People v. Johnson ( 2013 )

Filed 12/19/13
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E056878
v. (Super.Ct.No. SWF029110)
LIONEL FREDRICK JOHNSON, JR., OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Dennis A. McConaghy,
Judge. (Retired judge of the Riverside Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant
to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed in part; reversed in part and remanded with
directions.
Michael B. McPartland, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is
certified for publication with the exception of parts I, II, IV, V, and VI.
1
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, and Steve Oetting and
Laura A. Glennon, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
One SUV rear-ended another SUV that had stopped at a red light. All five
occupants of the vehicle that was hit were injured, to varying degrees; one was crippled.
When the police arrived, they found defendant Lionel Fredrick Johnson, Jr. at the
scene, blatantly drunk. He admitted that he had been driving and that he hit the other
vehicle.
As no eyewitness could identify defendant as the driver, however, defense counsel
argued that there was reasonable doubt as to whether defendant was driving. He also
argued that defendant’s admissions were not credible because “drunk people say crazy
things all the time.”
After the trial, defendant filed a motion for disclosure of the jurors’ identifying
information. In support, his parents testified that several jurors had stated that they had
concluded only reluctantly that defendant had been driving, partly because he did not take
the stand and testify. The trial court denied the motion. In the published portion of this
opinion, we will hold that this was error. We will reject the People’s arguments that (1)
the jurors’ statements were inadmissible hearsay, (2) the jurors’ statements were
inadmissible under Evidence Code section 1150, and (3) defendant had to show that he
had made diligent efforts to contact the jurors by other means.
2
In the nonpublished portion of this opinion, we will hold that the trial court
committed one sentencing error.
Accordingly, the matter must be remanded with directions to reconsider
defendant’s motion. However, if (1) the motion is once again denied, (2) the motion is
granted but defendant fails to file a motion for new trial, or (3) defendant files a motion
for new trial but the motion for new trial is denied, the trial court must resentence
defendant.
I
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On August 17, 2009, around 2:10 or 2:20 a.m., a 4Runner was stopped at a red
light when a Suburban rear-ended it. There was no sound of braking or skidding before
the crash. No skid marks were left on the road.
Five people — all members of the same family — were in the vehicle that was hit.
Petra Farias, who was in the back seat, had the most severe injuries. Her left leg was
jammed under the front passenger seat. Her pelvis was broken. Her leg was broken “in
several pieces.” Her knee was “shattered.” At the time of trial, she could not move her
left foot. She could walk only with a walker. She could no longer work. She was
“always in intense . . . pain.”
Petra’s aunt, Delia Montez, who was also in the back seat, suffered a broken
vertebra.
3
Petra’s mother, Flora Castillo, who was also in the back seat, had experienced pain
in her head, neck, rib cage, and pelvis; at the time of trial, she still had occasional chest
pain.
Petra’s husband, Salvador Farias, was in the front passenger seat. He suffered a
“whiplash type injury.”
Petra’s daughter, Susana Farias, who was driving, escaped with only “big bruises”
and neck and back pain. She still had back pain at the time of trial.
Witness Yorilia Beltran happened to drive onto the scene of the crash moments
after it occurred. An African-American man was inside the Suburban. She asked him if
there was anyone else in the Suburban, and he said no. Later, she saw a police officer
approach him.
Highway Patrol officers arrived at the scene around 2:45 a.m. Defendant was
there, and Officer Gabriel Lizaola interviewed him. Defendant admitted driving the
Suburban. He said he was going 60 or 65 miles an hour when he suddenly “felt a boom
to the front of his vehicle.” The speed limit was 55 miles an hour.
Officer Lizaola noticed that defendant’s breath smelled of alcohol, his speech was
slurred, and his eyes were red and watery. He asked defendant if he had “consumed an
alcoholic beverage.” Defendant replied, “I haven’t had shit.” Officer Lizaola pointed out
that “[he] could smell the odor of an alcoholic beverage emitting from [defendant’s]
person.” Defendant said, “Okay. I had two beers at 6:00.”
4
Officer Lizaola administered field sobriety tests to defendant; defendant failed
them all. Next, he gave defendant a breath test. However, defendant did not blow as
instructed; he blew only weakly, while puffing out his cheeks to make it appear that he
was blowing hard. This would have tended to make his reading lower. The resulting
blood alcohol readings were 0.164 at 3:22 a.m., 0.163 at 3:24 a.m., and 0.159 at 3:26 a.m.
A blood test, using blood drawn at 5:03 a.m., gave a blood alcohol reading of 0.20.
In the opinion of an expert toxicologist, defendant’s actual blood alcohol level at
the time of the crash was 0.24.
II
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Defendant was found guilty of driving under the influence and causing injury
(Veh. Code, § 23153, subd. (a)) and driving with a blood alcohol level of 0.08 percent or
more and causing injury (Veh. Code, § 23153, subd. (b)). On each count, one
enhancement for personally inflicting great bodily injury (Pen. Code, § 12022.7, subd.
(a)) and three enhancements for causing injury to an additional victim (Veh. Code,
§ 23558) were found true.
Two “strike” priors (Pen. Code, §§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12), two prior serious
felony conviction enhancements (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (a)), and one 1-year prior prison
term enhancement (Pen. Code, § 667.5, subd. (b)) were found true.
Defendant was sentenced to a total of 41 years to life in prison, along with the
usual fines and fees.
5
III
DISCLOSURE OF JURORS’ IDENTIFYING INFORMATION
Defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying his posttrial motion for
disclosure of jurors’ identifying information.
A. Additional Factual and Procedural Background.
On March 15, 2011, the jury returned its verdicts. At that point, defendant had not
waived a jury trial on the priors, so the jurors were ordered to return on March 16. On
March 16, however, defendant decided to waive a jury trial, and the trial court excused
the jurors.
The court trial on the priors, originally set for May 13, 2011, was repeatedly
continued until it was eventually held on November 18, 2011. Sentencing, originally set
for January 27, 2012, was likewise repeatedly continued.
On April 26, 2012, defendant filed a motion for release of jurors’ personal
identifying information. The motion was set for hearing on the date then set for
sentencing, May 25, 2012.
On April 26, 2012, defendant filed a motion for release of jurors’ identifying
information. Defendant’s mother and stepfather, Joy and Delvin Livingston, submitted
declarations in support of the motion.
6
They both testified that on March 16, 2011,1 they had had a conversation with
three female jurors. One of the jurors cried and said she was “sorry.” She said she
wanted to talk to the judge. From there, the mother’s and stepfather’s accounts of the
conversation diverged somewhat.
According to defendant’s mother, the conversation took place outside the
courtroom. The crying juror said, “[W]hy didn’t he take the witness stand and defend
himself[?] Why didn’t he say something, we need to hear it from him. Did he have any
prior DUIs . . . ? Is that the reason why he didn’t take the witness stand?” The mother
and stepfather then took the crying juror to defense counsel, introduced her, and told him
what she had said. Defense counsel gave the crying juror his card and asked her to call
him.
According to defendant’s stepfather, the conversation took place inside the
courtroom. Two jurors said “that i[t] was hard for us to vote guilty” because of the
possibility that defendant “was covering for someone else.” The crying juror said,
“[M]ost of [us] were thinking . . . if [defendant] was not the driver, why didn’t he take the
stand to defend himself . . . [?]” She added that this was one of the “things the jurors had
a hard time with.” She continued, “[T]he jury wrestled with . . . why isn’t [defendant]
taking the stand[?] [Defendant] needed to say something.” “The three jurors indicated
that they were at least half of the jurors who raised the question if he is innocent why he
1 The stepfather misdescribed the proceedings on March 16, 2011 as a
“sentencing hearing.”
7
didn’t take the stand to defend himself.” Afterwards, all three jurors talked to defense
counsel.
On May 25, 2012, at the hearing on defendant’s motion, the prosecutor conceded,
“[A]ssuming the facts as stated in the motion are correct, I believe there is good cause to
disclose the juror information.” However, he objected to defendant’s parents testifying
by declaration rather than in person. He also argued that the passage of time called into
question the credibility of the declarations: “[A] year and three months ago, both parents
are here, the jurors are telling them that they disobeyed the Court’s rules . . . . [T]hey
disclose this to [defense counsel], who, for a year and three months, did nothing. [¶] . . .
I believe that if a situation like this would have occurred, [defense counsel] would have
acted with a little more haste rather than letting his client wallow in county jail for a year
and three months.”
Defense counsel responded that the motion was properly brought based on
declarations, but in any event, “The [parents] are here. . . . [T]hey are available.”
He also explained: “I do recall that there were jurors that did . . . speak to me. I
was . . . speaking with the parents. Some jurors did stay. How the issue came up, is that
the parents w[ere] speaking to someone else . . . who[’s] a lawyer, and then that particular
attorney told the parents that they need to disclose that information to me, so they did so.
Then I did . . . file the motion.”
The trial court ruled: “I’ve read the declarations, and I disagree with both of you.
If [sic] the declaration of [defendant’s stepfather], first, one of the jurors says she was
8
sorry. That doesn’t mean anything. I’ve sat on a jury. I’ve made Court decisions. Lots
of times you’re sorry that you have to do what you have to do. And then she said that it
was hard for us to vote guilty. I think it’s hard to vote guilty for anybody. And being
hard to vote guilty is not reason to disclose.
“And going through ― just going through the declaration [it] said [defendant] . . .
may not have been the driver. It was possible that he was covering for someone else.
That is just talking about the procedure that they went through, getting to the fact —
getting to the point where they voted guilty.
“I just don’t see any reason to grant this motion. I’m going to deny it.”
Meanwhile, the trial court also further continued the sentencing hearing to July 13,
2012.
B. Analysis.
1. Legal background.
Under Code of Civil Procedure section 237, in a criminal case, the trial jurors’
“personal juror identifying information” — defined as their names, addresses, and
telephone numbers — must be sealed after their verdict is recorded. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 237, subd. (a).) However, “[a]ny person may petition the court for access to these
records. The petition shall be supported by a declaration that includes facts sufficient to
establish good cause for the release of the juror’s personal identifying information.”
(Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (b); see also Code Civ. Proc., § 206, subd. (g).)
9
If the trial court finds that the moving party has made a prima facie showing of
good cause, and if it finds no compelling interest against disclosure, it must set the matter
for hearing. (Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (b).) The trial jurors are entitled to notice, an
opportunity to object to disclosure, and an opportunity to appear. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 237, subd. (c).)
If none of the jurors object, the trial court must grant disclosure. However, if a
juror is unwilling to be contacted, the trial court must deny disclosure. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 237, subd. (d).)2
We review an order on a motion for disclosure of jurors’ identifying information
under the deferential abuse of discretion standard. (People v. Carrasco (2008) 163
Cal.App.4th 978, 991.)
2. Hearsay in the declarations.
The prosecution’s objection below to proceeding on declarations was unfounded.
Under Code of Civil Procedure section 237, subdivision (b), the motion is supposed to be
based on declarations.3
2 Code of Civil Procedure section 237, subdivision (d) further provides that if
(1) a juror objects, but (2) the juror is not unwilling to be contacted, the trial court must
order disclosure, unless it finds either no good cause or a compelling interest against
disclosure. In practice, it is hard to imagine why a juror who is willing to be contacted
would object.
The statute is also somewhat unclear about whether one objecting juror can block
the disclosure of other jurors’ information.
3 The parents’ declarations were not executed under penalty of perjury; they
did not use the wording prescribed by Code of Civil Procedure section 2015.5. The
[footnote continued on next page]
10
In this appeal, the People argue that the parents’ declarations consisted of hearsay,
in that they had no personal knowledge of what took place in the jury room. They
forfeited this objection by failing to raise it below. (Evid. Code, § 353, subd. (a).)
Separately and alternatively, it lacks merit. The whole point of moving for the disclosure
of jurors’ identifying information is to talk to the jurors; and the whole point of talking to
the jurors is to obtain evidence of juror misconduct that will support a motion for new
trial. The only people who can testify of their own personal knowledge about what
happened in the jury room are the jurors themselves. Thus, it would be absurd to require
a defendant seeking disclosure to introduce, at that preliminary stage, admissible evidence
that juror misconduct actually occurred. Rather, the defendant simply has to prove that
talking to the jurors is reasonably likely to produce admissible evidence of juror
misconduct.
In this respect, a motion for the disclosure of jurors’ identifying information is
analogous to a Pitchess motion for disclosure of a police officer’s confidential personnel
records. A Pitchess motion can be based on a declaration made on information and belief
— i.e., hearsay. (City of Santa Cruz v. Municipal Court (1989) 49 Cal.3d 74, 86-89.) As
the Supreme Court has explained: “‘“Whenever the statute, either in express terms or by
[footnote continued from previous page]
prosecution, however, did not object on that ground. Thus, it forfeited any such
objection. Moreover, even if it had objected, defense counsel’s offer to have the parents
testify under oath at the hearing could have cured the problem. In any event, this was not
why the trial court denied the motion.
11
implication, requires a person to make a statement which from the very nature of things
can only be made on information and belief, an affidavit in that form meets the demands
of the statute.”’” (Id. at p. 87.) “Because defense counsel would only rarely be present
when the alleged officer misconduct occurred, counsel has little information to offer
based on counsel’s personal knowledge.” (Warrick v. Superior Court (2005) 35 Cal.4th
1011, 1026.)
A juror’s out-of-court statement that misconduct occurred, when offered in support
of a motion for disclosure, is not offered for the truth of the matter asserted; thus it is not
hearsay. It is simply used to show good cause to contact the juror. Once the juror is
contacted, if the juror confirms the misconduct, the juror’s testimony can be used to
support a motion for new trial. On the other hand, if the juror denies the misconduct, the
out-of-court statement becomes admissible as a prior inconsistent statement. (Evid. Code,
§ 1235.) Accordingly, in this case, the trial court properly considered the jurors’ out-of-
court statements to the parents.
3. Evidence Code section 1150.
The People also argue that the jurors’ statements were inadmissible under
Evidence Code section 1150. Once again, they did not object on this ground below.
However, evidence that violates Evidence Code section 1150 is not merely inadmissible;
it is irrelevant — “of no jural consequence.” (People v. Steele (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1230,
1264.) Thus, the People did not have to object below to preserve this contention.
12
Evidence Code section 1150, subdivision (a) provides: “Upon an inquiry as to the
validity of a verdict, any otherwise admissible evidence may be received as to statements
made, or conduct, conditions, or events occurring, either within or without the jury room,
of such a character as is likely to have influenced the verdict improperly. No evidence is
admissible to show the effect of such statement, conduct, condition, or event upon a juror
either in influencing him to assent to or dissent from the verdict or concerning the mental
processes by which it was determined.”
“‘This statute distinguishes “between proof of overt acts, objectively ascertainable,
and proof of the subjective reasoning processes of the individual juror, which can be
neither corroborated nor disproved . . . .” [Citation.] “This limitation prevents one juror
from upsetting a verdict of the whole jury by impugning his own or his fellow jurors’
mental processes or reasons for assent or dissent. The only improper influences that may
be proved under [Evidence Code] section 1150 to impeach a verdict, therefore, are those
open to sight, hearing, and the other senses and thus subject to corroboration.”
[Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Gonzales (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1234, 1281.)
“Evidence Code section 1150, while rendering evidence of the jurors’ mental
processes inadmissible, expressly permits, in the context of an inquiry into the validity of
a verdict, the introduction of evidence of ‘statements made . . . within . . . the jury room.’
We have warned, however, that such evidence ‘must be admitted with caution,’ because
‘[s]tatements have a greater tendency than nonverbal acts to implicate the reasoning
processes of jurors.’ [Citation.] But statements made by jurors during deliberations are
13
admissible under Evidence Code section 1150 when ‘the very making of the statement
sought to be admitted would itself constitute misconduct.’ [Citation.]” (People v.
Cleveland (2001) 25 Cal.4th 466, 484.)
Here, defendant’s mother’s declaration was entirely irrelevant under Evidence
Code section 1150. According to her, only the crying juror spoke, and the only thing she
spoke about was her own mental processes. Indeed, she appeared to be speaking about
her own mental processes at that moment, not necessarily when she returned her verdict.
Thus, all her statement showed was that she had second thoughts.
Portions of defendant’s stepfather’s declaration were likewise irrelevant under
Evidence Code section 1150. For example, the statement that it “was hard for us to vote
guilty” because of the possibility that defendant “was covering for someone else” was
inadmissible evidence of the jurors’ mental processes. Statements about what the jurors
were “thinking,” what they “wrestled with,” and what they “had a hard time with” were
likewise inadmissible.
One statement in the stepfather’s declaration, however, was relevant and
admissible — the statement that “at least half of the jurors . . . raised the question if he is
innocent why he didn’t take the stand to defend himself.” The jury had been instructed:
“A defendant has an absolute constitutional right not to testify. . . . Do not consider, for
any reason at all, the fact that the defendant did not testify.” (CALCRIM No. 355.) “[B]y
violating the trial court’s instruction not to discuss defendant’s failure to testify, the jury
committed misconduct. [Citations.]” (People v. Leonard (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1370, 1425.)
14
Moreover, the mere making of such a statement in the jury room was an overt act of
misconduct and admissible as such under Evidence Code section 1150. (People v. Hord
(1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 711, 725; People v. Perez (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 893, 908.)
4. The trial court’s exercise of discretion.
The trial court does not seem to have realized that the declarations showed that the
jurors had improperly considered defendant’s failure to testify. According to the trial
court’s summary of the evidence, a juror said she was “sorry,” a juror said it “was hard
for us to vote guilty,” and a juror said defendant may have been “covering for someone
else.” In addition, however, as already discussed, there was admissible evidence that the
jurors considered defendant’s failure to testify, which constituted misconduct. By
disregarding that evidence, the trial court abused its discretion.
The People argue that we should nevertheless sustain the denial of defendant’s
motion, because defendant failed to show that he had made diligent efforts to contact the
jurors by other means. To understand the law on this issue, it is necessary to examine the
history of Code of Civil Procedure section 237.
In 1989, in People v. Rhodes (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 541, the appellate court
outlined a nonstatutory procedure for obtaining jurors’ identifying information after a
criminal trial. After balancing the countervailing interests in confidentiality and in
disclosure (id. at pp. 548-551), it held that “upon timely motion, counsel for a convicted
defendant is entitled to the list of jurors who served in the case, including addresses and
telephone numbers, if the defendant sets forth a sufficient showing to support a
15
reasonable belief that jury misconduct occurred, that diligent efforts were made to contact
the jurors through other means, and that further investigation is necessary to provide the
court with adequate information to rule on a motion for new trial.” (Id. at pp. 551-552,
emphasis added.)
In 1992, the Legislature enacted Code of Civil Procedure section 237. At the time,
this section allowed the trial court to seal jurors’ identifying information on request.
(Code Civ. Proc., former § 237, subd. (b), Stats. 1992, ch. 971, § 3.) The Legislature also
amended Code of Civil Procedure section 206 so as to allow a convicted defendant to
request the release of jurors’ identifying information, if “necessary for the defendant to
communicate with jurors for the purpose of developing issues on appeal or any other
lawful purpose.” (Code Civ. Proc., former § 206, subd. (f), Stats. 1992, ch. 971, § 2.)
In 1995, the Legislature amended Code of Civil Procedure section 237 so as to
require the trial court to seal jurors’ identifying information. (Code Civ. Proc., § 237,
subd. (a)(2), Stats. 1995, ch. 964, § 3.) However, it also allowed any person to move for
release of the information, based on a declaration showing good cause. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 237, subd. (b), Stats. 1995, ch. 964, § 3.)
For a time, courts had been split with respect to whether the 1992 statutory
procedure superseded Rhodes’s nonstatutory requirement of a showing of good cause.
(Compare People v. Granish (1996) 41 Cal.App.4th 1117, 1127-1129 [Fourth Dist., Div.
Two] [showing of good cause required] with People v. Simms (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 462,
467-468 [showing of good cause not required].) The 1995 amendments, however, were
16
understood as imposing a good cause requirement by statute. (See People v. Jefflo (1998)
63 Cal.App.4th 1314, 1321, fn. 8; see also Townsel v. Superior Court (1999) 20 Cal.4th
1084, 1096, fn. 4.)
In support of their claim that defendant had to show diligent efforts to contact the
jurors through other means, the People cite People v. Jones (1998) 17 Cal.4th 279. Jones,
however, did not involve a motion under Code of Civil Procedure section 237. Rather, in
Jones, as the Supreme Court specifically noted, “the verdict was returned before Code of
Civil Procedure 237 was enacted . . . .” (Id. at p. 317.) Accordingly, the court held that
the nonstatutory procedure outlined in Rhodes applied. (Jones, supra, at p. 317.) And, of
course, under Rhodes, the defendant had to show “that diligent efforts were made to
contact the jurors through other means . . . .” (Jones, supra, at p. 317, citing People v.
Rhodes, supra, 212 Cal.App.3d at pp. 551-552.)
Code of Civil Procedure section 237 does not expressly require a defendant to
show diligent efforts to contact the jurors through other means. Moreover, we do not
believe that such a requirement can be implied as a matter of “good cause.” It must be
remembered that, when Rhodes was decided, jurors’ identifying information was not
sealed. Indeed, as Rhodes noted, “the master list of qualified jurors, including names and
addresses, [wa]s a judicial record subject to public disclosure. [Citations.]” (People v.
Rhodes, supra, 212 Cal.App.3d at p. 550.) Since the 1995 amendments to Code of Civil
Procedure section 237, however, jurors’ identifying information is sealed, and a motion
for disclosure is necessary to obtain it.
17
If we were to hold that such a motion requires a showing that the defense has tried
to contact the jurors by other means, we would be forcing counsel to try to find ways
around the seal. Admittedly, some jurors do willingly contact defense counsel after the
trial. However, defense counsel would have to try to track down the unwilling jurors.
Would they have to pester the willing for details about the unwilling? Would they have to
hire private detectives? Because the Legislature provided that jurors’ identifying
information must be sealed, we conclude it did not intend to require a defendant to show
diligent efforts to obtain the sealed information as a condition of unsealing it.
At oral argument, the People argued for the first time that the trial court should
have denied the motion as untimely. It is important to note that this is significantly
different from the argument, which they did raise in their brief, that defendant failed to
show diligent efforts to contact the jurors by other means. Their reframed argument is
that, even if a defendant does not have to try to contact the jurors by other means, he or
she still must bring a motion for disclosure promptly after learning that grounds for such a
motion exist.
Rhodes required that a motion for juror’s identifying information be “timely.”
(People v. Rhodes, supra, 212 Cal.App.3d at p. 551.) By contrast, Code of Civil
Procedure sections 206 and 237 do not contain an express timeliness requirement.
However, they have been construed as having an implied timeliness requirement, albeit
only a limited one.
18
The controlling authority on this point is People v. Duran (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th
103. There, the defendant filed a new trial motion based on juror misconduct; it was
supported by an investigator’s declaration about his interview of one of the jurors. (Id. at
pp. 108-109.) The prosecution objected to the declaration as hearsay. (Id. at p. 109.) On
the date set for the hearing on the new trial motion, which was also the date set for
sentencing, defense counsel orally requested the names and addresses of the other jurors.
The trial court denied the request as untimely. (Id. at p. 110.)
On appeal, the court noted that Code of Civil Procedure section 206 does require
that the juror information be sought for a “lawful purpose.” (People v. Duran, supra, 50
Cal.App.4th at p. 122.) In the case before it, the defendant’s purpose was to support a
motion for new trial. However, he would not have been able to use the information for
that purpose unless he could obtain a continuance of the hearing on his motion for new
trial as well as the sentencing hearing. Moreover, to obtain a continuance, he would have
to show that he and his counsel had shown due diligence. The court held that the
defendant could not show due diligence, because his counsel could have sought the
jurors’ personal identifying information when he first learned of the possible misconduct;
instead, he did not raise the issue for six weeks. (Id. at p. 122.) The court concluded:
“Since appellant failed to show he exercised due diligence in pursuing this claim, there
was no basis shown for continuing the hearing on the motion for new trial. Since
appellant sought this information to support his motion for new trial, there was no longer
19
a lawful purpose to be served by releasing this information. The trial court thus acted
properly in denying the untimely request for juror information.” (Id. at p. 123.)
Here, the sentencing hearing was set for May 25, 2012. Defendant filed his
motion for disclosure on April 26 and set it for hearing on May 25. Meanwhile, however,
he also filed a motion for a continuance of the sentencing hearing, on the ground that a
“key witness” was unavailable. As already discussed, the trial court denied the motion for
disclosure, but it granted the motion for a continuance; it continued the sentencing
hearing to July 13. This would have given defendant time to contact the jurors and to file
a motion for new trial, set for hearing on July 13. Thus, defendant did not have to show
any additional good cause for a continuance. In particular, under Duran, he did not have
to show due diligence in bringing the motion for disclosure. Even assuming he did not
act with due diligence, he was still seeking the information for a “lawful purpose.”
Finally, we also consider whether the trial court should have denied defendant’s
motion because, as the prosecutor argued below, the declarations were not credible.
Certainly there was room for skepticism. The mother and stepfather contradicted each
other on several points. If one chooses to credit the mother’s account over the
stepfather’s, then there is no admissible evidence of juror misconduct at all. Moreover, it
is hard to believe that the jurors told defendant’s parents that they wanted to talk to the
judge but did not say this to defense counsel. Indeed, according to the mother, she told
defense counsel what the juror had said. Even assuming this information was not
20
volunteered, it is hard to believe that defense counsel did not take the opportunity to
debrief the jurors.
Nevertheless, “‘[t]he power to judge the credibility of witnesses and to resolve
conflicts in the testimony is vested in the trial court” (People v. Hamlin (2009) 170
Cal.App.4th 1412, 1463), even when the witnesses testify via declarations. (Id. at
pp. 1463-1464.) Here, the trial court denied the motion, but not because the declarations
were incredible. We cannot say that the declarations were incredible as a matter of law.
Thus, we cannot affirm the denial on this ground. However, it will be open to the trial
court to make such a determination on remand.
5. Conclusion.
In sum, we conclude that the trial court erred. Assuming that defendant’s
stepfather’s declaration was credible, defendant was entitled to disclosure of the jurors’
identifying information. However, because of our doubts regarding the credibility of both
declarations, we cannot say that the motion should have been granted. Rather, the
appropriate appellate remedy is to remand with directions to reconsider the motion.
On remand, if the trial court grants the motion, it shall allow defense counsel a
reasonable time to try to contact the jurors, to determine whether a motion for new trial is
warranted, and if so, to file a motion for new trial. However, unless a motion for new
trial is not only timely filed but actually granted, the trial court shall resentence defendant.
21
IV
DUAL USE OF THE INFLICTION OF GREAT BODILY INJURY
Defendant contends that the trial court could not impose both a great bodily injury
enhancement and a prior serious felony enhancement.
Penal Code section 1170.1, subdivision (g), as relevant here, provides: “When two
or more enhancements may be imposed for the infliction of great bodily injury on the
same victim in the commission of a single offense, only the greatest of those
enhancements shall be imposed for that offense.”
It is self-evident that a great bodily injury enhancement under Penal Code section
12022.7 is an “enhancement[] . . . for the infliction of great bodily injury” within the
meaning of Penal Code section 1170.1, subdivision (g).
Defendant argues, however, that a prior serious felony conviction enhancement
under Penal Code section 667, subdivision (a) is also an “enhancement[] . . . for the
infliction of great bodily injury.” He reasons that a prior serious felony conviction
enhancement requires (among other things) that the current conviction be a “serious
felony.” (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (a).) Defendant’s current convictions — for driving
under the influence with injury (Veh. Code, § 23153, subds. (a), (b)) — are not serious
felonies, standing alone. They are serious felonies in this case, but only because
“defendant personally inflict[ed] great bodily injury on a[] person, other than an
accomplice . . . .” (Pen. Code, § 1192.7, subd. (c)(8).)
22
Defendant relies on two cases, People v. Rodriguez (2009) 47 Cal.4th 501 and
People v. Gonzalez (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 1325.
Rodriguez involved Penal Code section 1170.1, subdivision (f), which provides:
“When two or more enhancements may be imposed for being armed with or using a
dangerous or deadly weapon or a firearm in the commission of a single offense, only the
greatest of those enhancements shall be imposed for that offense.” (People v. Rodriguez,
supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 508.)
In Rodriguez, the defendant was convicted of assault with a firearm (Pen. Code,
§ 245, subd. (a)(2)), with a personal firearm use enhancement (Pen. Code, § 12022.5,
subd. (a)) and a gang enhancement; the gang enhancement was elevated to 10 years,
because the current conviction was for a violent felony (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd.
(b)(1)(C)). (People v. Rodriguez, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 505.)
The Supreme Court held that the trial court erred by imposing both the personal
firearm use enhancement and the gang/violent felony enhancement. (People v.
Rodriguez, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 509.) It explained: “The standard additional
punishment for committing a felony to benefit a criminal street gang is two, three, or four
years’ imprisonment. [Citation.] But when the crime is a ‘violent felony . . . ,’ section
186.22’s subdivision (b)(1)(C) calls for additional punishment of 10 years. Here,
defendant became eligible for this 10–year punishment only because he ‘use[d] a firearm
which use [was] charged and proved as provided in . . . Section 12022.5.’ [Citation.]
Thus, defendant’s firearm use resulted in additional punishment not only under section
23
12022.5’s subdivision (a) (providing for additional punishment for personal use of a
firearm) but also under section 186.22’s subdivision (b)(1)(C), for committing a violent
felony as defined in section 667.5, subdivision (c)(8) (by personal use of firearm) to
benefit a criminal street gang. Because the firearm use was punished under two different
sentence enhancement provisions, each pertaining to firearm use, section 1170.1’s
subdivision (f) requires imposition of ‘only the greatest of those enhancements’ with
respect to each offense.” (Rodriguez, supra, at p. 509.)
Gonzalez was similar, except that — like this case — it involved Penal Code
section 1170.1, subdivision (g). (People v. Gonzalez, supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at p. 1327.)
In Gonzalez, the defendant was convicted of aggravated assault (Pen. Code, § 245,
subd. (a)(1)), with a great bodily injury enhancement (Pen. Code, § 12022.7, subd. (a))
and a 10-year gang/violent felony enhancement). (People v. Gonzalez, supra, 178
Cal.App.4th at p. 1327.)
The appellate court held that the trial court erred by imposing both the great bodily
injury enhancement and the gang/violent felony enhancement. It stated: “We find the
Supreme Court’s reasoning in Rodriguez persuasive and squarely applicable to the present
case. . . . Here, appellant’s infliction of great bodily injury on a single victim subjected
him to a three-year enhancement under section 12022.7, subdivision (a). The same
infliction of great bodily injury on the same victim also turned appellant’s underlying
assault offense into a ‘violent felony’ under section 667.5, which subjected him to a 10–
year enhancement under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C). In other words, the trial
24
court imposed two enhancements for appellant’s infliction of great bodily injury on the
same victim in the commission of a single offense.” (People v. Gonzalez, supra, 178
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1331-1332.)
The People argue that Rodriguez and Gonzalez are distinguishable because they
involved a gang/violent felony enhancement, which is a conduct enhancement, whereas
this case involves a prior serious felony enhancement, which is a status enhancement.
This is a distinction without a difference. Nothing in the reasoning of either Rodriguez or
Gonzalez turned on whether they involved conduct enhancements or status enhancements.
Rather, it turned on whether both enhancements were triggered by personal firearm use
(in Rodriguez) or infliction of great bodily injury (in Gonzalez). Here, defendant would
not have been subject to a prior serious felony enhancement if he had not inflicted great
bodily injury in the current offense. Indeed, under these circumstances, one could view
the prior serious felony enhancement as a hybrid status/conduct enhancement — it applies
due to the confluence of both a certain status (a prior serious felony conviction) and
certain conduct (infliction of great bodily injury).4
4 Based on Rodriguez and Gonzalez, it could be argued that a trial court could
not impose two gang/violent felony enhancements in the same case (at least, not when
they are both based on a single instance of personal firearm use or on the infliction of
great bodily injury on a single victim).
In this case, defendant does not argue that the trial court could not impose two
prior serious felony enhancements. We deem him to have forfeited any such contention.
25
The People also note that “there is a prohibition against striking or staying
enhancements under [Penal Code] section 667[, subd.] (a)(1).” That prohibition is
statutory; it is found in Penal Code section 1385, subdivision (b), which states: “This
section does not authorize a judge to strike any prior conviction of a serious felony for
purposes of enhancement of a sentence under Section 667.” (Italics added.) Here, the
issue is not whether the trial court could strike the enhancements in the interests of justice
under Penal Code section 1385; rather, it is whether it was prohibited from imposing
them under Penal Code section 1170, subdivision (g).
The appropriate appellate remedy is not to strike the lesser punishment, but rather
to remand for resentencing. (People v. Rodriguez, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 505.)
V
ROMERO MOTION
Defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying his Romero motion.
A. Additional Factual Background.
At the time of sentencing, defendant was 35 years old. Between the ages of 11 and
18, he had been a member of the North Side Gangsta Crips. He started abusing alcohol
and various drugs in his teen years. However, he claimed to have been sober since being
sent to prison in 2002, “except for two relapses.”
Defendant admitted drinking on the day of the accident and being drunk when it
occurred. He claimed, however, that “a friend he did not wish to name” was driving. He
26
said that this friend “left the scene on foot, and the defendant regrets that he did not leave
the scene, too.”
Defendant admitted having been on juvenile probation, though the probation
officer was unable to find any record of this.
He had the following adult convictions (the two strike priors are indicated by
bolding):
September 1996: Second degree robbery. (Pen. Code, § 211.) Defendant
committed the robbery with fellow gang members, when he was 19. Two other youths
robbed a minimart at gunpoint; defendant was the getaway driver. Defendant was placed
on probation for five years. After the conviction, defendant moved from San Joaquin
County to Riverside County. His attorney claimed that he did so to escape the negative
influences around him. However, defendant told the probation officer that he was
“‘kicked out of the county’ and his ‘homies’ believed that he provided information to the
police.”
December 1997: Driving with a blood alcohol level of 0.08 percent or more.
(Veh. Code, § 25152, subd. (b).) Defendant was placed on probation for three years. He
failed to complete a first offender DUI program.
May 2000: Second degree burglary (Pen. Code, § 459), petty theft with a prior
(Pen. Code, § 666), receiving stolen property (Pen. Code, § 496), and possession of
burglary tools (Pen. Code, § 466). According to defendant, he was using crack at the
time, and he stole coins from some washing machines. The commission of these offenses
27
constituted a violation of defendant’s probation. Defendant was placed on probation for
three years, on conditions including a 180-day jail term.
June 2002: Driving with a blood alcohol level of 0.08 percent or more, driving
with an open alcohol container (Veh. Code, § 23222, subd. (a)), and driving with a license
revoked or suspended for drunk driving (Veh. Code, § 14601.2, subd. (a)). The
commission of these offenses constituted a violation of defendant’s probation. Defendant
was placed on probation for four years, on conditions including a 30-day jail term.
August 2002: Possession of a controlled substance. (Health & Saf. Code,
§ 11359, subd. (a).) For some reason, this was not treated as a probation violation.
Defendant was placed on probation for three years.
November 2002: Two counts of second degree burglary and battery (Pen. Code,
§ 242). According to defendant, he shoplifted from a Wal-Mart so he could pay a debt he
owed to drug dealers. When he left the store, he got into a “struggle” with a Wal-Mart
loss prevention employee; the employee sustained minor cuts. The commission of these
offenses constituted a violation of defendant’s probation. Defendant was sentenced to
two years eight months in prison.
April 2003: Second degree robbery. According to defendant, he shoplifted from a
Kmart; in the parking lot, a loss prevention employee confronted him, and defendant
threatened the employee with a screwdriver. Defendant was sentenced to three years in
prison. In September 2005, he was released on parole, but he was arrested in December
28
2007 on a parole violation and returned to prison. In June 2008, he was released on
parole again; this time, he evidently completed parole successfully.
Defendant claimed that, since his release from prison in 2005, he had become “a
productive and beneficial member of society.” However, he had been unemployed for
nearly two years when the accident occurred. He also claimed that, up until his arrest, he
was in a medical assistant vocational training program, in which he had a 3.5 GPA. His
transcript, however, showed that he had withdrawn from the program before the accident.
B. Additional Procedural Background.
Defendant filed a written Romero motion. He argued that the strike priors were
remote and the underlying facts were not egregious; the current offense did not involve
intentional violence; he was “beyond remorseful”; and he had good prospects for the
future. The motion included letters of support from his friends and family members. His
mother and stepfather spoke in his support at the hearing.
The trial court denied the motion. It explained, “[H]e doesn’t accept responsibility
for anything that he’s done.” It also noted that defendant had not “led a clean life” since
the last strike; he had violated his parole. It concluded: “The Three Strikes law was
written for cases like this where somebody gets a strike, they get another strike, and they
don’t stay clean.”
C. Analysis.
In Romero, the Supreme Court held that a trial court has discretion to dismiss a
three-strikes prior felony conviction allegation under Penal Code section 1385. (People v.
29
Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497, 529-530.) The focus of the analysis
must be on “‘whether, in light of the nature and circumstances of his present felonies and
prior serious and/or violent felony convictions, and the particulars of his background,
character, and prospects, the defendant may be deemed outside the scheme’s spirit, in
whole or in part, and hence should be treated as though he had not previously been
convicted of one or more serious and/or violent felonies.’ [Citation.]” (People v.
Carmony (2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 377.)
“Because the circumstances must be ‘extraordinary . . . by which a career criminal
can be deemed to fall outside the spirit of the very scheme within which he squarely falls
once he commits a strike as part of a long and continuous criminal record, the
continuation of which the law was meant to attack’ [citation], the circumstances where no
reasonable people could disagree that the criminal falls outside the spirit of the three
strikes scheme must be even more extraordinary.” (People v. Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th
at p. 378.)
“[A] trial court’s refusal or failure to dismiss or strike a prior conviction allegation
under section 1385 is subject to review for abuse of discretion.” (People v. Carmony,
supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 375.)
We are at a loss to perceive any extraordinary circumstances in this case.
Defendant is precisely the kind of revolving-door recidivist that the three strikes law was
designed for. Substance abuse was clearly a major factor in causing him to commit both
violent theft crimes (i.e., strikes) and drunk driving crimes, including the current offense.
30
Defendant argues that his current offense did not involve intentional violence.
However, the electorate has deliberately extended the reach of the three strikes law to
include crimes of negligent as well as intentional violence.
Defendant also argues that his conduct in connection with the strikes was “not as
serious as many robbery offenses . . . .” Actually, his first strike — the gang-related
armed robbery of a minimart — was quite serious; while defendant was only the getaway
driver, his conviction means that he intended to facilitate and did facilitate the robbery.
His second strike, while less serious, did not stand alone. Defendant was inferably
stealing repeatedly to support his drug habit. He had previously committed an almost
identical crime that could have been charged as a robbery, but was charged as a burglary-
plus-battery instead. This recidivist behavior places defendant squarely within the spirit
of the three strikes law.
Defendant claims that, after his first strike, he moved out of the area “to get away
from bad influences.” There is no evidence of this. Defendant told the probation officer
that he was forced to move (“kicked out of the county”), possibly because he was viewed
as a snitch. In any event, those “bad influences” were evidently not to blame for
defendant’s criminal conduct, as he continued it on his own.
Defendant argues that he had no convictions since his parole in September 2005.
He did have an unspecified parole violation, however, which caused him to be rearrested
in December 2007. He was released from prison again in June 2008, and he committed
the current offenses in August 2009. This is hardly a significant crime-free period.
31
Next defendant argues that he had “good prospects.” Not so. He had been
unemployed for nearly two years (although, admittedly, that period included seven
months in prison). He places great stress, as he did below, on the fact that he had good
grades in a medical assistant training program. However, as the trial court
perspicaciously noted, he had already dropped out of the program before the accident
occurred. While defendant enjoyed the support of his family, it evidently had not helped
him to avoid a life of crime.
We therefore conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying
defendant’s Romero motion. Indeed, we believe that it would have been an abuse of
discretion to grant the motion.
VI
CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT
Defendant contends that his sentence of 41 years to life5 constitutes cruel and
unusual punishment.
Defendant forfeited this contention by failing to raise it below. (People v. Kelley
(1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 568, 583; People v. DeJesus (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 1, 27; People
v. Ross (1994) 28 Cal.App.4th 1151, 1157, fn. 8.) He does not assert ineffective
5 Even though three Vehicle Code section 23558 enhancements were found
true on each count, at sentencing, defense counsel told the trial court that there were only
two. The prosecutor concurred. Thus, the trial court imposed only two.
We point this out so the trial court can correct the error in any resentencing.
32
assistance of counsel, so we have no occasion to address the issue under that rubric.
Separately and alternatively, however, we also reject this contention on the merits.
A. Analysis Under the Federal Constitution.
In Ewing v. California (2003) 538 U.S. 11 [123 S.Ct. 1179, 155 L.Ed.2d 108], the
plurality opinion, signed by three justices, upheld a three-strikes sentence of 25 years to
life for grand theft. It explained: “When the California Legislature enacted the three
strikes law, it made a judgment that protecting the public safety requires incapacitating
criminals who have already been convicted of at least one serious or violent crime.
Nothing in the Eighth Amendment prohibits California from making that choice.” (Id. at
p. 25 [plur. opn. of O’Connor, J.].) With respect to the particular defendant, it noted: “In
weighing the gravity of Ewing’s offense, we must place on the scales not only his current
felony, but also his long history of felony recidivism.” (Id. at p. 29.) It concluded:
“Ewing’s sentence is justified by the State’s public-safety interest in incapacitating and
deterring recidivist felons, and amply supported by his own long, serious criminal
record.” (Id. at pp. 29-30, fn. omitted.)
Justices Scalia and Thomas, concurring in the judgment, believed that the cruel
and unusual punishment clause simply does not guarantee proportionality. (Ewing v.
California, supra, 538 U.S. at pp. 31 [conc. opn. of Scalia, J.], 32 [conc. opn. of Thomas,
J.].) Thus, a clear majority of the United States Supreme Court would uphold a three-
strikes sentence in all but an “‘exceedingly rare’” case. (Id. at p. 21; see also Lockyer v.
Andrade (2003) 538 U.S. 63, 73-76 [123 S.Ct. 1166, 155 L.Ed.2d 144].)
33
This is not even close to being such a case.
Defendant argues again (see part V.C, ante) that his current offense did not involve
intentional violence. Nevertheless, unlike the grand theft in Ewing, it was a new serious
and violent felony. Thus, defendant deserves a potential life sentence even more than
Mr. Ewing did.
Recently, in In re Coley (2012) 55 Cal.4th 524, the California Supreme Court held
that a third-strike sentence of 25 years to life in prison for the nonserious, nonviolent
offense of failing to update one’s sex offender registration did not violate the federal
cruel and unusual punishment clause. (Id. at p. 562.) It noted that “petitioner deliberately
failed to register as a sex offender even though he knew he had an obligation to do so
. . . .” (Id. at p. 561.) This “demonstrated that, notwithstanding the significant
punishment that he had incurred as a result of his prior serious and violent felony
convictions, petitioner was still intentionally unwilling to comply with important legal
requirements prescribed by the state’s criminal laws.” (Id. at pp. 561-562.)
Here, again, defendant’s triggering offense is, in itself, a serious and violent
felony. Moreover, defendant deliberately drove while drunk, even though he knew that
he had an obligation not to do so. Thus, much as in Coley, his current offense
demonstrated that, despite incurring significant punishment for his prior serious and
violent felonies, defendant was still intentionally unwilling to comply with important
legal requirements prescribed by the state’s criminal laws.
34
In a related argument, defendant asserts that, if only he had engaged in all of the
same intentional acts but had not caused any great bodily injury, he would not have been
subject to a three strikes sentence. Yes, and if our grandmother had wheels, she’d be a
streetcar. The fact is that defendant did cause great bodily injury; the Legislature can
constitutionally impose greater punishment based on this factor. Defendant’s position —
reduced to its essence — is that it is cruel and unusual punishment to impose an increased
sentence based on any aspect of the crime that was not intended by the perpetrator. That
is not the law. (See, e.g., People v. Thongvilay (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 71, 88-89
[sentence of 25 years to life for unintentional felony murder is not cruel and unusual
punishment] [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].)
Defendant also argues that his prior robberies were relatively nonserious, as
robberies go. As already noted (see part V.C, ante), we disagree. In any event, because
robberies of any kind are serious and violent felonies, it does not violate the federal
constitution — in the absence of some exceedingly rare mitigating circumstances, and
there are none here — to subject defendant to punishment as a recidivist.
B. Analysis Under the State Constitution.
Under the state constitutional standard, “‘[t]o determine whether a sentence is
cruel or unusual as applied to a particular defendant, a reviewing court must examine the
circumstances of the offense, including its motive, the extent of the defendant’s
involvement in the crime, the manner in which the crime was committed, and the
consequences of the defendant’s acts. The court must also consider the personal
35
characteristics of the defendant, including age, prior criminality, and mental capabilities.
[Citation.]’ [Citation.] . . . ‘If the court concludes that the penalty imposed is “grossly
disproportionate to the defendant’s individual culpability” [citation], or, stated another
way, that the punishment “‘“shocks the conscience and offends fundamental notions of
human dignity”’” [citation], the court must invalidate the sentence as unconstitutional.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Jennings (2010) 50 Cal.4th 616, 686.)
In re Lynch (1972) 8 Cal.3d 410 indicated that a court may also “compare the
challenged penalty with the punishments prescribed in the same jurisdiction for different
offenses which, by the same test, must be deemed more serious” (id. at p. 426), and
“compar[e] . . . the challenged penalty with the punishments prescribed for the same
offense in other jurisdictions having an identical or similar constitutional provision” (id.
at p. 427). Subsequently, however, our high court held that, as long as punishment is
proportionate to the defendant’s individual culpability (“intracase proportionality”), there
is no requirement that it be proportionate to the punishments imposed in other similar
cases (“intercase proportionality”). (E.g., People v. McDowell (2012) 54 Cal.4th 395,
444.) Accordingly, the determination of whether punishment is cruel and unusual may be
based solely on the offense and the offender. (People v. Ayon (1996) 46 Cal.App.4th 385,
399, disapproved on other grounds in People v. Deloza (1998) 18 Cal.4th 585, 600, fn.
10, and cases cited.)
Here, the outstanding characteristic of both the offense and the offender is the
recidivist commission of serious and violent felonies. Defendant has manifested a
36
persistent inability to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. Based on such
recidivism, a term of 25 years to life for each current offense “is not constitutionally
proscribed.” (People v. Stone (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 707, 715.)
VII
DISPOSITION
The judgment with respect to the conviction is affirmed, and the judgment with
respect to the sentence is reversed, subject to the following conditions. On remand, the
trial court must reconsider defendant’s motion for disclosure of jurors’ identifying
information, and it must grant that motion, unless it finds that the evidence that otherwise
supports the motion is not credible. If the trial court grants the motion, it must allow
defendant a reasonable time to file a motion for new trial. If (1) the trial court denies the
motion for disclosure of jurors’ identifying information, (2) the trial court grants the
motion for disclosure of jurors’ identifying information, but defendant fails to file a
timely motion for new trial, or (3) defendant files a timely motion for new trial, but the
trial court denies the motion for new trial, the trial court must resentence defendant. If,
however, a motion for new trial is filed and granted, the matter shall proceed accordingly.
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION
RICHLI
J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ
P. J.
McKINSTER
J.
37