal directives of superiors.”
    Further, we find the trial court’s concern that law enforcement agencies “can
    initiate, make up, create an unwritten practice when they want to skirt around state law”
    does not compel a different conclusion. There were no allegations or evidence in this
    case that SFPD’s designation of IAD-Admin as the investigative body for purposes of
    POBRA was a bogus practice intended to thwart respondents’ rights. The evidence was
    undisputed that the separation of the Internal Affairs Division was the department’s
    consistent policy through Chief Suhr’s tenure, as well as during the tenure of his
    predecessor that began in June 2009, and that it was based on POBRA’s criminal
    investigation tolling provision (§ 3304, subd. (d)(2)(A)) to allow IAD-Crim to complete a
    criminal investigation before IAD-Admin begins its disciplinary investigation.
    Lieutenant Yick of IAD-Admin provided further detailed facts regarding the separation
    of the IAD units and the relevant circumstances in which IAD-Admin members are
    “walled off” from IAD-Crim.10 The trial court’s concern about hypothetical abuses of
    10
    This practice is not unique to the SFPD. According to amici curiae League of
    California Cities and California State Association of Counties, other municipal police
    departments in California organize their internal affairs divisions in the same manner,
    21
    unwritten policies was not grounds for disregarding SFPD’s procedures implementing
    POBRA. (See, e.g., Van 
    Winkle, supra
    , 158 Cal.App.4th at p. 498 [contention that
    agencies initiate criminal investigations as shams to conduct disciplinary investigations
    without POBRA protections was factual issue unsupported by evidence].)
    Respondents argue that statutes applying statewide standards such as POBRA
    cannot be interpreted in ways that turn on local concerns. (See 
    Breslin, supra
    , 146
    Cal.App.4th at p. 1085.) The cases they cite in support, however, are inapposite. The
    cited portion of Berkeley Police Assn. v. City of Berkeley (2008) 
    167 Cal. App. 4th 385
    ,
    400–401 involved the interpretation of the statutes governing the confidentiality of peace
    officer personnel records, which has no application to the statute at issue here. In Breslin,
    Division Four of this court held that the interpretation of the word “multijurisdictional” in
    section 3304, subdivision (d)(3), could not be based on the manner in which a local city
    charter organized its police. 
    (Breslin, supra
    , at p. 1085.) However, unlike the statutory
    language at issue here, the definition of “multijurisdictional” in section 3304,
    subdivision (d)(3), is not a procedural matter that the Legislature has left to law
    enforcement agencies to formulate.
    c. General Order 1.06 did not authorize Lieutenant DeFilippo to initiate an
    investigation into respondents’ text messaging misconduct.
    Next, we consider respondents’ contention that General Order 1.06, properly
    construed, provided authority to officers outside of IAD-Admin, including Lieutenant
    DeFilippo, to initiate investigations of misconduct. The meaning of this general order
    presents a question of law for our determination on appeal. (Bettencourt v. City and
    County of San Francisco (2007) 
    146 Cal. App. 4th 1090
    , 1102.)
    General Order 1.06 sets forth the duties and responsibilities of superior and
    commanding officers. It requires a “superior officer” (defined in the record as “any
    officer with a rank above police officer”) to “[p]romptly report in writing any misconduct
    separating a criminal section that handles criminal misconduct from an administrative
    section that deals solely with officer discipline.
    22
    by subordinates and forward the report to their superiors.” Section I(A)(4)(a) provides
    that any superior officer who becomes aware of possible misconduct by any member of
    his/her unit must notify the “senior-ranking officer” on duty at the unit, and this senior-
    ranking officer shall “[r]emain personally responsible for the conduct of the matter until
    relieved of responsibility” and “[c]onduct an administrative investigation in addition to
    any investigation that may be made by the [Risk Management Office] or the Office of
    Citizen Complaints. (See DGO 2.08, Peace Officers’ Rights)[.]”11 “When a superior
    officer becomes aware of possible misconduct by any member assigned to another unit,
    he/she shall . . . [¶] [i]mmediately notify the senior-ranking officer on duty at the
    member’s unit. If the unit is closed, the commanding officer of the unit shall be notified
    at any time day or night. [¶] The senior-ranking officer or commanding officer (as
    appropriate) shall be responsible for performing the steps outlined in Section a. above.”
    (Italics added.)
    Appellants argue the term “administrative investigation” as used in General
    Order 1.06 does not refer to a disciplinary investigation subject to POBRA. We disagree.
    The procedures prescribed in General Order 1.06 require an affected senior-ranking
    officer to prepare an “initial investigative report” addressed to his or her commanding
    officer that contains such information as a summary of statements from witnesses,
    preliminary findings, and recommendations. Given the fact- and evidence-gathering
    nature of this examination, it is reasonably construed as an inquiry that “ ‘could lead to
    punitive action’ ” and is therefore an “investigation” for purposes of POBRA. (Ochoa v.
    County of Kern (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 235, 247–248 (Ochoa).) Furthermore, by
    requiring such investigations “in addition to” those performed by Risk Management and
    then citing to General Order 2.08 (setting forth “Peace Officers’ Rights”), General
    Order 1.06 is reasonably read as authorizing an independent investigation comparable to
    11
    General Order 1.06 uses the phrase “Management Control Division” to describe
    the division of SFPD responsible for conducting internal investigations of misconduct
    allegations, but that phrase was replaced with “Risk Management Office,” which
    encompasses IAD-Crim and IAD-Admin.
    23
    that performed by the office encompassing IAD-Admin and subject to the procedures of
    POBRA. Thus, we conclude that in addition to officers assigned to IAD-Admin, senior-
    ranking SFPD officers are authorized to initiate administrative investigations when the
    misconduct pertains to members of their units.
    Nevertheless, our conclusion that General Order 1.06 affords certain senior-
    ranking SFPD officers authority to initiate administrative investigations requires a factual
    showing that DeFilippo was such a senior-ranking officer in order for respondents to
    prevail on this issue. We find no evidentiary support for the conclusion that Lieutenant
    DeFilippo was the senior-ranking officer of the units to which respondents were assigned
    for purposes of General Order 1.06. While the term “unit” is not specifically defined in
    General Order 1.06 or elsewhere in the record, there are repeated references in the briefs
    and the record to IAD-Crim as an independent unit separate from even IAD-Admin.
    Most tellingly, respondents have never contended that they were, at any time, members of
    Lieutenant DeFilippo’s unit, and we have found no basis in the record to conclude they
    were.
    Respondents contend that “the IAD-Crim lieutenants possessed the authority to
    initiate an investigation by consulting with the Federal Authorities and then reporting the
    text messages pursuant to General Order 1.06, but failed to exercise that authority.” We
    do not believe the ability to report misconduct is synonymous with the authority to
    initiate an investigation of it for purposes of triggering the limitations period of section
    3304, subdivision (d)(1). This conclusion is logically drawn from 
    Benefield, supra
    , 
    171 Cal. App. 4th 469
    . There, the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s operations
    manual stated that “ ‘serious’ misconduct . . . ‘shall be reported to the Regional OIA
    [office of internal affairs], Investigative Lieutenant, Chief Deputy Warden, Warden,
    Deputy RPA [regional prison administrator], RPA, or Hiring Authority’ ” and further
    provided that “ ‘the Hiring Authority shall request an investigation by the OIA.’ ” (Id. at
    p. 476.) The court held that even if it could be inferred that a lieutenant (Clarence
    Vanhoose) was aware of the misconduct on the date it occurred, this did not mean the
    limitations began to run on the date of the incident since there was no evidence that
    24
    Vanhoose held the position of “Hiring Authority” or any other position that gave him the
    authority to initiate an investigation of the alleged incident. (Id. at p. 477.) The Benefield
    court did not interpret the statute of limitations to begin running upon the inferred
    discovery by Vanhoose, even though he was presumably capable of reporting the
    misconduct to the Hiring Authority.
    Respondents also rely on the recent decision of the Fifth Appellate District in
    Ochoa for the position that a police officer who is required by written rule to report
    allegations of misconduct but does not have the authority to initiate an internal affairs
    investigation is nonetheless “a person authorized to initiate an investigation” under
    section 3304, subdivision (d). Ochoa is distinguishable because it involved broader
    departmental procedures as well as specific factfinding and disciplinary authority that
    Lieutenant DeFilippo was not shown to possess. In Ochoa, the court held that the statute
    of limitations began to run when a sergeant (Bittle) received a deputy sheriff’s interoffice
    memorandum documenting a citizen’s complaint against another deputy and “ ‘started an
    investigation’ ‘to determine what the nature of the complaint was.’ ” 
    (Ochoa, supra
    , 22
    Cal.App.5th at pp. 239, 248.) Although Bittle was not authorized to initiate an internal
    affairs investigation, he was empowered to “ ‘conduct factfinding’ in connection with
    purported policies and procedures violations to ‘determine[] if the allegation[s] [are]
    criminal or administrative in nature’; and . . . impose certain forms of discipline (e.g.,
    documented oral counseling, written reprimands) when the violations are neither
    ‘serious’ nor ‘criminal’ and do not necessitate an internal affairs investigation.” (Id. at
    p. 246.) The applicable policies and procedures provided that “ ‘[a] supervising
    employee who becomes aware of misconduct on the part of any member will [¶] . . .
    [p]repare a confidential memo’ ” and forward the memo and supporting documentation to
    his or her commander. (Id. at p. 242, fn. 6, italics added.)
    Here, the evidence fails to establish Lieutenant DeFilippo’s authority to perform
    initial factfinding of allegations against “any member” of SFPD to determine if the
    allegations were criminal or administrative, or to impose discipline on “any member” of
    SFPD. Rather, as we conclude, General Order 1.06 provided that where alleged
    25
    misconduct pertained to members of units other than Lieutenant DeFilippo’s, he was
    required to “notify” the senior-ranking officers of those members’ units and “report” the
    misconduct to his superiors, leaving the investigation of the misconduct (e.g., factfinding,
    gathering witness statements) to the affected senior-ranking officer or commanding
    officer.12
    For these reasons, we find that Lieutenant DeFilippo and Sergeant Minner were
    not authorized to initiate an investigation into respondents’ text messaging misconduct in
    December 2012. The same is true for Lieutenant Jean when she joined IAD-Crim in June
    2013. The trial court’s contrary conclusions were erroneous as a matter of law or not
    supported by substantial evidence.
    d. The federal authorities’ confidentiality restriction prevented disclosure of the
    text messaging misconduct.
    In all events, even if we accepted respondents’ contention that Lieutenant
    DeFilippo possessed the authority to initiate a POBRA investigation by reporting the text
    messaging misconduct pursuant to General Order 1.06, we conclude that this authority
    was revoked when SFPD agreed to the confidentiality restrictions imposed by the USAO.
    As set forth above, at the outset of the joint criminal investigation, SFPD’s
    command staff agreed to the USAO’s requirement that IAD-Crim officers assisting in the
    corruption investigation would maintain confidentiality throughout the investigation.
    Lieutenant DeFilippo was chosen as the designated “firewall” beyond whom no
    information about the case would be disclosed. Notably, this arrangement was made well
    before the text messages were discovered, and the discovery of the text messages did not
    12
    As for Lieutenant DeFilippo’s duty to report, General Order 2.01 prohibited him
    from divulging any information or engaging in any conduct that may compromise an
    investigation or prosecution, and from divulging any information made confidential by
    law or by department policies and procedures. The USAO’s confidentiality directive was
    a department policy, as SFPD’s command staff ordered Lieutenant DeFilippo and other
    IAD-Crim officers assisting in the corruption investigation to obey the USAO’s
    instructions expressly prohibiting them from disclosing any information or evidence from
    the corruption investigation to others in SFPD, including IAD-Admin and command
    staff.
    26
    alter the restriction on information-sharing. The text messages belonged to the federal
    corruption investigation and remained subject to a federal protective order in the
    Furminger case.
    Respondents argue that there was no absolute prohibition on disclosures by the
    SFPD under the language of the agreement. Highlighting the word “expected” from
    AUSA Caputo’s declaration, respondents suggest the confidentiality restriction was
    something less rigorous than an order. When the evidence is viewed in its proper
    context, we have no trouble concluding the trial court’s finding lacks substantial support
    in the record. First, we note that in his declaration, AUSA Caputo described the
    “restrictions” and “confidentiality obligations” that the USAO placed on the sharing of
    any materials from the ongoing criminal investigation, as well as the fact that “no
    violation of these confidentiality obligations would be tolerated.” Moreover, Lieutenant
    DeFilippo testified that AUSA Caputo “actually threatened to charge me if I released any
    information, so I didn’t.” SFPD command staff ordered Lieutenant DeFilippo and the
    other IAD-Crim investigators to keep all evidence and details about the investigation
    completely confidential, and Lieutenants DeFilippo and Jean and Sergeant Minner all
    testified that they were not permitted to disclose information about the corruption
    investigation. Respondents’ reliance on a snippet of testimony taken out of context does
    not constitute substantial evidence that the confidentiality restriction was less than a
    prohibition on disclosure.
    Respondents also cite two instances during the corruption investigation in which
    Lieutenant DeFilippo purportedly “exercised his authority to initiate misconduct
    investigations as a result of information obtained” and “sought and received approval
    from the USAO to report developments in the criminal investigation so that they could be
    investigated by SFPD administratively.” We have reviewed the cited portions of the
    record and find that neither of these instances involved Lieutenant DeFilippo’s exercise
    of authority nor his initiation of administrative investigations. In one instance, it was
    AUSA Caputo who called a meeting with the deputy chief and a captain to discuss a
    perjured police report. In the other cited instance, Lieutenant DeFilippo received
    27
    permission from AUSA Caputo to recommend to Chief Suhr that two officers (not any of
    respondents) be removed from public contact. Significantly, AUSA Caputo did not
    permit Lieutenant DeFilippo to disclose the circumstances justifying the officers’
    removal, and there was no evidence of an administrative investigation of these officers at
    this time.
    Even viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to respondents, we find at
    best the reasonable inference drawn from this evidence is that the USAO might have
    permitted Lieutenant DeFilippo to recommend to Chief Suhr that respondents be
    removed from public contact. We find it significant that Lieutenant DeFilippo had to ask
    for such permission, which underscores his lack of authority to act on the information on
    his own. Furthermore, it is pure speculation, on this record, that the USAO would have
    also permitted a full administrative investigation into respondents’ text messages while
    the corruption case was pending in that institution of an administrative investigation may
    have alerted Furminger and his codefendants that their communications were being
    monitored, potentially compromising the corruption investigation. A reasonable
    inference from the evidence may not be based on such speculation or conjecture. (See
    People v. Sanford (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 84, 91–92 (Sanford); 
    Kuhn, supra
    , 22
    Cal.App.4th at p. 1633.)
    We also reject the trial court’s conclusion that an investigation was no longer
    prohibited for confidentiality purposes after the indictments, because, according to the
    trial court, the need for secrecy had “vanished” and “the cat was out of the bag” once
    Furminger and his coconspirators were aware that they were under investigation. These
    points do not negate the fact that the USAO’s confidentiality restriction remained in
    effect after the indictments. According to AUSA Villazor, he instructed IAD-Crim
    investigators at the outset of his involvement in the case (just before the indictments) to
    maintain the confidentiality of the text messages “until the return of a verdict[.]” The text
    messages belonged to the federal investigation and were subject to a federal protective
    order that restricted their disclosure and use. Having agreed to the confidentiality
    28
    restriction in advance of the joint investigation led by the USAO, it was not for SFPD to
    decide when the restriction no longer applied.13
    The trial court posited that Lieutenant DeFilippo could have sought relief from the
    confidentiality obligations in court. Again, however, this merely underscores Lieutenant
    DeFilippo’s lack of authority to act on his own. Furthermore, we can only speculate as to
    whether Lieutenant DeFilippo would have prevailed in such litigation while the
    corruption case was pending, and speculation does not support a reasonable inference that
    he was authorized to initiate an investigation at that time. (See 
    Sanford, supra
    , 11
    Cal.App.5th at pp. 91–92; 
    Kuhn, supra
    , 22 Cal.App.4th at p. 1633.)
    Respondents argue it would eviscerate the benefits of section 3304,
    subdivision (d)(1), to allow “the unfettered use of verbal directives to just make up the
    rules as they go along, and de-authorize people whenever it suits their fancy so that the
    employer can remain technically ignorant of misconduct until whenever they decide it is
    convenient to take action . . . .” On the record actually before us, however, there was no
    such abuse. SFPD’s adherence to the confidentiality obligations was not an arbitrary or
    abusive act in violation of respondents’ POBRA rights. (See Pasadena Police Officers
    
    Assn., supra
    , 51 Cal.3d at p. 577.)
    13
    We pause to address a November 2014 email in the record in which AUSA
    Villazor appeared to disclose text message excerpts between Furminger and a prosecution
    witness to members of IAD-Admin and alluded to further disclosures regarding the
    offensive text messages. Because this email was sent several weeks before the
    Furminger verdict, the trial court could have reasonably viewed it as inconsistent with
    appellants’ claim that confidentiality of the text messages was strictly maintained.
    Nevertheless, AUSA Villazor’s exercise of discretion to release some of the text
    messages during the Furminger trial does not reasonably lead to the conclusion that IAD-
    Admin was able to conduct a full disciplinary investigation of the text messaging
    misconduct at an earlier date. It is otherwise apparent from the record that despite
    requests from IAD-Admin, the FBI and USAO did not share the criminal discovery
    materials (including Furminger’s text messages) with IAD-Admin at any time prior to
    November 2014. Therefore, even assuming the statute of limitations began to accrue in
    November 2014, the April 2015 disciplinary proceedings were still timely.
    29
    Thus, we conclude the trial court erred in finding that the statute of limitations
    accrued in December 2012, when IAD-Crim, as part of the investigation headed by
    USAO, became privy to the text messages. To the contrary, the record here reveals the
    statute did not begin to accrue until late 2014, upon IAD-Admin’s receipt of the records
    turned over by the USAO and IAD-Crim. After OCC notified SFPD of their discovery of
    some of the offensive text messages in January 2015, the IAD-Admin investigators began
    focusing their inquiry on respondents’ text messages and conducted interviews. All
    notices of disciplinary proceedings were served by April 22, 2015, less than five months
    after the text messages were released to IAD-Admin. Thus, the investigation was
    completed and respondents were timely notified of the proposed discipline within a year
    of SFPD’s discovery by persons authorized to initiate the administrative investigations of
    respondents’ text messaging misconduct.
    We have thus far discussed why the statute of limitations did not begin to accrue
    until late 2014, which by itself supports reversal of the trial court’s ruling below. In the
    ensuing discussion, we will also address the tolling provision of section 3304,
    subdivision (d)(2)(A).
    e. The limitations period was tolled while the text messaging misconduct was
    the subject of a pending criminal investigation and prosecution.
    Section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A), provides, “If the act, omission, or other
    allegation of misconduct is also the subject of a criminal investigation or criminal
    prosecution, the time during which the criminal investigation or criminal prosecution is
    pending shall toll the one-year time period.” Where the statutory criterion is met, tolling
    under section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A), is mandatory. 
    (Breslin, supra
    , 146
    Cal.App.4th at p. 1078.) “The tolling provision recognizes that investigation of a case for
    possible criminal prosecution, in which guilt must be established by proof beyond a
    reasonable doubt, normally would be more time-consuming than an ordinary
    investigation into noncriminal misconduct. The criminal investigation should not have to
    bear the pressure of being rushed to completion because of the one-year deadline for
    30
    disciplinary investigations . . . .” (Lucio v. City of Los Angeles (2008) 
    169 Cal. App. 4th 793
    , 800 (Lucio).)
    Citing 
    Parra, supra
    , 
    144 Cal. App. 4th 977
    , the trial court held that tolling under
    section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A), did not apply because respondents, their conduct,
    and their text messages were not the subject of a criminal investigation and prosecution.
    At the hearing, the court remarked that “in the Parra case, tolling was okay because the
    criminal investigation involved the exact self [sic] same facts at issue in the conduct case.
    [¶] . . . [¶] That 3304(d)2(A) [sic], it only applies if there’s a criminal investigation or
    prosecution where they’re the same facts.”
    In Parra, three off-duty officers were accused of assaulting citizens, and seven
    other officers were accused of conspiring to obstruct justice in their handling of the
    incident. The district attorney indicted all 10 officers, but the conspiracy indictments
    against the seven officers were eventually dismissed by the trial court. (
    Parra, supra
    ,
    144 Cal.App.4th at p. 981.) Thereafter, noncriminal disciplinary charges (e.g., “discredit
    for making improper comments during a pending investigation,” “neglect of duty for
    failing to conduct a prompt and proper investigation”) were brought against the seven
    officers. (Id. at p. 987.) Our colleagues in Division Two held that the limitations period
    for bringing disciplinary charges against the seven officers was tolled until the day the
    indictments were dismissed because “the criminal investigation encompassed the
    misconduct of all officers who were involved in connection with the incident . . . .” (Id.
    at p. 994.) “ ‘[T]he criminal investigation included all of the conduct, indeed the very
    allegations at issue in these administrative proceedings.’ ” (Ibid.)
    In our view, Parra involved a straightforward application of the tolling provision.
    However, its holding does not support the rule that respondents argue here and which the
    trial court adopted—that the conduct involved in the criminal and administrative
    investigations must be the same. To the contrary, Parra’s ultimate holding that tolling
    applies where the criminal investigation “include[s]” or “encompasse[s]” the conduct in
    the administrative proceedings suggests a broader interpretation that would support
    tolling in the instant case. (
    Parra, supra
    , 144 Cal.App.4th at p. 987.) Parra also
    31
    demonstrates that tolling is available even if the conduct at issue in the administrative
    proceedings is a noncriminal violation of departmental rules, which also applies to the
    instant matter.
    Other cases have applied the tolling provision of section 3304,
    subdivision (d)(2)(A), in circumstances like those we confront here. In Richardson, an
    SFPD officer was accused of conducting unauthorized searches on the department’s
    CLETS computer system.14 SFPD’s management control division (MCD) forwarded the
    matter to the special investigations division (SID). Several weeks later, the SID advised
    the MCD that the officer “ ‘is under investigation by Antioch Police Department for
    allegations of theft by check fraud and it was believed that the unauthorized computer
    usage was linked. After conferring with Antioch PD, it is apparent that the two cases are
    not linked and are separate incidents.’ ” 
    (Richardson, supra
    , 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 675.)
    Thus, the SID concluded it would not conduct a criminal investigation into the CLETS
    misuse. The Antioch Police Department’s check fraud investigation was eventually
    turned over to another police department, and the district attorney ultimately declined to
    prosecute. (Id. at pp. 676–677.) SFPD brought disciplinary charges against the officer
    for the CLETS misuse over a year after receiving the CLETS-related complaint, and
    brought additional disciplinary charges related to the check fraud incident nearly two
    years after learning of the check fraud investigation by Antioch police. The Richardson
    court held that the limitations period for bringing disciplinary actions was tolled during
    the SID’s investigation, noting that the officer’s CLETS searches were investigated for
    “any possible connection to the check fraud . . . .” (Id. at p. 694.) The court also held the
    limitations period was tolled during the police departments’ investigations of the check
    fraud incident until the district attorney declined to prosecute. (Id. at pp. 695–698.)
    14
    “CLETS—the California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System—is a
    confidential law enforcement database that allows police officers to access an
    individual’s criminal history, as well as driver’s license and vehicle registration
    information.” 
    (Richardson, supra
    , at p. 674, fn. 1.)
    32
    In Lucio, a police officer (Lucio) began an intimate relationship with a woman
    (Jenna K.) he met while on duty. Jenna K. later reported to internal affairs that Lucio had
    threatened her, and she was interviewed by an internal affairs criminal investigator.
    Several months later, however, it was determined that there was no prima facie case to be
    presented to criminal prosecutors. 
    (Lucio, supra
    , 169 Cal.App.4th at p. 796.) More than
    a year after Jenna K.’s first report to internal affairs, Lucio was served with an
    administrative complaint for, among other counts, inappropriately converting an official
    on-duty contact into a social relationship and conducting personal business while on duty.
    The Lucio court held that even though these counts did not allege criminal wrongdoing,
    tolling applied15 because the investigating officer learned of the noncriminal misconduct
    “in his interview with Jenna K., conducted as part of the criminal complaint investigation,
    about the circumstances surrounding Lucio’s conversion of an on-duty contact with
    Jenna K. into a social relationship (count one), [and] how the relationship developed and
    then deteriorated to the point where, according to Jenna K., Lucio threatened her life.”
    (Id. at p. 801.)
    Based on our reading of the statute and relevant case law, we conclude that
    respondents’ text messaging misconduct was a “subject” of the criminal investigation and
    prosecution within the meaning of section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A). Notably, this was
    a criminal conspiracy case in which the investigators sought to ascertain the full scope of
    the conspiracy by identifying persons of interest, gathering information on them, and
    winnowing the list down as each individual’s involvement became clear. The text
    messages were a key investigative tool to aid in this effort because the investigators knew
    that Furminger, the central figure in the corruption scheme, conducted criminal activity
    via text messaging. Respondents’ text messages were obtained through search warrants
    15
    Although Lucio involved interpretation of a city charter tolling provision, the
    provision was almost identically worded to section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A), and the
    Lucio court relied on decisions interpreting section 3304, subdivision (d), as consistent
    with its interpretation of the charter provision. 
    (Lucio, supra
    , 169 Cal.App.4th at pp. 800,
    802.)
    33
    of Furminger’s cellphone, and corruption investigators examined the text messages
    obtained by the search warrants for evidence of Furminger’s relationships, associates and
    accomplices.
    Even though respondents’ text messages did not contain evidence of criminal
    activity, the content of these messages—particularly the offensive language that
    ultimately led to disciplinary charges—was noted as showing a comfort level with
    Furminger that went beyond merely a professional relationship and made them persons of
    interest to the corruption investigators. It was entirely reasonable, particularly in the
    midst of an investigation to uncover a broad conspiracy among police officers, for the
    corruption investigators to view this conduct with suspicion, and suggestive of the
    possibility that respondents were willing to engage in criminal conduct with Furminger.
    That respondents were not “subjects” of the corruption investigation as that term is
    understood in the law enforcement context (e.g., more than a witness and within the
    scope of the grand jury investigation, but not a “target”) does not compel a different
    conclusion. The tolling provision of section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A), focuses on
    conduct, not individuals, and the cases discussed above make clear that the conduct need
    not rise to the level of criminality in order for tolling to apply. As in Richardson,
    respondents’ text messages were examined for “possible connection” between
    respondents and those involved in the criminal conspiracy, and as in Lucio, respondents’
    text messaging misconduct emerged during an investigation of other alleged criminal
    conduct. At the very least, the record demonstrates a clear connection between
    respondents’ text messaging conduct and the aims of the corruption investigation.
    Our conclusion that the tolling provision applies also comports with a time-
    honored maxim of statutory interpretation: In interpreting statutory language, “we may
    reasonably infer that the legislators intended an interpretation producing practical and
    workable results rather than one resulting in mischief or absurdity.” (City of Santa
    Monica v. Gonzalez (2008) 
    43 Cal. 4th 905
    , 919.) It would result in mischief to interpret
    section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A), as requiring SFPD to initiate a disciplinary
    34
    investigation that would have revealed the existence of respondents’ text messages and
    risked compromising the corruption investigation.
    Respondents contend that even if the tolling provision was applicable, “tolling
    ended on the date that the criminal investigation ended as to all officers who were not the
    subject of the criminal prosecution, which was the indictment date of February 25, 2014.”
    We disagree, as there was no evidence of a formal end to the corruption investigation.
    (See, e.g., 
    Richardson, supra
    , 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 698 [district attorney advised police
    department it was declining to prosecute]; 
    Lucio, supra
    , 169 Cal.App.4th at p. 796
    [internal affairs criminal section determined there was no prima facie criminal case to
    present to prosecutors]; 
    Breslin, supra
    , 146 Cal.App.4th at p. 1070 [district attorney
    announced completion of criminal investigation]; 
    Parra, supra
    , 144 Cal.App.4th at
    p. 990 [indictments for criminal conspiracy dismissed].) To the contrary, appellants
    submitted evidence that the investigation was active and continued to evolve, and the
    investigators continued to investigate leads, interview potential witnesses and gather
    evidence for the case through the Furminger trial. The fluidity of the investigation is
    demonstrated by the fact that Vargas accepted a plea bargain and began providing
    investigators with new evidence in the postindictment period.
    Respondents point out that no investigative steps were taken related to the text
    messages exchanged between respondents and Furminger, and most of the respondents
    were never interviewed by the corruption investigators. However, as discussed above, it
    is sufficient for purposes of section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A), that the text messages
    were examined by corruption investigators for a possible connection to the corruption
    scheme. Parsing the degree of activity performed by the investigators as the investigation
    transpired is not germane to this analysis.
    This was the conclusion of our colleagues in Division Two in Richardson, which
    held there is no requirement that a criminal investigation be shown to be “actual and
    active” in order to be “pending” for purposes of section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A).
    
    (Richardson, supra
    , 214 Cal.App.4th at pp. 697–698.) The court reasoned that not only
    is such a requirement nowhere to be found in the statute, but it would also be
    35
    “unworkable” because it “ ‘would require a police department’s disciplinary
    investigators, and later the courts, to monitor and oversee each step of a separate criminal
    unit’s investigation to determine whether the investigation is sufficiently “active” to
    invoke section 3304(d)(2).’ ” (Ibid.) The court held it was particularly unworkable in
    that case because the criminal investigation was conducted in another county. (Id. at
    p. 698.) The court also held that an “active and actual” requirement was an uncertain
    standard because it left unanswered how much an investigator must do, and how
    frequently, to maintain an “active” investigation that triggers tolling. (Ibid.)
    Likewise, the corruption investigation in this case was led by an outside law
    enforcement agency that made the decisions on who to bring charges against, and this
    federal agency, who owned and controlled the evidence collected in the corruption
    investigation (including the text messages), maintained the confidentiality restriction
    even after the indictments issued. We, like the Richardson court, question where a line
    could workably be drawn to conclude that an investigation of particular persons of
    interest was no longer pending due to investigative inactivity. Practically speaking, the
    ebb and flow of activity in a criminal case, particularly an investigation involving a broad
    conspiracy, precludes a definitive standard. Even in Richardson, which involved a fraud
    investigation of a single officer, the case activity fluctuated. At one point, the
    investigating detective indicated in a September 2007 report to the district attorney that
    the case was “ ‘Closed’ ” but was reopened several weeks later in November, and then in
    a December 2007 supplemental report, the case was identified as “ ‘Closed’ ” once again.
    (See 
    Richardson, supra
    , 214 Cal.App.4th at pp. 676–677.) Yet, the Richardson court
    found that the investigation was still pending for tolling purposes until the district
    attorney formally advised the police department in December 2008 that it was declining
    to prosecute. (Id. at p. 690.) We apply Richardson to conclude that tolling in this case
    continued after the indictments and until the Furminger verdict because the investigation
    was still pending for purposes of section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A).
    Finally, we also find it significant to our analysis that throughout the investigation
    and prosecution of Furminger and his codefendants, the text messages remained subject
    36
    to a federal protective order. Given that the disclosure and use of the text messages was
    governed and restricted by this order issued in the Furminger case, the text messaging
    misconduct is reasonably viewed as a “subject” of that case within the meaning of section
    3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A).
    In all, the POBRA statute of limitations was suspended for approximately two
    years. The IAD-Crim officers discovered the offensive text messages in or around
    December 2012 when the criminal investigation was already underway. Tolling
    immediately began in December 2012 because, as discussed above, the text messaging
    misconduct was a “subject” of that investigation. As mentioned, the investigation did not
    formally end, and it continued until the Furminger trial, which came to end on
    December 5, 2014, at which time, tolling also ended. Respondents were notified of the
    disciplinary charges by April 2015, well within one year of the Furminger verdict.
    For all of these reasons, we find that the tolling provision of section 3304,
    subdivision (d)(2)(A), provides an alternative basis for concluding the disciplinary
    charges against respondents were timely. The trial court’s contrary conclusion was based
    on an erroneous application of Parra and section 3304, subdivision (d)(2)(A), and must
    be reversed.
    We believe our conclusion here comports with the balance that POBRA seeks to
    strike between the public’s interest in maintaining the integrity and efficiency of the
    police force with the individual officer’s interest in receiving fair treatment. (See
    
    Richardson, supra
    , 214 Cal.App.4th at pp. 691–692.) There is no doubt that the public’s
    interest in the integrity of SFPD was undermined by the offensive text messages. The
    attitudes reflected in these messages displayed unacceptable prejudice against members
    of the communities SFPD is sworn to protect. There is also no question that respondents
    were entitled to fair treatment and a speedy disciplinary process, subject, however, to the
    statutory criteria and exceptions set forth in POBRA. The exceptions, in particular,
    underscore the Legislature’s recognition that, in light of the realities and importance of
    investigating officer misconduct, investigations may take longer than one year to
    complete. The instant matter involved such a situation, and the evidence did not show
    37
    unfair, dilatory, or arbitrary actions on the part of SFPD. Rather, SFPD cooperated with
    federal authorities by adhering to the USAO’s confidentiality restriction and a federal
    protective order during the pendency of a wide-ranging criminal investigation aimed at
    uncovering the full scope of a conspiracy within the department’s ranks. For disciplinary
    proceedings to wait until the completion of this investigation was fully in keeping with
    the system that the Legislature created in POBRA.
    DISPOSITION
    The order granting the petition for writ of mandate and complaint for
    extraordinary relief is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings
    consistent with this opinion.     The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
    38
    _________________________
    Jenkins, J.
    We concur:
    _________________________
    McGuiness, Acting P.J.*
    _________________________
    Pollak, J.
    A145863 & A147385/Daugherty v. City & County of S.F.
    *
    Retired Presiding Justice of the Court of Appeal, First Appellate District,
    Division Three, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the
    California Constitution.
    39
    Filed 6/22/18
    CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
    DIVISION THREE
    RAIN O. DAUGHERTY et al.,
    A145863, A147385
    Plaintiffs and Respondents,
    (City & County of San Francisco
    v.                                                Super. Ct. No. CPF-15-514302)
    CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN                            ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION
    FRANCISCO et al.,                                 FOR PUBLICATION;
    Defendants and Appellants.                NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT
    THE COURT:
    The opinion in the above-entitled matter filed on May 30, 2018, was not certified
    for publication in the Official Reports. For good cause it now appears that the opinion
    should be published in the Official Reports, and it is so ordered.
    Date: June 22, 2018                                      Pollak, J          , Acting P.J.
    40
    A145863, A147385/Daugherty v. City & County of S.F.
    Trial Court: Superior Court of San Francisco City & County
    Trial Judge: Ernest H. Goldsmith, J.
    Counsel:     Dennis J. Herrera, City Attorney, Katharine Hobin Porter, Chief Labor
    Attorney, Kenneth M. Walczak, Deputy City Attorney, for
    Appellants.
    Jones & Mayer, Martin J. Mayer, James R. Touchstone and Paul R. Coble
    for California State Sheriffs’ Association and California Police
    Chiefs Association, as Amici Curiae on behalf of Appellants.
    Richard Doyle, City Attorney (San José), Nora Frimann, Assistant City
    Attorney and Kathryn J. Zoglin, Senior Deputy City Attorney, for
    League of California Cities and California State Association of
    Counties, as Amici Curiae on behalf of Appellants.
    Berry Wilkinson Law Group and Alison Berry Wilkinson; Moskovitz
    Appellate Team and Myron Moskovitz for Respondent Rain O.
    Daugherty.
    Law Offices of Anthony J. Brass and Anthony J. Brass for Respondent IAD
    2015-0036.
    Rains Lucia Stern, Rains Lucia Stern St. Phalle & Silver, Michael L. Rains
    for Respondent IAD 2015-0076.
    Law Offices of Christopher Shea and Christopher Shea for Respondents
    IAD 2015-0078, IAD 2015-0079, and IAD 2015-0082.
    Murphy, Pearson, Bradley & Feeney, James A. Lassart for Respondent IAD
    2015-0083.
    Rains Lucia Stern, Rains Lucia Stern St. Phalle & Silver, Julia Fox for
    Respondent IAD 2015-0084.
    Burrell Law Office and Scott C. Burrell for Respondent IAD 2015-0087.
    41