Goldenpark v. Urban Commons CA2/2 ( 2015 )

Filed 9/2/15 Goldenpark v. Urban Commons CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
GOLDENPARK, LLC, B257597
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. VC063314)
v.
URBAN COMMONS, LLC et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Roger
Ito, Judge. Affirmed.
Geragos & Geragos, Mark J. Geragos, Ben J. Meiselas, Greg L. Kirakosian, and
Tyler M. Ross; Johnny Kim for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Jeffer Mangels Butler & Mitchell, Jon A. Weininger and Andrew I. Shadoff for
Defendants and Respondents.
Plaintiff and appellant Goldenpark, LLC (Goldenpark) appeals from the judgment
entered in favor of defendants and respondents Urban Commons, LLC (Urban) and
Urban Commons Sycamore, LLC (UCS)1 after the trial court sustained, without leave to
amend, defendants’ demurrer to Goldenpark’s second amended complaint (SAC). We
affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
The loans
In February 2008, Goldenpark obtained a loan from Wilshire State Bank (WSB) in
the principal amount of $16.9 million (Loan 1). Loan 1 was evidenced by a business loan
agreement, promissory note (Note 1), deed of trust, and commercial security agreement,
and was secured by certain commercial real property operated as a hotel (the hotel).
In April 2008, Goldenpark obtained from WSB a second loan in the principal
amount of $1.3 million (Loan 2). Loan 2, like Loan 1, was secured by the hotel and was
evidenced by a business loan agreement, promissory note (Note 2), deed of trust, and
commercial security agreement.
Loan1 required Goldenpark to make monthly payments “with interest calculated
on the unpaid principal balances at an interest rate of 6.750%.” The interest rate on Loan
2 was 7.00 percent and was calculated the same way.
Both loans defined an “Event of Default” to include Goldenpark’s “fail[ure] to
make any payment when due under the Loan.” An Event of Default entitled the lender,
“without notice of any kind to Borrower,” to accelerate all payments due under the loan
and to exercise various other remedies, including foreclosing on the hotel. A default also
triggered a five percent increase in the rate of interest.
Both loans contained non-waiver provisions that prevented any loss of lender
rights through alleged inaction or course of dealing. The loans further provided that they
could be sold or transferred without notice to or consent by Goldenpark.
1 Urban and UCS are referred to collectively as defendants.
2
Loan modifications
From March 2008 to December 2010, Goldenpark made virtually all of its loan
payments after their applicable due dates. In addition, Goldenpark failed to fulfill other
obligations owed under the loans, including timely payment of property taxes and
franchise fees.
On September 29, 2010, Goldenpark and WSB entered into two separate
agreements to modify the terms of the loans. The modification agreements allowed
Goldenpark to make three reduced monthly payments for each loan.
The modification agreement for Loan 1 (Modification 1) described Goldenpark’s
“existing indebtedness” as including an outstanding principal balance of $16,153,192.23
and stated that, as of September 29, 2010, interest had been paid through July 25, 2010.
Modification 1 changed the monthly payment due under Note 1 from $117,797.43 to
$55,000 for three months, from August 2010 to October 2010. The first reduced monthly
payment was due on August 25, 2010.
The modification agreement for Loan 2 (Modification 2) stated that interest had
been paid on Loan 2 to July 21, 2010, and provided for three reduced monthly payments
to be made on the same August 2010 to October 2010 schedule specified in Modification
1. Both Modifications 1 and 2 contained a provision whereby Goldenpark released WSB
and its successors from any claims related to the loans arising out of events occurring
before September 29, 2010.
UCS’s purchase of the loans
On October 26, 2010, UCS and WSB entered into an agreement pursuant to which
UCS purchased the loans. The agreement stated that as of October 26, 2010, interest on
both loans had been paid only to mid-August 2010.
Goldenpark’s default and UCS’s acceleration of the loans
On December 27, 2010, Goldenpark asked WSB to accept a reduced monthly
payment of $55,000 for two more months, for December 2010 and January 2011. WSB
did not respond to that request, but Goldenpark nevertheless tendered a fourth reduced
payment of $55,000.
3
On January 10, 2011, UCS accelerated the payments due under both loans and
recorded notices of default specifying an amount of $411,516.83 in default under Loan 1
and $34,295.21 in default under Loan 2. On January 25, 2011, in response to an inquiry
by Goldenpark, UCS explained how it calculated the amounts in the notices of default.
Goldenpark’s bankruptcy and UCS’s nonjudicial foreclosure
In May 2011, Goldenpark filed a voluntary Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition. In the
bankruptcy proceeding, Goldenpark filed declarations by its managing member, Dae In
Kim, acknowledging that under Modification 1, Goldenpark “was required to make three
consecutive monthly payments in the amount of $55,000 beginning August 25, 2010” and
admitting that “[Goldenpark] defaulted under [Modification 1] . . . in the end of
November 2010 because [Goldenpark] only paid $55,000 as opposed to the $121,188.74
that was due.”
On February 3, 2012, the bankruptcy court dismissed Goldenpark’s Chapter 11
petition, and three days later, Goldenpark filed a second bankruptcy petition. UCS
obtained relief from the automatic stay and commenced a nonjudicial foreclosure
proceeding. Goldenpark unsuccessfully sought to obtain a temporary restraining order
against the foreclosure sale, and UCS foreclosed on the hotel on July 13, 2012.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Initial complaint and first amended complaint
Goldenpark commenced this action in July 2013, alleging causes of action for
breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, fraud, fraudulent
concealment, tortious interference with prospective economic advantage, conversion,
violation of Business and Professions Code section 17200 (also known as the Unfair
Competition Law, or UCL), and violation of Civil Code section 2924c. Goldenpark
sought to set aside the foreclosure, recover the hotel, and obtain $10 million in damages.
Defendants demurred on various grounds, including that Goldenpark failed to
allege that it had tendered payment of the amounts due under the loans, a necessary
element for both the statutory and common law wrongful foreclosure claims; that the loan
agreements expressly authorized UCS’s actions; and that the claims were barred by the
4
doctrine of judicial estoppel. Goldenpark responded by filing a first amended complaint
(FAC) that alleged the same claims based on nearly identical factual allegations.
The FAC included a summary of Goldenpark’s alleged payment history on
Loan 1. That summary revealed that Goldenpark had made only a partial payment in
March 2009. The summary also showed that Goldenpark did not make up the shortfall
resulting from the March 2009 underpayment in any subsequent monthly payments.
Defendants filed a second demurrer, which the trial court sustained with partial
leave to amend. The court dismissed the causes of action for violation of Civil Code
section 2924c and to set aside the foreclosure sale on the ground that Goldenpark had not
alleged tender of either the amount in default or the amount due under the loans. The
trial court also dismissed, without leave to amend, the claims for fraudulent concealment,
intentional interference with prospective economic advantage, and conversion. The court
granted Goldenpark leave to amend its claims for fraud, breach of the implied covenant
of good faith and fair dealing, and violation of the UCL.
The SAC
Goldenpark filed a SAC, alleging only two causes of action for breach of the
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing and for violation of the UCL. Defendants
again demurred and filed a motion to strike. The trial court sustained the demurrer
without leave to amend, concluding that Goldenpark was in default under the loans
because it had made four reduced modified payments instead of three and failed to make
the March 2009 payment; Goldenpark had failed to allege tender of the amount owed
under the loans; UCS was entitled to accelerate the debt, so that the entire amount owed
under the loans was due; Goldenpark failed to establish that the interest charged on the
loans caused it any damage; Goldenpark had been given the opportunity to amend to
correct its defects in pleading and failed to do so; and Goldenpark did not request further
leave to amend.
A judgment of dismissal was entered against Goldenpark, and this appeal
followed.
5
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of review
“On appeal from a judgment dismissing an action after sustaining a demurrer
without leave to amend, the standard of review is well settled. The reviewing court gives
the complaint a reasonable interpretation, and treats the demurrer as admitting all
material facts properly pleaded. [Citations.] The court does not, however, assume the
truth of contentions, deductions or conclusions of law. [Citation.] The judgment must be
affirmed ‘if any one of the several grounds of demurrer is well taken. [Citations.]’
[Citation.] However, it is error for a trial court to sustain a demurrer when the plaintiff
has stated a cause of action under any possible legal theory. [Citation.] And it is an
abuse of discretion to sustain a demurrer without leave to amend if the plaintiff shows
there is a reasonable possibility any defect identified by the defendant can be cured by
amendment. [Citation.]” (Aubry v. Tri-City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 962, 966-
967.) The legal sufficiency of the complaint is reviewed de novo. (Montclair
Parkowners Assn. v. City of Montclair (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 784, 790.)
II. Breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing
“[E]very contract contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing that
‘“neither party will do anything which will injure the right of the other to receive the
benefits of the agreement.”’ [Citations.]” (Wolf v. Walt Disney Pictures & Television
(2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 1107, 1120.) A plaintiff asserting a claim for breach of the
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing must allege the following elements: (1)
the existence of a contract; (2) the plaintiff did all, or substantially all of the significant
things the contract required; (3) the conditions required for the defendant’s performance
had occurred; (4) the defendant unfairly interfered with the plaintiff’s right to receive the
benefits of the contract; and (5) the plaintiff was harmed by the defendant’s conduct.
(CACI No. 325.)
Goldenpark alleges that defendants breached the implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing by failing to recognize monthly installment payments actually made and
accepted; by applying the default rate of interest to the entire outstanding principal loan
6
balance, rather than to the amount in default; by depriving Goldenpark of the right to
reinstate the loans under Civil Code section 2924c; and by foreclosing on the hotel based
on overstated notices of default. Goldenpark further alleges that defendants’ breaches
caused Goldenpark to lose the hotel to UCS by nonjudicial foreclosure and to suffer
damages exceeding $10 million.
A. Monthly payments
The SAC alleges that the loan modification agreements, which expressly provide
for three reduced monthly payments of $55,000 to be made in August, September, and
October 2010, “was patently a mistake” because the parties intended the reduced monthly
payments to be made in the months of September, October, and November 2010.
Goldenpark claims to have made the full monthly payment due in August 2010, and that
the reduced monthly payment it made in November 2010 was authorized under
Modification 1. Goldenpark further claims that defendants’ failure to recognize monthly
installment payments actually made breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing.
Goldenpark’s allegations directly contradict the declaration of its managing
member, Dae In Kim, filed in Goldenpark’s bankruptcy proceeding. In his declaration,
Kim acknowledged that Modification 1 allowed only three reduced monthly payments of
$55,000, “beginning August 25, 2010,” and admitted that Goldenpark defaulted on Loan
1 in November 2010 by making a fourth $55,000 monthly payment instead of the full
monthly payment that was due. The contradictory allegations in Goldenpark’s SAC
cannot serve as a valid basis for a breach of implied covenant claim. (See Owens v.
Kings Supermarket (1988) 198 Cal.App.3d 379, 384 [allegations inconsistent with prior
pleadings are treated as sham and disregarded]; Congleton v. National Union Fire Ins.
Co. (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 51, 62 [leave to amend properly denied where allegations
contradicted earlier declarations establishing that no cause of action existed as matter of
law].)
7
B. Default interest rate
Goldenpark alleges that defendants’ application of the default interest rate to the
entire loan balance rather than to the amount in default was an unenforceable penalty as a
matter of California law.2 As support for its position, Goldenpark cites Garrett v. Coast
& Southern Fed. Sav. & Loan Assn. (1973) 9 Cal.3d 731 (Garrett). That case, however,
is both factually and legally distinguishable.
Garrett concerned borrowers who made untimely loan payments and who were
assessed late charges calculated as a percentage of the entire unpaid principal loan
balances. (Garrett, supra, 9 Cal.3d at p. 734.) The California Supreme Court held that
the late charges were void under Civil Code sections 1670 and 1671. (Garrett, at pp.
738-740.) Those statutes then in effect made liquidated damages clauses in commercial
contracts presumptively invalid and imposed on the party seeking to rely on such a clause
the burden of proving that determining the amount of actual damages that would be
sustained upon an anticipated breach would be “impracticable” or “extremely difficult.”3
(Id. at p. 738.)
That legal standard no longer applies. After the Supreme Court’s decision in
Garrett, former Civil Code section 1670 was repealed (Stats. 1977, ch. 198, § 2), and
Civil Code section 1671 was amended (Stats. 1977, ch. 198, § 5) to “replace the former
policy of presumptive invalidity of liquidated damages clauses [citation] with a policy of
presumptive validity. [Citations.]” (Weber Lipshie & Co. v. Christian (1997) 52
2 Goldenpark does not argue that the default interest provision is unlawful per se,
nor does it challenge UCS’s exercise of its remedy to accelerate the loans following a
default.
3 Former Civil Code section 1670 stated: “‘Every contract by which the amount of
damage to be paid, or other compensation to be made, for a breach of an obligation, is
determined in anticipation thereof, is to that extent void, except as expressly provided in
the next section.’” Former Civil Code section 1671 provided: “‘The parties to a contract
may agree therein upon an amount which shall be presumed to be the amount of damage
sustained by a breach thereof, when from the nature of the case, it would be impracticable
or extremely difficult to fix the actual damage.’” (Garrett, supra, 9 Cal.3d at p. 735, fn.
1.)
8
Cal.App.4th 645, 654.) The current version of Civil Code section 1671 provides, subject
to exceptions that are not applicable here, that “a provision in a contract liquidating the
damages for breach of the contract is valid unless the party seeking to invalidate the
provision establishes that the provision was unreasonable under the circumstances
existing at the time the contract was made.” (Civ. Code, § 1672, subd. (b).)
The SAC alleges no facts showing that UCS’s application of the default interest
provision to the outstanding loan balance, following Goldenpark’s default and UCS’s
acceleration of the loans, was unreasonable under the circumstances existing at the time
Goldenpark entered into the loan agreements. It accordingly fails to state a claim to
invalidate UCS’s actions under Civil Code section 1671, subdivision (b) or for breach of
the covenant of good faith and fair dealing premised on such invalidity. Goldenpark’s
breach of implied covenant claim based on allegedly overstated notices of default fails
for the same reasons.
C. Reinstatement of loans
Goldenpark alleges that defendants breached the implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing by interfering with its statutory right to reinstate the loans under Civil
Code section 2924c. That statute accords a borrower who has defaulted on a loan secured
by real property the right, until five business days before the noticed date of the
foreclosure sale, to cure the default and to reinstate the loan. (Civ. Code, § 2924c, subd.
(a), (e).)4 To exercise that right, the borrower must tender payment of “the entire amount
4 Civil Code section 2924c is part of the statutory reinstatement scheme for a
defaulted loan. Subdivision (a)(1) of that statute provides in relevant part: “Whenever
all or a portion of the principal sum of any obligation secured by deed of trust or
mortgage on real property . . . has, prior to the maturity date fixed in that obligation,
become due or been declared due by reason of default in payment of interest or of any
installment of principal, or by reason of failure of trustor or mortgagor to pay, in
accordance with the terms of that obligation or of the deed of trust or mortgage, taxes,
assessments, premiums for insurance, or advances made by beneficiary or mortgagee in
accordance with the terms of that obligation or of the deed of trust or mortgage, the
trustor or mortgagor or his or her successor in interest in the mortgaged or trust property
or any part thereof . . . at any time within the period specified in subdivision (e), if the
power of sale therein is to be exercised, or, otherwise at any time prior to entry of the
9
due, at the time payment is tendered, with respect to (A) all amounts of principal, interest,
taxes, assessments, insurance premiums, or advances actually known by the beneficiary
to be, and that are, in default and shown in the notice of default, under the terms of the
deed of trust or mortgage and the obligation secured thereby, [and] (B) all amounts in
default on recurring obligations not shown in the notice of default.” (Civ. Code, § 2924c,
subd. (a)(1).)
In the SAC, Goldenpark admits that it defaulted on the loans. Goldenpark’s
default entitled UCS to exercise remedies under the loan agreements to accelerate the
debt, record notices of default, and foreclose on the hotel.
The SAC does not allege that Goldenpark sought to exercise its rights under Civil
Code section 2924c at any time after recordation of the notices of default by tendering
payment of any amount due under the loans. The SAC alleges:
“45. Upon receiving the notices of default, to its shock,
[Goldenpark] nonetheless immediately sought to reinstate the Loans.
Whether or not there was a right to accelerate the Loans, [Goldenpark] had
the necessary funds to pay any lawful and valid amount allegedly in
default.”
“46. The deceitful methodology used to calculate a false and grossly
inflated amount in default, including the prohibited default interest
calculations . . . made it impossible for [Goldenpark] to reinstate the
supposed defaults.”
decree of foreclosure, may pay to the beneficiary or the mortgagee or their successors in
interest, respectively, the entire amount due, at the time payment is tendered, with respect
to (A) all amounts of principal, interest, taxes, assessments, insurance premiums, or
advances actually known by the beneficiary to be, and that are, in default and shown in
the notice of default, under the terms of the deed of trust or mortgage and the obligation
secured thereby, (B) all amounts in default on recurring obligations not shown in the
notice of default, . . . , and thereby cure the default theretofore existing, and thereupon, all
proceedings theretofore had or instituted shall be dismissed or discontinued and the
obligation and deed of trust or mortgage shall be reinstated and shall be and remain in
force and effect, the same as if the acceleration had not occurred.” (Civ. Code, § 2924c,
subd. (a)(1).)
10
“67. [Goldenpark], pursuant to its right to do so under California
Civil Code section 2924c[,] subdivision (e), attempted to reinstate its Loans
after it received the Notices of Default.”
These allegations are insufficient to establish that Goldenpark attempted to
exercise its rights under Civil Code section 2924c by tendering payment of the amount
due under loans. The allegations that Goldenpark “attempted to reinstate the Loans” or
that it “had the necessary funds” to do so are insufficient to establish a valid tender under
Civil Code section 2924c. “‘The rules which govern tenders are strict and are strictly
applied, and where the rules are prescribed by statute or rules of court, the tender must be
in such form as to comply therewith. The tenderer must do and offer everything that is
necessary on his part to complete the transaction, and must fairly make known his
purpose without ambiguity, and the act of tender must be such that it needs only
acceptance by the one to whim it is made to complete the transaction.’ [Citation.]”
(Gaffney v. Downey Savings & Loan Assn. (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 1154, 1165.)
The SAC contains no factual allegations to support Goldenpark’s claim that it
attempted to exercise its statutory right to cure the defaults and to reinstate the loans
under Civil Code section 2924c. 5 Goldenpark’s breach of implied covenant cause of
action, premised on defendants’ alleged interference with that statutory right, accordingly
fails to state a claim.
D. The demurrer was properly sustained
The trial court did not err by sustaining defendants’ demurrer to the cause of
action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
III. UCL Claim
To state a claim for violation of the UCL, the plaintiff must allege that the
defendant engaged in a business act that is fraudulent, unlawful, or unfair. (Levine v.
5 In its reply brief, Goldenpark argued for the first time that it was not required to
tender payment under the loans as a condition to asserting the claims alleged in the SAC.
By failing to raise this argument in its opening brief, Goldenpark waived the right to have
it considered on appeal. (Elite Show Services, Inc. v. Staffpro, Inc. (2004) 119
Cal.App.4th 263, 270.)
11
Blue Shield of California (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1117, 1136.) Goldenpark’s second
cause of action for violation of the UCL is based on the same allegations as its failed
breach of implied covenant claim and is thus derivative of that claim. When the
underlying cause of action fails, a derivative UCL claim also fails. (Price v. Starbucks
Corp. (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 1136, 1147.)
The UCL claim fails for the additional reason that Goldenpark cannot establish
standing to bring a private UCL action. To do so, a plaintiff must show that it suffered
economic injury and that such injury was caused by the unfair business practice that is
the gravamen of its claim. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17204; Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court
(2011) 51 Cal.4th 310, 322-323.) The SAC alleges that Goldenpark suffered economic
injury -- loss of the hotel through foreclosure. It fails, however, to establish a causal link
between that claimed injury and defendants’ allegedly unlawful acts. “A plaintiff fails to
satisfy the causation prong of the statute if he or she would have suffered ‘the same harm
whether or not a defendant complied with the law.’ [Citation.]” (Jenkins v. JP Morgan
Chase Bank, N.A. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 497, 522 (Jenkins).)
The instant case is similar to Jenkins, in which the plaintiff borrower attempted to
plead a UCL claim based on allegations concerning the defendants’ nonjudicial
foreclosure on her home. (Jenkins, supra, 216 Cal.App.4th at pp. 505, 519.) The court in
Jenkins sustained the defendants’ demurrer to the UCL claim, noting that the plaintiff had
admitted in the complaint to defaulting on the loan and that the default occurred before
any of the defendants’ alleged unlawful acts. That default, the court concluded,
“triggered the lawful enforcement of the power of sale clause in the deed of trust, and it
was the triggering of the power of sale clause that subjected Jenkins’s home to
nonjudicial foreclosure.” (Id. at p. 523.) The court further concluded that because the
plaintiff’s default occurred before any of the defendants’ allegedly wrongful actions, she
“cannot assert the impending foreclosure of her home (i.e., her alleged economic injury)
was caused by Defendants’ wrongful actions” and “cannot show any of the alleged
violations have a causal link to her economic injury.” (Ibid.)
12
Here, as in Jenkins, Goldenpark admits that it defaulted on the loans. That default
triggered UCS’s foreclosure rights under the loan agreements and deeds of trust. All of
UCS’s allegedly wrongful conduct -- applying the default rate of interest, overstating
amounts in the notices of default, and foreclosing on the property based on overstated
notices of default -- occurred after Goldenpark’s default. The foreclosure was thus
triggered by Goldenpark’s default, not by any of defendants’ allegedly wrongful acts.
The SAC fails to establish a causal link between Goldenpark’s claimed economic injury
-- loss of the hotel through foreclosure -- and the allegedly unlawful acts committed by
defendants.
The trial court did not err by sustaining the demurrer as to Goldenpark’s UCL
cause of action.
IV. Leave to amend
Goldenpark fails to suggest how it would amend the SAC to correct the defects
discussed above. The burden of proving a reasonable possibility of amending the
complaint to state a cause of action “is squarely on the plaintiff. [Citation.]” (Blank v.
Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.) The trial court therefore did not abuse its discretion
by sustaining the demurrer without leave to amend.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Defendants are awarded their costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
____________________________, J.
CHAVEZ
We concur:
__________________________, P. J.
BOREN
__________________________, J.
HOFFSTADT
13