Jacobs v. Locatelli ( 2017 )

Filed 2/28/17 (unmodified opn. attached)
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
BERNICE JACOBS, H042292
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff and Appellant, Super. Ct. No. CV179082)
v. ORDER MODIFYING OPINION
JOHN B. LOCATELLI, as TRUSTEE, NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT
etc., et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
THE COURT:
It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on February 8, 2017, be modified as
follows:
1. On the backing sheet, line 6, the name “David” is changed to “Daniel” so the
line reads:
Daniel W. Ballesteros
2. On the backing sheet, line 7, the initial “F.” is changed to “J.” so the line reads:
Martin J. Kopp.
There is no change in the judgment.
______________________________________
RUSHING, P.J.
WE CONCUR:
____________________________________
PREMO, J.
____________________________________
ELIA, J.
2
Filed 2/8/17 (unmodified version)
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
BERNICE JACOBS, H042292
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff and Appellant, Super. Ct. No. CV179082)
v.
JOHN B. LOCATELLI, as TRUSTEE,
etc., et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
INTRODUCTION
Bernice Jacobs (Jacobs) appeals from a judgment entered by the trial court after a
demurrer to her complaint was sustained without leave to amend. Jacobs is a real estate
broker who claims that she is owed a commission for her efforts to sell a parcel of
property in Marin County. She alleges that, although certain owners did not sign the
agreement that promised the commission, the owner who did sign the contract told her
that he was signing as the agent of the others, who had formed a joint venture. The non-
signing owners, whose demurrer was sustained, mainly argue that her claims are barred
by the statute of frauds and the parol evidence rule. Because we find that neither bars
Jacobs’s claims, we will reverse the judgment as to all of the causes of action challenged
by Jacobs.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Bernice Jacobs is a licensed California real estate broker.1 On April 9, 2013, she
signed a “Vacant Land Listing Agreement” (the agreement), under which she was
granted the “exclusive and irrevocable right” to sell a parcel of real property in Marin
County (the property) from the date of the signing of the contract until one year later, on
April 9, 2014.2
The listing price for the property was $2,200,000 and if Jacobs procured a buyer
for the property during the listing period (or if there was a contract for sale entered into
by the sellers within 60 days after the expiration of that period), Jacobs would receive a
commission of $200,000. However, the agreement specified that if an entity called the
“Open Space Land Trust” bought the property, Jacobs would receive no commission.
Besides Jacobs, only one person signed the agreement, John B. Locatelli
(Locatelli). He signed as trustee of the John B. Locatelli Trust. There are signature lines,
however, for additional parties, including 1) “Gregory J. Gates, Trustee of the Gregory J.
Gates Invivos Trust”; 2) Gisele Hainry; 3) Joe Medes; 4) Sylvie Mendes, and; 5) the
“Santa Cruz Clean and Sober Homes a California Non-profit Corporation.”3
These signature lines, however, are left blank—neither these five defendants (nor
any of the other owners of the property) signed the agreement. Jacobs claims, however,
that Locatelli told her when he was signing the agreement that he was authorized to act
on behalf of the other owners. She claims that a written “agency agreement” exists
1
The basic factual summary is taken from Jacobs’s first amended complaint.
2
Technically, in the agreement, the broker is denominated as “Bernice Jacobs
Realty” with Jacobs listed as an agent.
3
For the sake of clarity, we will refer to these five as the “owners,” even though
there were other sellers, besides Locatelli, listed in both the agreement and in Jacobs’s
eventual complaints (See fn. 5, infra.)
2
between Locatelli and the owners, which she contends she will obtain through discovery.
(We also note that the term, “Owner,” is defined in the agreement not just as Locatelli,
but as “John B. Locatelli, Trustee of the John B. Locatelli Trust, et al.”)
Although the owners did not sign the agreement, Jacobs claims that they were
were aware of her retention as a broker and that two individual owners, including Joe
Mendes, acknowledged her employment, were impressed by her performance, and
inquired about working with her on other projects.
After the agreement was finalized, Jacobs began working to market the property.
She spent significant effort in this work, identifying and contacting potential buyers,
working sometimes “12-14 hours per day . . . .” On or about April 15, 2013, Jacobs
contacted an entity called The Trust For Public Land (TPL). She identified herself as the
exclusive broker for the property and exchanged e-mails with Joe Henry, TPL’s director
of acquisitions.
“Within a couple days,” as Jacobs puts it, she called Locatelli to tell him the “good
news” that TPL was interested in buying the property. Locatelli, rather than being
pleased, was angry and asked for the contact information for Joe Henry at TPL.
Locatelli, according to Jacobs, asserted that he had been speaking with TPL for three
years and that he wanted to change the exemption in the agreement from the Open Space
Land Trust to TPL.
Jacobs claims that she investigated what Locatelli had said about his prior contact
with TPL—and that Joe Henry told her that he did not know Locatelli and had never
spoken with him prior to Jacobs’s contacting him. Henry also told Jacobs that he was not
aware the property was for sale until he had been contacted by Jacobs. Locatelli then
called Jacobs and told her that he had instructed TPL not to speak with her about the
property and that TPL was to deal directly with him about the sale. Sometime in 2013,
the owners and TPL entered into an agreement for TPL to buy the property. The sale,
3
however, was never consummated, apparently because issues arose between the owners
and TPL.4
On April 4, 2014, Jacobs filed a complaint against the owners of the property (as
well as TPL). She purported to plead causes of action for breach of contract, breach of
the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, anticipatory breach (implied
repudiation), and specific performance. The owners filed a demurrer to the original
complaint. They argued that, as they had not signed the agreement, Jacobs’s complaint
was barred by the statute of frauds and that any argument that Locatelli signed on their
behalf was foreclosed by the agreement itself and the fact that the property was held as
tenants in common, not by a partnership.
Jacobs opposed, arguing, among other things, that Locatelli signed the agreement
on behalf of the joint venture, which consisted of all of the owners of the property. After
the owners replied, the court sustained the demurrer with leave to amend. The trial court
did not offer any reasoning in its written order, noting only that it had considered the
papers submitted.
On December 18, 2014, Jacobs filed her first amended complaint. Jacobs again
attempted to plead causes of action for breach of contract, breach of the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing, anticipatory breach (implied repudiation), and
specific performance. Jacobs repeated and expanded on her prior allegations, claiming
that the owners were part of a joint venture, the purpose of which was to invest in the
property, which they acquired after foreclosing on the prior owner of the property, to
whom the owners had lent funds.
4
The parties did not below, nor do they here, offer any argument on the question
of whether Jacobs would still be entitled to the commission because of the ultimate
failure of the sale. We therefore will not address this issue.
4
The owners again demurred to the complaint. They argued that Jacobs’s joint
venture allegations did not save her complaint against the statute of frauds because the
agreement did not have a reference to Locatelli’s authority to sign on their behalf or to
the joint venture itself, that multiple beneficiaries under a deed of trust (which they
argued they were) did not constitute a joint venture in any event, that lenders are not joint
venturers, and that Jacobs’s specific performance claim was barred because the
agreement was a personal services contract. Jacobs filed her opposition and the owners
replied.
In an order dated March 5, 2015, the trial court sustained the owners’ demurrer
without leave to amend, again without explaining its reasoning in writing. The only
defendant left in the case was Locatelli.5 A judgment of dismissal was filed on April 8,
2015 and this timely appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Jacobs argues that the trial court should not have sustained the owners’ demurrer
because her joint venture allegations were sufficient to withstand demurrer. The owners
argue, however, that Jacobs’s complaint was barred by the statute of frauds and by the
parol evidence rule (with a passing reference to what they perceive as the weakness of
Jacobs’s factual allegations).6 As we shall explain, we agree with Jacobs that the trial
court’s order was erroneous.
5
It should be noted that Locatelli, along with six other non-signing owners, also
demurred to both complaints, in which Locatelli argued that even he was not bound by
the agreement because his undivided interest in the property could not be sold without the
signature of the others. The trial court overruled Locatelli’s demurrer, but it dismissed
the six non-signing owners, who had made essentially the same arguments on demurrer
as the other five non-signing owners. Although Jacobs’s notice of appeal could possibly
cover the judgment as to these other six non-signing owners, she only appears to directly
challenge the trial court’s ruling as to the five non-signing owners listed above.
6
Although the owners argue that trial court was correct to sustain the demurrer to
the specific performance cause of action, Jacobs does not mention the issue in either of
5
I. Standard Of Review
“On appeal from a judgment dismissing an action after sustaining a demurrer
without leave to amend, the standard of review is well settled. The reviewing court gives
the complaint a reasonable interpretation, and treats the demurrer as admitting all
material facts properly pleaded. (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318 [citation];
Buckaloo v. Johnson (1975) 14 Cal.3d 815, 828 [citation].) The court does not, however,
assume the truth of contentions, deductions or conclusions of law. (Moore v. Regents of
University of California (1990) 51 Cal.3d 120, 125 [citations].) The judgment must be
affirmed ‘if any one of the several grounds of demurrer is well taken. [Citations.]’
(Longshore v. County of Ventura (1979) 25 Cal.3d 14, 21 [citations].) However, it is
error for a trial court to sustain a demurrer when the plaintiff has stated a cause of action
under any possible legal theory. (Barquis v. Merchants Collection Assn. (1972) 7 Cal.3d
94, 103 [citations].)” Aubry v. Tri-City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 962, 966-967.
II. The Statute of Frauds Was Not a Proper Basis For The Owners’ Demurrer
The main dispute between the parties is whether the trial court properly sustained
the demurrer to Jacobs’s contract-based claims because of the statute of frauds. Before
we discuss the relevant law, it is necessary to explain precisely what the agreement
shows.
A plain visual inspection of the document shows that Locatelli’s signature was the
only one, besides that of Jacobs. Right above his signature line is the notation “Owner:
John B. Locatelli, Trustee of the John B. Locatelli Trust,” with his title listed as
“Trustee.” As mentioned above, while there were signature lines for the remaining
her appellate briefs. In fact, Jacobs leaves unaddressed the owners’ argument that any
challenge to the trial court’s ruling on the specific performance cause of action has been
waived. We will therefore treat the issue as waived and the trial court’s order in this
respect will be left undisturbed.
6
owners, they were left blank. However, at the very top of the agreement, “Owner” is
defined (with emphasis added) as “John B. Locatelli, Trustee of the John B. Locatelli
Trust, et al.” “Et al.” clearly means, in this context, “and others.” (Webster’s 3d New
Internat. Dict. (1993) p. 779.)
The owners argue that the issue presented here is straightforward—they did not
sign the agreement to pay Jacobs a commission and they therefore cannot be bound by it.
This argument has some surface appeal. As our Supreme Court stated nearly 30 years
ago, “[a] broker’s real estate commissions agreement is invalid [citation] unless the
agreement ‘or some note or memorandum thereof, is in writing and subscribed by the
party to be charged or by the party’s agent.’ ” (Phillippe v. Shappell Indus. (1987) 43
Cal.3d 1247, 1258 (Phillippe) [citing former Civ. Code 1624, subd. (d).)7 Our Supreme
Court has emphatically stated that it is “not unfair to require licensed brokers to comply
with the statute of frauds,” especially in light of the licensing and educational
requirements applicable to brokers as a matter of law. (Id. at p. 1267.)
The “courts have long had little sympathy for the broker who fails to adhere to the
statute of frauds.” (Phillippe, supra, 43 Cal.3d at p. 1261.) Even where unfairness
results, the statute of frauds has been enforced. (Ibid.) The statute of frauds is so strong
in this context that the only manner in which a defendant may be estopped from asserting
the defense is if there is a “showing of actual fraud by the party to be charged . . . .” (Id.
at p. 1264.)
7
The relevant statute is now at Civil Code section 1624, subdivision (a)(4), and
provides that “an agreement authorizing or employing an agent, broker, or any other
person to purchase or sell real estate, or to lease real estate for a longer period than one
year, or to procure, introduce or find a purchaser or seller of real estate where the lease is
for a longer period than one year, for compensation or for commission” is invalid unless
it is in “writing and subscribed by the party to be charged or by the party’s agent.”
All further statutory references are to the Civil Code unless otherwise noted.
7
Jacobs alleges in her complaint that “Locatelli told [her], at the time he executed
the [a]greement, that he was authorized to act on behalf of all” the owners. Seizing on
this allegation that Jacobs did not have written proof of Locatelli’s supposed agency at
the time the listing agreement was signed, the owners assert the relevancy of the equal
dignities rule, a close relative of the statute of frauds. This rule “is embodied in
section 2309 of the Civil Code and reads as follows: ‘An oral authorization is sufficient
for any purpose, except that an authority to enter into a contract required by law to be in
writing can only be given by an instrument in writing.’ ” (McGirr v. Gulf Oil Corp.
(1974) 41 Cal.App.3d 246, 254.)
Despite the attention they are paid by the owners, however, neither the statute of
frauds itself (as expressed in Phillippe) nor the equal dignities rule is directly applicable
here. The owners entirely ignore the fact that Jacobs does specifically allege that a
“written agency agreement exists between [Locatelli]” and the owners. Instead of
dealing with this allegation in their appellate brief, the owners, within the space of a few
sentences, skip from discussing the requirement of a written authorization between the
owners and Locatelli to the entirely distinct issue of whether Jacobs had to be in
possession of Locatelli’s authorization itself (an argument left undeveloped and for which
the owners provide us no analysis). In any event, if true, Jacobs’s allegation satisfied the
equal dignities rule with respect to Locatelli’s authorization from the other owners.8
The real issue is whether Jacobs’s allegation that Locatelli signed on behalf of the
other owners, who formed a joint venture, is sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds.
8
We note as an aside Locatelli may not necessarily have had to have a written
authorization from the other owners if it could be proven that the authority existed within
the ordinary course of the joint venture alleged by Jacobs to exist. “Any partner can
execute any contract or other instrument in the ordinary course of the partnership
business, and the partnership is bound by the contract even though the contract is within
the statute of frauds and the partner’s authority is not in writing.” (1 Miller & Starr, Cal.
Real Estate (4th Ed. 2015), Contract Law, § 1:94, p. 1-360, fn. omitted.)
8
Although Locatelli tried to argue that even he was not liable to pay the commission, an
argument the trial court rejected, the crux of this dispute is the effect of Jacobs’s
allegation that Locatelli signed on behalf of the other owners. This takes us into another
realm, which is the applicability of the statute of frauds to the identity of parties to an
agreement, an issue neither party briefed entirely adequately on appeal.
We note here that our Supreme Court has adopted a pragmatic approach to this
question—and it did so in a decision published approximately two decades after the
decision in Phillippe. (See Sterling v. Taylor (2007) 40 Cal.4th 757 (Sterling).) As was
stated in that case: “ ‘The Statute of Frauds was not enacted to afford persons a means of
evading just obligations; nor was it intended to supply a cloak of immunity to hedging
litigants lacking integrity; nor was it adopted to enable defendants to interpose the Statute
as a bar to a contract fairly, and admittedly, made. . . . Therefore, if after a consideration
of the surrounding circumstances, the pertinent facts and all the evidence in a particular
case, the court concludes that enforcement of the agreement will not subject the
defendant to fraudulent claims, the purpose of the Statute will best be served by holding
the note or memorandum sufficient even though it is ambiguous or incomplete.’(10
Williston on Contracts (4th ed. 1999) § 29:4, pp. 437-438, fns. omitted.)” (Id. pp. 770-
771, fn. omitted.)
As a result of Sterling, it is indisputably the law that “when ambiguous terms in a
memorandum are disputed, extrinsic evidence is admissible to resolve the uncertainty.”
(Sterling, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 767.) The agreement must still provide the essential
terms, and it is “clear that extrinsic evidence cannot supply those required terms.” (Ibid.)
“It can, however, be used to explain essential terms that were understood by the parties
but would otherwise be unintelligible to others.” (Ibid.)
We are of the view that the trial court should have allowed the case to proceed so
that Jacobs could introduce extrinsic evidence of the manner in which Locatelli signed
9
the agreement and that its failure to do so runs afoul of the Supreme Court’s pragmatic
approach to the statute of frauds as set forth in Sterling. While it is true that Locatelli did
not explicitly indicate in the agreement that he was signing as an agent for any other
entity or individual, it is also true that the agreement specified that there were multiple
owners, which could be interpreted as referring to all of the members of the joint venture
which Jacobs claims exists. In Sterling itself, for example, the Supreme Court allowed
extrinsic evidence to show that a person who signed the agreement was in fact an agent of
the entity which owned the property, even though the entity’s name was entirely missing
from the agreement and the contract did not state that the signatory was signing as an
agent for that missing entity. (Sterling, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 773.)
This conclusion is further buttressed by Jacobs’s allegations that two of the non-
signing owners treated her as their broker after the agreement was signed. “It is a
‘cardinal rule of construction that when a contract is ambiguous or uncertain the practical
construction placed upon it by the parties before any controversy arises as to its meaning
affords one of the most reliable means of determining the intent of the parties.’ (Bohman
v. Berg (1960) 54 Cal.2d 787, 795 . . . .) The same rule governs the interpretation of a
memorandum under the statute of frauds. [Citations.]” (Sterling, supra, 40 Cal.4th at
pp. 772-773.) Here, the trial court’s ruling ended Jacobs’s case—even in the face of the
potentiality that the non-signing owners acknowledged that Jacobs was their broker.
Especially if there is a written agreement between Locatelli and the other owners
allowing him to act as their agent with respect to Jacobs, it is very difficult to see how the
owners will be subject to a fraudulent claim by Jacobs.
The correctness of this result is also exemplified by a case which the owners argue
is “similar to the case at bar,” Elias Real Estate, LLC v. Tseng (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th
425 (Elias.) In that case, the trial court granted specific performance to a buyer of real
estate. (Id. at p. 429.) The appellate court reversed because the sale contract had only
10
been signed by one brother to a partnership and there was “absolutely no evidence
admitted at trial that the [brother/partners] had executed a written authorization with
respect to the sale of the [p]roperty”—so the buyer’s action was barred by the statute of
frauds. (Id. at p. 430.) As this quotation shows, Elias involved an appeal from a trial in
which all of the evidence was available to the appellate court for consideration. (Ibid.) If
anything, Elias stands for the proposition that the trial court’s sustaining of the owners’
demurrer was erroneous because it prohibited the hearing of any evidence at all. We do
not believe that the statute of frauds justified the trial court’s order.
III. The Terms Of The Agreement Do Not Bar Jacobs’s Claims
As the above discussion makes clear, there is a close relationship between the
parol evidence rule and the statute of frauds, although they are in fact separate. Having
discarded the owners’ arguments about the statute of frauds, we now turn to their
apparent argument that, because the agreement was fully integrated, Jacobs’s claims were
barred by the parol evidence rule itself.
The owners argue that paragraph 20 of the agreement constitutes a complete
integration of the contract and that any evidence of what Locatelli might have told Jacobs
prior to or at the signing of the agreement cannot now be used to argue that they, in
addition to Locatelli, are beholden to pay her under the agreement. That paragraph, in
relevant part, reads as follows: “20. ENTIRE CONTRACT: All prior discussions,
negotiations, and agreements between the parties concerning the subject matter of this
Listing Agreement are superseded by this Listing Agreement, which constitutes the entire
contract and a complete and exclusive expression of their agreement, and may not be
contradicted by evidence of any oral agreement or contemporaneous oral agreement.”
A basic statement of the parol evidence rule is set forth in the Code of Civil
Procedure: “Terms set forth in a writing intended by the parties as a final expression of
their agreement with respect to the terms included therein may not be contradicted by
11
evidence of a prior agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement.” (Code Civ.
Proc., § 1856, subd. (a).) “Thus, if there has been a legally effective act . . . the
exclusionary aspect of the parol evidence rule comes into operation where the parties
have adopted a writing or writings as a final and complete expression of their
understanding.” (2 Witkin, Cal. Evidence (5th Ed. 2012), Documentary Evidence, § 66,
p. 207.) If a contract sets forth the entire agreement of the parties, it is said to be
“integrated.” (See Burch v. Premier Homes, LLC (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 730, 742.)
We do not believe that the parol evidence rule provided a sufficient basis for the
owners’ demurrer because we do not believe that any term of the agreement is
contradicted by Jacobs’s allegations. “ ‘[T]he rule is well settled that where a reading of
a simple contract, however inartificially it may be drawn, discloses that it is executed for
or on behalf of a principal, or discloses an intent to bind such principal, or even leaves the
matter one of doubt, parol evidence may be employed to determine whose contract it is,
and this even in cases where the instrument is sufficiently clear in its terms to bind the
agent. This is not contradicting by parol the terms of a written instrument, for, as has
been said, “It is no contradiction of a contract, which is silent as to the fact, to prove that
a party is acting therein not on his own behalf, but for another. ‘This does not deny,’
[citation] ‘that it is binding on those whom, on the face of it, it purports to bind; but
shows that it also binds another, by reason that the act of the agent, in signing the
agreement in pursuance of his authority, is in law the act of the principal.’ ” [Citation.]’ ”
(Greenwood v. Mooradian (1955) 137 Cal.App.2d 532, 543-544, quoting Southern Pac.
Co. v. Von Schmidt Dredge Co. (1897) 118 Cal. 368, 371, italics added.)9
9
See also Zelkin v. Caruso Discount Corp. (1960) 186 Cal.App.2d 802, 806-807
[“Defendants next contend that the judgment is erroneous in that, of the eight defendants,
only Caruso Discount Corporation executed the written contract upon which this suit was
brought. However, it clearly appears from the evidence that from the outset plaintiff was
employed to represent all of the defendants and it further appears that it was the intention
of the parties that the retainer agreement should encompass his services in relation to all
12
The owners do not successfully point to a single provision of the agreement which
is contradicted by Jacobs’s allegations. Their only attempt is to point to paragraph 5 of
the agreement, which, though we mentioned it above, we now quote: “5. OWNERSHIP,
TITLE, AND AUTHORITY. Owner warrants that: (i) Owner is the owner of the
Property; (ii) no other persons or entities have title to the Property, and (iii) Owner has
the authority to both execute this Listing Agreement and transfer the Property.”
The owners argue that paragraph 5 makes it clear that only the owner, “as
defined,” has the authority to execute the agreement and that there were no exceptions
which would have allowed Locatelli to sign on behalf of any other owners. But they
curiously do not go on to say how the term is in fact, defined. As we have mentioned, the
term “Owner” is defined as“John B. Locatelli, Trustee of the John B. Locatelli Trust, et
al.” Given the ambiguity of what was meant by “et al.” we do not believe that Jacob’s
allegation that Locatelli signed on behalf of the other owners or on behalf of the joint
venture between all of the owners of the property would necessarily contradict the terms
of the agreement. We therefore do not believe that the parol evidence rule, even apart
from the statute of frauds, stands as a bar to Jacobs’s claims against the owners.10
eight defendants. The identities of the real parties in interest under the contract were
clearly revealed by parol evidence [citations] and, furthermore, each of the defendants
had executed a power of attorney appointing the plaintiff as their agent to negotiate with
the Treasury Department. That it was intended that these several contracts should cover
plaintiff's employment was clearly developed at the trial. [Citation.] Thus, all of the
defendants were, in effect, parties to the written agreement and the judgment against
them was proper in this respect.”]
10
We also reject the owners’ argument that Jacobs has failed to allege the
existence of a joint venture. We note that the owners’ argument on this point seems to
specifically urge that the trial court was correct in weighing “circumstantial evidence.”
That, of course, is not the trial court’s role when presented with a demurrer. In any event,
there are only three elements to show the existence of a joint venture, which are similar to
a general partnership: (1) joint interest in a common business; (2) with an understanding
to share profits and losses; and (3) a right to joint control. (See 580 Folsom Assocs. v.
13
DISPOSITION
The judgment of dismissal is reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court
for further proceedings consistent with the views expressed herein. Costs on appeal are
awarded to Jacobs.
______________________________________
RUSHING, P.J.
WE CONCUR:
____________________________________
PREMO, J.
____________________________________
ELIA, J.
Prometheus Dev. Co. (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1, 15-16.) We have reviewed Jacobs’s
complaint and find that she has alleged the existence of such a joint venture. (See also 1
Miller & Starr, Cal. Real Estate (4th Ed. 2015), Contract Law, § 1:95, p. 1-367 [joint
ventures treated substantially similarly to general partnerships].)
14
Trial Court: Santa Cruz County Superior Court
Superior Court No.: CV179082
Trial Judge: The Honorable Paul M. Marigonda
Attorneys for Plaintiff and Appellant Hoge, Fenton, Jones & Appel, Inc.
Bernice Jacobs:
David W. Ballesteros
Martin F. Kopp
Attorneys for Defendants and Respondents Law Offices of Glen H. Olives
John B. Locatelli, as Trustee, etc., et al.:
Glen H. Olives
15