In re D.N. CA2/3 ( 2015 )


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  • Filed 9/11/15 In re D.N. CA2/3
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
    California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
    publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(a). This opinion has not been certified for
    publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115(a).
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
    DIVISION THREE
    In re D.N., A Person Coming Under the                                      B259170
    Juvenile Court Law.
    (Los Angeles County
    LOS ANGELES COUNTY                                                         Super. Ct. No. DK04029)
    DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND
    FAMILY SERVICES,
    Plaintiff and Respondent,
    v.
    G.N.,
    Defendant and Appellant.
    APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
    Marguerite Downing, Judge. Affirmed and remanded with directions.
    Michelle L. Jarvis, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
    Appellant.
    Office of the County Counsel, Mary C. Wickham, Interim County Counsel,
    Dawyn R. Harrison, Assistant County Counsel, and Jacklyn K. Louie, Principal Deputy
    County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
    ___________________________________________
    INTRODUCTION
    Father G.N. appeals from the juvenile court’s jurisdictional and dispositional
    orders concerning his daughter, D.N. Father does not challenge the substantive findings
    made by the trial court, but contends the court’s orders must be reversed because the
    Department of Children and Family Services (Department) failed to comply with the
    notice requirement of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) (
    25 U.S.C. § 1901
     et seq.).
    We agree the Department failed to comply with ICWA and remand the matter with
    directions to the juvenile court to ensure the Department’s compliance with ICWA’s
    notice requirement. We affirm the orders of the juvenile court in all other respects.
    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    Eliza V. (mother) and father are unmarried and had two children together, D.N.
    and Giselle N. At the time the Department filed its petition in this case, D. was two and
    one-half years old and Giselle was seven months old. Giselle died during the pendency
    of this appeal.
    The Department first learned of the family in late November 2013, when mother
    sought an emergency protective order against father. Mother reported to the Sheriff’s
    Department that father physically abused her in the past and recently threatened to kill
    her after she took his cell phone. Further, mother disclosed that two weeks earlier when
    she confronted father about suspected infidelity, father became enraged and assaulted
    her, then threatened to kill her. Sheriff’s deputies arrested father on November 23, 2013
    and the court issued a restraining order prohibiting father from contacting or coming
    within 100 yards of mother. The Department’s case workers attempted to contact
    mother and father repeatedly over the next few weeks without success.
    Although mother moved out of the family residence with the children, mother
    and father continued to see each other in violation of the restraining order. In late
    February, 2014, mother reported to the California Highway Patrol (CHP) that father
    threatened to kill her while driving recklessly on the freeway. The CHP reported the
    incident to the Department.
    2
    On March 6, 2014, a case worker spoke to mother and father separately. Both
    parties confirmed they were still in a relationship. Mother described numerous prior
    arguments during which father became physically abusive, but denied they constituted
    domestic violence. However, Mother admitted the girls had been present during violent
    arguments on at least two occasions. The Department immediately detained the
    children and placed them into foster care. Sheriff’s deputies arrested father the next
    day.
    On March 11, 2014, the Department filed a petition alleging jurisdiction under
    section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b). The petition asserted the ongoing domestic
    violence placed the girls at risk of physical harm, and mother failed to protect the
    children from prior violent incidents by allowing father to continue to reside with them.
    At the detention hearing on March 11, 2014, the court vested temporary custody with
    the Department and ordered suitable placement. The court ordered supervised visitation
    for each of the parents. Mother completed her ICWA-020 form, titled “Parental
    Notification of Indian Status,” indicating she had no Indian ancestry. Father was not
    present at the hearing. The court ordered the Department to investigate whether father
    claimed Indian heritage and, if so, to provide proper notice under ICWA.
    On March 21, 2014, Father submitted his ICWA-020 form and checked the box
    to indicate he “may have Indian ancestry.” In the space provided, he wrote “Cherokee.
    Please contact Walter N[.],” and provided a phone number. The court ordered the
    Department to provide notice to Cherokee tribes, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Bureau),
    and the Secretary of the Interior (Secretary) regarding father’s Indian heritage claim.
    The Department’s subsequent jurisdiction/disposition report contains no indication the
    Department attempted to contact Walter N. or provided notice as ordered.
    On March 25, 2014, the Department released the girls to father’s aunt, J.M. On
    May 29, 2014, the court held a jurisdictional hearing. The court sustained the
    Department’s petition, finding both jurisdictional allegations true. However, the court
    continued the dispositional hearing because the Department had not yet given notice as
    3
    required under ICWA and as previously ordered. The court set the matter for further
    hearing on June 16, 2014.
    According to the Department’s last minute information, filed on June 16, 2014,
    a case worker spoke with father on June 10, 2014 regarding his Indian heritage claim.
    Father could not identify a specific tribal affiliation and had no knowledge whether he
    was registered with a tribe. He referred the case worker to his grandmother, Annie N.,
    and provided her phone number. Later that day, the case worker spoke with Annie N.,
    who stated the family might have Indian heritage through her father, Carey S. Sr.
    Annie N. told the case worker she had little information about her father, but knew he
    was born in Louisiana and died in 1984. She could not confirm whether Walter N. had
    any Indian heritage, but told the case worker that Walter N. had dementia and would be
    unable to provide any information. It does not appear the Department attempted to
    contact Walter N. after the case worker spoke to Annie N. Although the juvenile court
    previously ordered the Department to provide notice to Cherokee tribes, the Bureau and
    the Secretary, the last minute information concludes, “the Department was unable to
    obtain sufficient information to trigger ICWA notice.”
    At the hearing on June 16, 2014, the court reiterated its prior order that the
    Department provide notice under ICWA and continued the dispositional hearing to
    August 5, 2014 to allow the Department to do so. The court also ordered the
    Department to provide a supplemental report regarding ICWA notice. On July 16,
    2014, the Department mailed a “Notice of Child Custody Proceeding for Indian Child,”
    form ICWA-030, to D.’s parents, the Bureau and the Secretary. The notice stated that a
    dispositional hearing concerning D. would be held on August 5, 2014. The Department
    included few details regarding father’s relatives and did not include the information the
    Department learned about Carey S., Sr. On August 5, 2014, the court again continued
    the dispositional hearing due to ICWA notice issues.
    In a last minute information dated September 3, 2014, the Department advised
    the court it mailed ICWA-030 notices to the parents, the Bureau and the Secretary on
    July 16, 2014, and had not received any response from the agencies. At the
    4
    dispositional hearing on September 3, 2014, the court found the Department provided
    notice to the Bureau and that based upon the available information the court “has no
    reason to know that the Indian Child Welfare Act applies or that these are Indian
    children . . . . ” As to the disposition, the court terminated the suitable placement order
    and placed the children in mother’s home, on the condition that mother and the children
    reside either with mother’s parents or in Department approved housing.
    Father filed a notice of appeal on September 17, 2014.
    CONTENTIONS
    Father contends the juvenile court erroneously concluded proper ICWA notice
    was provided in this case because (1) the Department failed to provide written notice to
    Cherokee Indian tribes, and (2) the Department’s written notice to the Bureau did not
    include the statutorily required information about father’s relatives.
    DISCUSSION
    1.      Relevant Law
    “Congress enacted ICWA in 1978 to protect Indian children and their tribes from
    the erosion of tribal ties and cultural heritage and to preserve future Indian generations.
    [Citations.] Because ‘ “the tribe has an interest in the child which is distinct from but on
    a parity with the interest of the parents” ’ [citation], a tribe has the right to intervene in
    a state court dependency proceeding at any time [citation].” (In re Nikki R. (2003)
    
    106 Cal.App.4th 844
    , 848.)
    Under Welfare and Institutions Code, section 224.3,1 the juvenile courts and the
    social services departments have an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire whether
    a dependent child is or may be an Indian child. (§ 224.3, subd. (a); In re Christian P.
    (2012) 
    208 Cal.App.4th 437
    , 451.) Accordingly, if the juvenile court or the social
    worker “knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved,” the social
    worker must “make further inquiry regarding the possible Indian status of the
    child . . . by interviewing the parents . . . and extended family members . . . and
    1
    All further section references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code, unless
    otherwise specified.
    5
    contacting . . . any other person that reasonably can be expected to have information
    regarding the child’s membership status or eligibility.” (§ 224.3, subd. (c); see also
    Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(4).2) Section 224.3, subdivision (b), provides in
    pertinent part: “The circumstances that may provide reason to know the child is an
    Indian child include, but are not limited to, the following: [¶] (1) A person having an
    interest in the child, including . . . a member of the child’s extended family provides
    information suggesting the child is a member of a tribe or eligible for membership in
    a tribe . . . . ” (§ 224.3, subd. (b)(1); rule 5.481(a)(5)(A).)
    When a juvenile court “knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is
    involved” in a dependency case, it must ensure the child’s tribe receives notice of the
    proceedings and its right to intervene. (
    25 U.S.C. § 1912
    (a); §§ 224.2, subd. (a), 224.3,
    subd. (d); rule 5.481(b); see also In re Christian P., supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 451.)
    If the identity or location of the child’s tribe cannot be determined, the notice need only
    be given to the Bureau. (In re S.B. (2005) 
    130 Cal.App.4th 1148
    , 1157, quoting
    
    25 U.S.C. § 1912
    , subd. (a); § 224.2, subd. (a)(4).)
    We review de novo whether the information provided by father triggered
    ICWA’s notice requirement. (Dwayne P. v. Superior Court (2002) 
    103 Cal.App.4th 247
    , 254 (Dwayne P.).) “ ‘The trial court must determine whether proper notice was
    given under ICWA and whether ICWA applies to the proceedings. [Citation.] We
    review the trial court’s findings for substantial evidence. [Citation.]’ ” (In re
    Christian P., supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 451.) Failure to give notice under ICWA is
    subject to harmless error analysis. (Id. at p. 452.) A parent does not waive an ICWA
    notice issue by failing to raise it below. (In re Nikki R., supra, 106 Cal.App.4th at
    p. 849.)
    2
    All further rule references are to the Rules of Court.
    6
    2.     Father Provided Sufficient Information to Trigger ICWA’s
    Notice Requirement
    The Department argues on appeal that it had no duty to provide notice under
    ICWA in this case. We disagree.
    “The determination of a child’s Indian status is up to the tribe; therefore, the
    juvenile court needs only a suggestion of Indian ancestry to trigger the notice
    requirement. [Citations.]” (In re Nikki R., supra, 106 Cal.App.4th at p. 848.) Here,
    father submitted his ICWA-020 form and checked the box indicating he “may have
    Indian ancestry.” In the space provided, he wrote “Cherokee.” This declaration,
    without more, triggered ICWA’s notice requirement. (See, e.g., In re Alice M. (2008)
    
    161 Cal.App.4th 1189
    , 1198 [mother’s indication on Parental Notification of Indian
    Status form the child may be eligible for membership in the “Navajo–Apache” tribes,
    standing alone, “gave the court reason to know that [the child] may be an Indian
    child.”]; In re J.T. (2007) 
    154 Cal.App.4th 986
    , 993-994 [notice requirement triggered
    by references to Cherokee and Sioux heritage]; In re Damian C. (2009) 
    178 Cal.App.4th 192
    , 199 [mother’s reference on her ICWA-020 form to Pasqua Yaqui heritage
    sufficient to trigger notice requirement]; Dwayne P, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 257
    [parents’ statements that the child has “Cherokee Indian heritage” sufficient to trigger
    notice requirement].)
    Without citing any pertinent case law, the Department simply asserts it had no
    duty to provide notice under ICWA in this case. Although we could reject this
    conclusory argument due to the Department’s failure to provide factual support or case
    authority, we address the Department’s contention in order to reiterate the Department’s
    inquiry and notice obligations under ICWA. As we have previously observed, although
    “ ‘ICWA’s requirements are not new . . . the prevalence of inadequate notice remains
    disturbingly high.’ [Citation.]” (In re Christian P., supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 452.)
    Further, it is beyond dispute that the Indian status of a child need not be certain to
    trigger ICWA’s notice requirements, and that “the bar is indeed very low to trigger
    ICWA notice.” (In re Antoinette S. (2002) 
    104 Cal.App.4th 1401
    , 1408.)
    7
    Here, it appears the Department believes the information father and his family
    provided was too vague to trigger ICWA’s notice requirement. Specifically, although
    the court ordered the Department to give notice to the Bureau and to Cherokee Indian
    tribes, the Department concluded after its initial ICWA inquiry that it “was unable to
    obtain sufficient information to trigger ICWA notice.”
    In a handful of cases, appellate courts have held that ICWA’s notice requirement
    is not triggered by “vague references” to Indian heritage. (See, e.g., In re J.D. (2010)
    
    189 Cal.App.4th 118
    , 125 [notice not required where paternal grandmother indicated
    possible Indian ancestry, tribe unknown]; In re O.K. (2003) 
    106 Cal.App.4th 152
    ,
    156-157 [grandmother’s statement children may have Indian heritage, no known tribe,
    “too vague and speculative to give the juvenile court any reason to believe the minors
    might be Indian children”].) However, in those cases the family members made generic
    assertions that the dependent child might have some Indian heritage, without reference
    to either a particular tribe or a particular family member with Indian ancestry. (See
    In re J.D., supra, at p. 123 [mother said her grandmother told her she had Native
    American ancestry, but mother did not know which family member had the connection,
    did not know which tribe(s) might be involved, and had no living relatives who could
    provide any further information]; In re O.K., supra, at p. 157 [paternal grandmother
    said father “might have Indian blood in him,” but could not identify any specific tribe or
    relative with Indian ancestry and had no reason to believe any Indian ancestry existed,
    other than the location the family once lived].) At first blush, Annie N.’s statement that
    her father may have Indian heritage, combined with her inability to provide significant
    identifying information, might seem to be the sort of “vague reference” contemplated by
    these cases. However, the information from Annie N. was not the only information the
    Department received in this case, and therefore we do not decide whether the
    information provided by Annie N. would, standing alone, trigger ICWA’s notice
    requirement. Here, the Department also received father’s ICWA-020 form which stated
    he “may have Indian ancestry” and specified “Cherokee.” As the juvenile court
    recognized, that statement triggered the Department’s notice obligations under ICWA.
    8
    3.     Notice to Cherokee Indian Tribes Is Required
    It is undisputed that the Department did not provide written notice of the
    dependency proceedings to any Cherokee tribe. Father contends the Department’s
    failure in this regard requires us to reverse the court’s jurisdictional and dispositional
    orders. We agree the Department must provide notice of these dependency proceedings
    to all federally registered Cherokee tribes. However, rather than reverse the court’s
    orders, which appear to be supported by substantial evidence and which father does not
    challenge on substantive grounds, we remand in order to allow the court to ensure the
    Department complies with ICWA’s notice requirements.
    Father asserts that his ICWA-020 form, in which stated he “may have Indian
    ancestry” and listed “Cherokee” in the space provided, triggered the Department’s duty
    to give written notice of the proceedings to all federally recognized Cherokee tribes.
    Father is correct. Under California law, where ICWA notice is required, notice must be
    provided to the Sacramento area director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and “all tribes
    of which the child may be a member or eligible for membership,” until the trial court
    designates the child’s Indian tribe under section 224.1, subdivision (e). (§ 224.2,
    subd. (a)(3), (4).) ICWA defines “Indian tribe” as “any Indian tribe, band, nation, or
    other organized group or community of Indians recognized as eligible for the services
    provided to Indians by the Secretary [of the Interior] because of their status as Indians,
    including any Alaska Native village . . . . ” (
    25 U.S.C. § 1903
    (8); § 224.1, subd. (a)
    [using federal statutory definition of “Indian tribe”]; In re Santos Y. (2001)
    
    92 Cal.App.4th 1274
    , 1280, fn. 3.) Identifying the relevant tribes is not a difficult task,
    inasmuch as federal regulations require the Secretary of the Interior to publish annually
    a list of all federally recognized Indian tribes. (
    25 C.F.R. § 83.6
    , subd. (a) (2015); see,
    e.g., 80 Fed.Reg. 1942-02 (et seq.) (Jan. 14, 2015), also available online at
    .) On remand,
    the juvenile court must ensure the Department sends written notice of the dependency
    proceedings to all Cherokee Indian tribes recognized by the Bureau.
    9
    As the Department contends ICWA’s notice requirement was not triggered in
    this case, it does not directly address father’s assertion that it must provide written
    notice to Cherokee tribes. However, the Department seems to suggest father withdrew
    his claim of Cherokee heritage, thus negating any duty to provide notice to the
    Cherokee tribes. We are aware of only one case, In re Jeremiah G. (2009)
    
    172 Cal.App.4th 1514
    , in which a parent asserted, and then retracted, a claim of Indian
    heritage. There, father initially stated “he might have some Indian heritage and the
    matter needed to be researched.” (Id. at p. 1521.) Three weeks later, father “told the
    Department and the court that he did not have any Indian heritage.” (Ibid.) Father’s
    counsel later “clarified that although father had initially claimed he might have Indian
    ancestry, he had retracted that claim and did not have any Indian heritage.” (Ibid.) The
    Court of Appeal held that “[b]ecause father retracted his claim of Indian heritage, and
    because there was no other basis for suspecting that Jeremiah might be an Indian child,
    the trial court properly proceeded without ICWA notice.” (Ibid.)
    Contrary to the Department’s suggestion, we see no evidence in the record that
    father retracted his claim of Cherokee Indian heritage in this case, as occurred in
    In re Jeremiah G. Here, after father submitted his ICWA-020 form designating his
    possible Indian heritage as “Cherokee,” the Department interviewed father. The
    Department’s last minute information states father “had no knowledge of which tribe his
    family is affiliated [sic]” and “also had no knowledge of being registered.” We construe
    these statements as an inability to provide further information beyond the Cherokee
    tribal affiliation stated on the ICWA-020 form, rather than a retraction or modification
    of that information.
    Further, and to the extent the Department suggests father should have produced
    additional information in support of his Indian heritage claim, we note our Legislature
    places an affirmative duty of inquiry on the courts and upon social services departments.
    (§ 224.3; Dwayne P., supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 258.) “ICWA . . . is designed to
    protect Indian children and tribes notwithstanding the parents’ inaction. [Citations.]”
    (Ibid.)
    10
    In sum, father’s claim of possible Cherokee Indian ancestry on his ICWA-020
    form triggered the Department’s duty to give written notice of the dependency
    proceedings to all federally registered Cherokee Indian tribes.
    4.     The Department’s Written Notice to the Bureau of Indian Affairs
    Was Inadequate
    On July 16, 2014, the Department notified the Bureau of the dispositional
    hearing scheduled to take place on August 5, 2014. Father contends the notice was
    inadequate because it contained very little information about his relatives, and did not
    include the information the Department learned from his grandmother, Annie N.,
    regarding her father, Carey S., Sr. We agree and, as we must remand for compliance
    with ICWA in any event, we discuss the deficiencies in the notice for the benefit of the
    Department and the juvenile court. As has been repeatedly stated, “[t]he ICWA notice
    requirement is not onerous. ‘[C]ompliance requires no more than the completion of
    a preprinted form promulgated by the State of California, Health and Welfare Agency,
    for the benefit of county welfare agencies.’ [Citation.]” (Dwayne P., supra,
    103 Cal.App.4th at p. 254.)
    Because the right to intervene is meaningless unless the tribe receives
    notification, ICWA’s notice requirements are strictly construed. (In re Desiree F.
    (2000) 
    83 Cal.App.4th 460
    , 474-475.) Further, “[i]f the notice duty is triggered under
    ICWA, the notice to a tribe must include a wide range of information about relatives,
    including grandparents and great-grandparents, to enable the tribe to properly identify
    the children’s Indian ancestry,” if any. (In re J.D., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 124;
    § 224.2, subd. (a)(5).) “The social worker in a child dependency case is statutorily
    required to interview the child’s parents and extended family members to gather the
    information required for the ICWA notice. (§224.3, subd. (c).) [fn. omitted]” (In re I.B.
    (2015) 
    239 Cal.App.4th 367
    .) Specifically, the notice must include the names
    (including maiden, married, and former names or aliases), current and former addresses,
    birthdates, places of birth and death, and tribal enrollment numbers, and/or other
    11
    identifying information for the Indian child’s biological parents, grandparents, and
    great-grandparents. (§ 224.2, subd. (a)(5)(C).)
    The Department failed to fulfill its statutory notice obligations in this case. First,
    as father points out, the notice to the Bureau includes very little of the statutorily
    required information concerning his family members. (See § 224.2, subd. (a)(5).)
    Specifically, although the Department listed the names of father’s parents (the paternal
    grandparents), the notice includes none of the other required identifying information
    about them, such as addresses and dates and places of birth. Given that father has
    a close relationship with his own father, who is still living, it appears this information
    was easily discoverable by the Department. The Department also listed the names of
    only two (of four) of the paternal great-grandparents, and provided no other details
    about them, as required under section 224.2, subdivision (a)(5)(C). Further, the
    Department did not advise the Bureau that father claimed Cherokee Indian ancestry, and
    instead stated only “Native American Ancestry Claimed - Tribe Unknown” as to father
    and all his listed relatives.
    In addition, the Department’s notice failed to disclose all the information it
    obtained during its cursory investigation. Specifically, the Department learned from
    Annie N. that father’s Indian heritage may derive from her father (the paternal
    great-great-grandfather), Carey S., Sr. However, the Department’s notice does not
    include the only identifying information Annie N. was able to provide: Mr. S.’s name,
    state of birth and year of death. Although neither section 224.2 nor the ICWA-030 form
    requires the Department to collect information about a dependent’s
    great-great-grandparents, the Department’s failure to disclose to the Bureau the only
    useful information it did collect is inconsistent with the purpose of ICWA and the
    California statutes designed to implement it. (See In re Francisco W. (2006)
    
    139 Cal.App.4th 695
    , 703 [“It is essential to provide the Indian tribe with all available
    information about the child’s ancestors, especially the one with the alleged Indian
    heritage”].)
    12
    For these reasons, and others evident on the face of the notice, we conclude the
    Department’s notice to the Bureau did not satisfy ICWA’s notice requirement.
    5.     Harmless Error Analysis
    “ ‘A notice violation under ICWA is not jurisdictional in the fundamental sense,
    but instead is subject to a harmless error analysis. [Citation.]’ ” (In re Christian P.,
    supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 452.) Father does not argue, nor does the record contain
    any facts to suggest, he would have obtained a more favorable outcome at this early
    stage in the proceedings, had the Department provided proper notice to the Cherokee
    tribes and the Bureau. Accordingly, we need not disturb the trial court’s jurisdictional
    findings or its dispositional order. Instead, “the proper remedy here is a limited remand
    to allow [the Department] to comply with ICWA, with directions to the trial court that
    depend on the outcome of such notice.” (Id. at p. 452.)
    We reject father’s assertion that we must reverse the juvenile court’s
    jurisdictional and dispositional orders due to the Department’s noncompliance with
    ICWA. Father’s reliance upon In re S.E. (2013) 
    217 Cal.App.4th 610
    , is misplaced, as
    that case involved the establishment of guardianship as the minor’s permanent plan,
    a course of action that necessarily deprived any concerned Indian tribe of its rights
    under ICWA. (Id. at p. 617.) By contrast, the record in this case contains no indication
    that permanency planning will be necessary. Accordingly, remand for ICWA
    compliance is the most appropriate remedy.
    13
    DISPOSITION
    We affirm the jurisdictional and dispositional orders of the juvenile court. The
    matter is remanded to the court with directions to order the Department to comply with
    the inquiry and notice provisions of ICWA and sections 224.2 and 224.3. If, after
    proper notice, a tribe determines D. is an Indian child, the tribe, a parent or D. may
    petition the juvenile court to invalidate any orders that violate ICWA.
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
    LAVIN, J.
    WE CONCUR:
    EDMON, P. J.
    ALDRICH, J.
    14
    

Document Info

Docket Number: B259170

Filed Date: 9/11/2015

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 4/18/2021