Rodriguez v. Nam Min Cho ( 2015 )

Filed 5/7/15
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION EIGHT
DULCE RODRIGUEZ, B256985
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC465804)
v.
NAM MIN CHO,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Mark
Bornstein, Judge. Reversed and remanded.
Law Office of Chad Biggins and Chad Biggins for Defendant and Appellant.
Brown & Lipinsky, Daren H. Lipinsky, Aaron Ray Boyd and Bryan L. McNally
for Plaintiff and Respondent.
******
Nam Min Cho appeals from an order denying his motion to set aside the default
judgment in this action. Cho raises two main contentions, one relating to purportedly
improper or fraudulent service of the summons and complaint, and the second relating to
the amount of damages awarded in the default judgment. We find the first contention
lacks merit but the second does not. We hold the default judgment is void because it
exceeded the amount of damages stated in the complaint. Accordingly, we reverse and
remand with directions.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
1. Allegations of Complaint
Rodriguez filed a complaint on July 11, 2011, against defendants Cho and Reliable
Building Maintenance (Reliable), alleging Cho did business as Reliable. The complaint
alleged defendants employed Rodriguez as a “housekeeper” at the Los Angeles County
courthouse in Pomona from September 2005 to November 2010. Rodriguez’s husband
also worked for defendants at the same location. When she finished her shift, she would
stay and assist her husband with his cleaning. Defendants knew of her overtime work
and did not object, and they did not pay her overtime.
In 2009, Rodriguez filed a claim with the Division of Labor Standards
Enforcement (DLSE) seeking unpaid overtime wages. Maintenance Cooperation Trust
Fund, a statewide watchdog organization that works to abolish illegal and unfair business
practices in the janitorial industry, assisted her with the DLSE claim. She presented
letters from witnesses in support of her claimed overtime hours. The deputy labor
commissioner assigned to her case would not accept such letters, but wanted sworn
affidavits or live testimony. The DLSE dismissed her claim. In July 2009, the
Maintenance Cooperation Trust Fund sent defendants a letter stating the dismissal of
Rodriguez’s claim did not change the fact that her filing was a protected action under
California law, and the law prohibited retaliating against her for the filing.
Rodriguez’s coworker also filed a claim against defendants for unpaid overtime
with the Maintenance Cooperation Trust Fund’s assistance. In November 2010,
Rodriguez’s manager informed her that because she had filed a claim with the DLSE, and
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because she had inspired her coworker to likewise file a claim, defendants were
terminating her effective November 18, 2010. Rodriguez alleged defendants’ conduct
caused her pain and suffering, extreme and severe mental anguish, and emotional
distress, as well as a loss of earnings and other benefits and job opportunities.
Rodriguez exhausted her administrative remedies by sending letters via certified
mail to the Labor and Workforce Development Agency, Cho, and Reliable, alleging
violations of the California Labor Code by defendants. More than 33 days elapsed, and
Rodriguez did not receive notice from the Labor and Workforce Development Agency
that it intended to investigate her claims.
The complaint alleged causes of action for retaliation under three different Labor
Code sections (Lab. Code, §§ 98.6, 232, subd. (c), 1102.5, subd. (b)), violations of the
Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (PAGA) (Lab. Code, § 2698 et. seq.),
and wrongful termination in violation of public policy.
The prayer for relief requested general, special, compensatory, and punitive
damages in an amount to be proved at trial, a civil penalty in the amount of $10,000 (Lab.
Code, § 1102.5, subd. (f)), civil penalties under PAGA, and reasonable attorney fees and
costs.
2. Default Judgment
In August 2011, Rodriguez filed proofs of service of summons on Reliable and
Cho. The proofs showed that she served each with the complaint and a statement of
damages, among other things. The sworn declaration of the registered process server
showed he served Reliable on July 28, 2011, at 4:37 p.m., by personally serving the
papers on Hang Bock Lee, Reliable’s agent for service of process, at 3700 Wilshire
Boulevard in Los Angeles.
The second sworn declaration of the same process server showed he served Cho
on August 1, 2011, through substituted service on Kimmy Hanzaki, office manager, at
3200 Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles. The process server also mailed the papers
through first class mail to same location. The process server’s due diligence declaration
stated he had received the papers on July 27, 2011, and had been unable to effect personal
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service on Cho. He had attempted service on Cho at 3200 Wilshire Boulevard, his
business address, three times (July 27 at 5:19 p.m., August 1 at 8:00 a.m., and August 1 at
3:33 p.m.). Each time, Cho was not in the office. Cho’s residential address was not
available.
The statement of damages served with the complaint disclosed that Rodriguez was
seeking $1 million in general damages for emotional distress; $50,000 in special damages
for lost earnings; $150,000 in special damages for loss of future earning capacity; and
punitive damages in the amount of $2 million.
After Reliable and Cho did not respond to the complaint, the court entered the
default of Reliable on September 13, 2011, and the default of Cho on September 20,
2011. Rodriguez served defendants with the request for entry of default by first class
mail at the same addresses at which she served the complaint.
Rodriguez’s prove-up in support of default judgment included, among other
things, her and her counsel’s sworn declarations attesting to the facts alleged in the
complaint, the statement of damages, and the documents demonstrating proof of service
described above. In addition, her prove-up documents showed she sent defendants a
prelawsuit letter via certified mail at the 3200 Wilshire Boulevard address where she
served Cho. The letter warned defendants that she would be filing this action and
included the allegations of her forthcoming complaint. As for damages, her prove-up
documents requested $23,680 in back pay with 10 percent prejudgment interest on that
amount (or $2,368); $250,000 in general damages; $300 in civil penalties under PAGA; a
$10,000 civil penalty against Reliable only under Labor Code section 1102.5; reasonable
attorney fees; and $565 in costs.
On December 16, 2011, the court entered a default judgment for Rodriguez based
on her written declaration under Code of Civil Procedure section 585, subdivision (d).1
1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure
unless otherwise noted.
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The judgment was against Reliable and “Cho dba ‘Reliable Building Maintenance
Company,’” for a total of $129,673.48. This total consisted of $123,680 in damages;
$2,368 in prejudgment interest at the rate of 10 percent;2 $3,060.48 in attorney fees; and
$565 in costs.
3. Motion to Set Aside Default Judgment
Over two years later, in April 2014, Cho filed a motion to set aside the default
judgment. Cho’s motion argued the default judgment was void because the amount of
damages was excessive; Rodriguez did not demand an amount of damages in the
complaint, and a default judgment may award only what the plaintiff demanded in the
complaint. Although Rodriguez served a statement of damages, Cho argued this was
irrelevant because a statement of damages applies only in personal injury and wrongful
death actions, and this was not such. Further, Cho argued the declaration of the process
server did not pass “the smell test,” and he never received notice of the action until
recently. Cho’s declaration in support of the motion stated that he never received the
summons and complaint, and the proofs of service were therefore untrue on their face.
He also averred that, had he known of the action, he would have responded to and
successfully defended against the action, as he had done with “several frivolous actions”
Rodriguez had previously filed against Reliable. Cho stated Rodriguez had done nothing
to enforce the default judgment, and he only found out about it on March 31, 2014, when
an escrow company discovered the abstract of judgment recorded against Cho’s property
on or about January 3, 2012.
Cho filed a supplemental declaration stating he had been diligently searching for
Hanzaki, the office manager on whom the process server effected substitute service, but
he had been unable to locate her. He also submitted a declaration of Lee, Reliable’s
agent for service of process. Lee declared he did not recall where he was on July 28,
2 The court appears to have assessed interest only against the portion of damages
Rodriguez claimed as back pay ($23,680).
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2011, when the process server indicated he served Lee. Lee stated his calendar indicates
he was out of the office in Fullerton, California at the time. He further stated he did not
receive the summons and complaint, and if he had, he would have given the papers to
Cho.
The trial court denied Cho’s motion to set aside the default judgment in a
considered 15-page minute order issued in May 2014. The court held Cho had not
rebutted the presumption of valid service established by the declaration of the registered
process server. As such, he failed to prove extrinsic fraud sufficient to set aside the
default judgment. Moreover, the default judgment did not award excessive damages.
Rodriguez was not required to state the amount of damages in the complaint and could
properly use the separate statement of damages for this.
Cho filed a timely notice of appeal. In June 2014, Rodriguez filed an
acknowledgment of satisfaction of judgment declaring Cho had satisfied the judgment in
full.
DISCUSSION
The court may set aside a void default judgment at any time under section 473,
subdivision (d). In addition, the court has inherent equitable power to set aside a default
judgment at any time for extrinsic fraud or mistake. (Sporn v. Home Depot USA, Inc.
(2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 1294, 1300.) Cho argues both that the default judgment is void
because it awarded excessive damages and that the court should have set it aside for
extrinsic fraud. We decline to find the court erred with respect to the extrinsic fraud
issue. We agree, however, that the default judgment is excessive and therefore void.
1. Extrinsic Fraud or Mistake Under Court’s Equity Power
We review for abuse of discretion the trial court’s decision whether to grant relief
from default judgment under its inherent equity jurisdiction. (Gibble v. Car-Lene
Research, Inc. (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 295, 301.) “‘The court may grant relief under its
inherent equity power if, because of the fraud of his opponent, the aggrieved party was
prevented from presenting his claim or defense to the court. [Citations.] “Two essential
conditions are found in a classic case in equity which seeks to set aside a judgment: first,
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the judgment is one entered against a party by default under circumstances which
prevented him from presenting his case; second, these circumstances result from extrinsic
fraud practiced by the other party or his attorney.”’” (Id. at p. 314.) “‘Fraud is intrinsic
and not a valid ground for setting aside a judgment when the party has been given notice
of the action and has had an opportunity to present his case and to protect himself from
any mistake or fraud of his adversary, but has unreasonably neglected to do so.’” (Id. at
p. 315.)
Additionally, the party seeking equitable relief on the grounds of extrinsic fraud or
mistake must show three elements: (1) a meritorious defense; (2) a satisfactory excuse for
not presenting a defense in the first place; and (3) diligence in seeking to set aside the
default judgment once discovered. (Gibble v. Car-Lene Research, Inc., supra, 67
Cal.App.4th at p. 315.)
Here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining there was no
extrinsic fraud warranting relief from judgment. Evidence Code section 647 provides
that a registered process server’s declaration of service establishes a presumption that the
facts stated in the declaration are true. (American Express Centurion Bank v. Zara (2011)
199 Cal.App.4th 383, 390.) A plaintiff may serve individual defendants through
substitute service when they cannot be personally served with reasonable diligence.
(§ 415.20, subd. (b); American Express Centurion Bank v. Zara, at p. 390.) The plaintiff
may effect substitute service of a summons and complaint by leaving a copy of the
documents at the defendant’s “usual place of business” with a person at least 18 years old
who is “apparently in charge of his or her office [or] place of business,” and thereafter
mailing a copy of the documents to the same place. (§ 415.20, subd. (b).) “Two or three
attempts to personally serve a defendant at a proper place ordinarily qualifies as
‘“reasonable diligence.”’” (American Express Centurion Bank v. Zara, at p. 389.) The
registered process server in this case declared under penalty of perjury that he had
effected substitute service on Cho by serving Hanzaki, after three attempts to personally
serve Cho at his place of business. Cho was required to rebut the presumption of proper
service arising from the process server’s declaration with evidence that he was not so
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served. He did not do so. He did not establish that Hanzaki was not his office manager,
that she could not accept substitute service for him, that the address was not his usual
place of business, or anything else along those lines. He merely states he cannot locate
Hanzaki, years after service occurred. This is not evidence showing that Rodriguez or
her counsel practiced fraud on him. He speculates that the process server lied because the
timing of his service attempts on Cho and Reliable on different dates, combined with the
fact that the process server’s business address is some distance from downtown Los
Angeles in Upland, is suspicious. For example, he asks why the process server would
attempt to serve Cho at 5:19 p.m. on one day and drive back to Upland, only to return to
downtown Los Angeles the next day to serve Lee at 4:37 p.m. We will not indulge in
rank speculation over the process server’s movements throughout the day or from day to
day. The process server was not required to explain his every movement. Cho’s
speculation is not evidence.
As to Reliable, the registered process server swore he had personally served Lee as
Reliable’s agent for service of process. A corporation may be served with a summons
and complaint by personally delivering the documents to the person designated as its
agent for service of process. (§ 416.10, subd. (a).) Cho failed to establish that Lee was
not Reliable’s agent for service of process. Instead, Lee said he did not remember where
he was on the date of service, but he did not receive the summons and complaint. The
court “was not required to accept this self-serving evidence contradicting the process
server’s declaration.” (American Express Centurion Bank v. Zara, supra, 199
Cal.App.4th at p. 390.)
In addition to the lack of evidence that Rodriguez fraudulently or improperly
served defendants, there was evidence that she attempted to give Cho notice of the
lawsuit in other ways. She sent a prelawsuit letter via certified mail to Cho’s business
address that outlined her claims and warned she would be filing this action. And she
served both defendants with the request to enter default at the addresses where she served
the summons and complaint.
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Moreover, even if evidence of extrinsic fraud existed, Cho did not establish he had
a meritorious defense—a necessary element for equitable relief. (Gibble v. Car-Lene
Research, Inc, supra, 67 Cal.App.4th at p. 315.) He attached a proposed answer to his
motion reciting a kitchen sink full of affirmative defenses, but he did not attempt to
demonstrate any of these defenses had merit by, for example, explaining the underlying
facts and applying the law to them. On appeal, he contends for the first time that he has a
meritorious defense because Rodriguez had no evidence that he, as opposed to Reliable,
was her employer. This contention is not well taken. Rodriguez’s prove-up package
contained court documents from a small claims court action Cho filed against her in
which he identified himself as “Nam Min Cho DBA Reliable Building Maintenance
Company,” and he referred to Reliable as “plaintiffs [sic] company.” She further
presented evidence of a payroll document and other correspondence from Reliable
showing she was an employee, besides her own sworn declaration. Cho had the burden
of proving he had a meritorious defense, and he did not carry that burden. (Sakaguchi v.
Sakaguchi (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 852, 862.)
In short, there is no evidence Rodriguez did something fraudulent to prevent Cho
or Reliable from responding to the summons and complaint, and Cho did not establish a
meritorious defense anyway. The court did not abuse its discretion in denying him
equitable relief from the default judgment.
2. Void Judgment Under Section 473, Subdivision (d)
Still, the motion to set aside the judgment should have been granted on the ground
that the default judgment is void. A court generally may not grant a default judgment
that exceeds the amount demanded in the complaint. (§§ 580, subd. (a), 585, subd. (b).)
Pursuant to section 425.11, a different rule applies “[w]hen a complaint is filed in an
action to recover damages for personal injury or wrongful death.” (§ 425.11, subd. (b).)
In such cases, the plaintiff may not state the amount demanded in the complaint, but must
serve on the defendant a statement setting forth the nature and amount of damages.
(§§ 425.10, subd. (b), 425.11, subds. (b), (c); Sakaguchi v. Sakaguchi, supra, 173
9
Cal.App.4th at p. 860.) Thus, in these cases, the court must limit its default judgment to
the amount demanded in the statement of damages. (§§ 580, subd. (a), 585, subd. (b).)
On the motion of either party, the court may set aside any void judgment or order
at any time. (§ 473, subd. (d); Lee v. An (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 558, 563.) We review
de novo the trial court’s determination that a default judgment is or is not void. (Talley v.
Valuation Counselors Group, Inc. (2010) 191 Cal.App.4th 132, 146.) “[A] default
judgment greater than the amount specifically demanded is void as beyond the court’s
jurisdiction.” (Greenup v. Rodman (1986) 42 Cal.3d 822, 826; see also Levine v. Smith
(2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 1131, 1137 (Levine).)
Cho contends the default judgment is void because it exceeded the amount
demanded in the complaint. Only the statement of damages served with the summons
and complaint set forth the amount Rodriguez was seeking. Cho asserts the statement of
damages cannot be the point of reference because this action is not one “to recover
damages for personal injury or wrongful death.” (§ 425.11, subd. (b).) Rodriguez
disagrees, arguing an action for wrongful termination in violation of public policy
constitutes an action to recover damages for personal injury. If Cho is correct that the
statement of damages was irrelevant, the default judgment was indeed void. (Greenup v.
Rodman, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 826; Levine, supra, 145 Cal.App.4th at p. 1137.)
Levine sets forth Cho’s position. In Levine, the plaintiff sued her attorneys for
professional negligence, breach of contract, fraud, and infliction of emotional distress
based on the failure to provide competent legal services. (Levine, supra, 145 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1134.) Her complaint alleged damages “‘in an amount according to proof.’” She
filed a statement of damages setting forth the amount of damages she was seeking. (Id. at
p. 1136.) The court held the action was one for legal malpractice, and the cause of action
for emotional distress was based on the same professional negligence. (Id. at p. 1137.)
Further, a plaintiff generally could not recover emotional distress damages for legal
malpractice. As such, the action was not for personal injury or wrongful death, and the
court could not use the statement of damages as the basis for damages in the default
judgment. The court had to strictly construe the statute requiring that damages be set
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forth in the complaint. Therefore, the award in the default judgment was limited to the
amount of damages specified in the complaint, which was nothing. (Ibid.)
Rodriguez relies on Barton v. New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (1996) 43
Cal.App.4th 1200 (Barton), on which the trial court also relied. Barton involved a cause
of action for wrongful termination in violation of public policy. (Id. at p. 1203.) It did
not, however, decide whether such an action was a personal injury action for purposes of
the statement-of-damages requirement under section 425.11. Instead, the court
determined the statute of limitations applicable to such an action was section 340, former
subdivision (3), which provided a one-year statute of limitation for actions “for injury to
or for the death of one caused by the wrongful act or neglect of another.” (See Barton,
supra, at pp. 1203, 1205-1206.) In this context, the court noted the limitations statute
“encompasse[d] not only bodily injury but also a broad range of infringements of
‘personal rights.’” (Id. at p. 1206.) The court thus had to determine whether a wrongful
termination cause of action primarily protected a “personal right” as opposed to a
“property right.” (Id. at pp. 1207-1208.) The court explained:
“An action for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy must
be predicated on a policy that concerns society at large rather than the
individual interests of the employer or employee. [Citations.] At the same
time, the essential nature of the action is the protection of certain personal
rights deemed to be of fundamental public importance, not the protection of
property rights. For example, the wrongful termination action protects an
employee’s rights to refuse to participate in illegal behavior, perform a
statutory obligation, exercise a statutory right or privilege, or report an
alleged violation of a statute of public importance. [Citation.] It also
protects an employee’s right to be free from sexual harassment in the
workplace [citation] and from employment discrimination based on
pregnancy [citation] or sexual orientation [citation]. These cases illustrate
that the gravamen of the wrongful termination action is the violation of
some personal right considered to be of fundamental public importance,
protected or guaranteed either by statute or the Constitution, not the
financial or economic loss from the termination of employment. Because
the primary nature of the right sued upon in a Tameny [v. Atlantic Richfield
Co. (1980) 27 Cal.3d 167] wrongful termination action is personal, the trial
court in this case correctly applied the one-year statute of limitations
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specified in section 340(3).” (Barton, supra, 43 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1208-
1209.)
Rodriguez argues that because Barton determined the primary interest protected
was a personal right, the wrongful termination cause of action was a personal injury
action within the meaning of section 425.11.
We are not persuaded. In Holmes v. General Dynamics Corp. (1993) 17
Cal.App.4th 1418 (Holmes), the court determined a cause of action for wrongful
termination in violation of public policy was not a personal injury action, in the context
of interpreting a statute worded similarly to the statute at issue here. (Id. at pp. 1426,
1436.) The issue was prejudgment interest under Civil Code section 3291. “Civil Code
section 3291 . . . requires a court to award prejudgment interest when a defendant refuses
a plaintiff’s Code of Civil Procedure section 998 settlement offer and the plaintiff later
recovers a more favorable judgment.” (Holmes, at p. 1435.) The statute expressly
applies only to those actions “brought to recover damages for personal injury sustained
by any person resulting from or occasioned by the tort of any other person, corporation,
association, or partnership.” (Civ. Code, § 3291, italics added.) The Holmes court had to
determine whether the plaintiff’s cause of action for wrongful termination in violation of
public policy was a personal injury action within the meaning of the prejudgment interest
statute. The court ultimately held that a “wrongful termination claim primarily involves
the infringement of property rights, not personal injury.” (Holmes, supra, at p. 1436.)
The decision was guided by our Supreme Court’s decision in Gourley v. State Farm Mut.
Auto. Ins. Co. (1991) 53 Cal.3d 121, 127 (Gourley), when the court determined an
insurance bad faith action was one seeking recovery of a property right, not personal
injury, and emphasized that plaintiffs brought the action primarily to recover financial
damages, while emotional distress damages were only incidental to the economic loss.
(Holmes, supra, at p. 1436, citing Gourley, supra, at pp. 128-129.) Holmes determined a
wrongful termination action was like the insurance bad faith action in Gourley, insofar as
“it is the employer’s violation of a public policy resulting in the loss of a tangible
economic benefit (a job), rather than the invasion of a personal freedom interest, which
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primarily defines the action.” (Holmes, at p. 1437, fn. 15.) Moreover, “the nature of a
tortious wrongful termination action is not to vindicate the plaintiff’s personal interest.
Rather, the essence of such claim is to vindicate the public interest.” (Id. at p. 1436.)
Here, section 425.11, requiring a statement of damages, uses wording similar to
the prejudgment interest statute in Holmes—section 425.11 applies to actions “to recover
damages for personal injury.” (§ 425.11, subd. (b).) We find the reasoning of Holmes
persuasive. A cause of action for wrongful termination in violation of public policy is
primarily defined by the loss of one’s job, an economic benefit that constitutes a property
right under Holmes and Gourley. Indeed, without a termination from one’s job or some
other adverse employment action such as demotion, the cause of action does not exist.
The tort does not, by contrast, require emotional distress damages, which is what
Rodriguez claims made it a “personal injury” action here. Even if Rodriguez did plead
emotional distress damages, we should look to “the nature of the tort rather than the type
or extent of the damages” pled. (Holmes, supra, 17 Cal.App.4th at p. 1437.) The tort
vindicates the public’s interest in fundamental public policies and prohibits employers
from depriving a person of a job in violation of these public policies. (Tameny v. Atlantic
Richfield Co., supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 170.) We cannot say this is “an action to recover
damages for personal injury.” (§ 425.11, subd. (b).)
Accordingly, the court could award only that amount of damages set forth in the
complaint. (Levine, supra, 145 Cal.App.4th at p. 1137.) The sole dollar figure cited in
the complaint was a civil penalty for $10,000 pursuant to Labor Code section 1102.5.
The default judgment is void for having exceeded that amount. (Levine, at p. 1137.)
We must reverse the order denying the motion to set aside the judgment, but this
does not necessarily require reversal of the default. “Vacating the default judgment has
no necessary effect on the underlying default and simply returns the defendant to the
default status quo ante.” (Ostling v. Loring (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 1731, 1743.) When
we reverse a judgment on the ground that the damages awarded exceeded those pled, the
court may modify the judgment by reducing it to the amount specified in the complaint,
or the plaintiff may choose to amend the complaint to state the full amount of damages he
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or she seeks. But if the plaintiff chooses the latter, the court should vacate the default,
“‘entitling defendants to either attack the pleadings, or answer the amended complaint.’”
(Julius Schifaugh IV Consulting Services, Inc. v. Avaris Capital, Inc. (2008) 164
Cal.App.4th 1393, 1398; see Electronic Funds Solutions, LCC v. Murphy (2005) 134
Cal.App.4th 1161, 1185.) We will reverse and remand to give Rodriguez this choice.
3. Motion for Sanctions
Rodriguez has filed a motion for sanctions on the ground that this appeal is
frivolous. Given that we are reversing and remanding the judgment with directions, we
cannot say the appeal is frivolous. The motion is denied.
DISPOSITION
The order is reversed. The matter is remanded with directions to vacate the
judgment. Rodriguez may choose to simply accept a modified judgment, in which case
the trial court shall enter a modified judgment not exceeding the amount demanded in the
complaint. Alternatively, Rodriguez may amend her complaint to increase the amount of
damages she is seeking, at which point defendants’ default will be vacated. Cho shall
recover costs on appeal.
FLIER, J.
WE CONCUR:
BIGELOW, P. J.
GRIMES, J.
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