Millar v. Fogh CA2/2 ( 2013 )

Filed 4/9/13 Millar v. Fogh CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
DARREN MILLAR et al., B238022
Plaintiffs and Respondents, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC462905)
v.
CODY FOGH et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEALS from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Daniel J.
Buckley, Judge. Reversed and remanded.
Nemecek & Cole, Jonathan B. Cole, Mark Schaeffer, and Michael W. Feenberg
for Defendants and Appellants Steven M. Rubin and The Rubin Law Corporation.
Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, Raul L. Martinez and Kenneth C. Feldman for
Defendant and Appellant James H. Cordes.
Law Office of Greg Ozhekim and Greg Ozhekim for Defendant and Appellant
Cody Fogh.
Parcells Law Firm, Dayton B. Parcells III; Lee Litigation and Lisa W. Lee for
Plaintiffs and Respondents.
__________________________
This appeal involves a malicious prosecution claim. In the underlying case,
defendant and appellant Cody Fogh (Fogh) sued his former employer and its executives,
plaintiffs and respondents Los Angeles Film Schools, LLC doing business as the
Los Angles Film School, Los Angeles Recording School, LLC, Darren Millar and Rita
Sawyer (collectively the School), for six wage and hour violations, defamation and false
light. After Fogh voluntarily dismissed his defamation and false light claims and
prevailed at trial on his wage and hour claims, the School sued Fogh and his attorneys,
defendants and appellants Steven M. Rubin and the Rubin Law Corporation (Rubin) and
James H. Cordes (Cordes) (collectively defendants), for malicious prosecution based on
the defamation and false light claims. Defendants separately filed special motions to
strike under Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16, the ―anti-SLAPP statute.‖1 The trial
court denied all three motions and defendants appeal this ruling.
We reverse. We conclude that the School has not shown a probability of
prevailing on its malicious prosecution claim because the entire underlying case was not
terminated in its favor.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Underlying Case
Fogh was an admissions representative at the School until he was fired on
April 24, 2009. The next day he and four of his former coworkers consulted Rubin about
filing wage and hour claims against the School. On May 28, 2009, Rubin, on behalf of
Fogh, filed a complaint against the School alleging six wage and hour claims, plus
wrongful termination, defamation and false light. The School filed a demurrer to the
1 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise
indicated.
SLAPP is an acronym for strategic lawsuits against public participation. An order
granting or denying a special motion to strike under section 425.16 is directly appealable.
(§§ 425.16, subd. (i), 904.1, subd. (a)(13).)
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defamation and false light claims, which was granted with leave to amend. Fogh filed a
first amended complaint (FAC) on February 24, 2010.
On March 16, 2010, Cordes associated in as cocounsel with Rubin.
In April 2010, the School filed a demurrer to the FAC, which was set for hearing
on June 18, 2010. Meanwhile, at Fogh‘s deposition on May 26, 2010, Cordes informed
the School‘s attorney, Dayton B. Parcells III (Parcells), that Fogh was going to dismiss
his defamation and false light claims. Parcells responded, ―So with respect to the
demurrer we have pending, I can represent to the Court that that can be taken off
calendar?‖ Cordes responded affirmatively.
On June 2, 2010, Cordes filed a request for dismissal with prejudice of the
defamation and false light claims (as well as the wrongful termination claim), and served
it by mail on Parcells. The dismissal was filed 16 days before the scheduled hearing on
the demurrer and five days before the oppositions were due. The record contains a copy
of the request for dismissal, which shows that it was entered and filed by the court clerk
on June 2, 2010.
In light of the dismissal, defendants did not file any oppositions to the demurrer or
attend the hearing. Parcells attended the demurrer hearing. When the trial court stated
that it had not received any opposition, Parcells responded that he had not received any
either, and he made no reference to Cordes‘s representation that a request for dismissal
would be filed. The trial court stated that it was going to sustain the demurrer with leave
to amend. After Parcells emphasized three times that the demurrer was unopposed and
stated that the trial date was approaching, the court changed its ruling to sustain without
leave to amend.
The case proceeded to a bench trial on Fogh‘s six wage and hour claims. The trial
court granted judgment in favor of Fogh in the amount of $18,388 and awarded Fogh
attorney fees and costs of approximately $100,000.2
2 The School appealed this judgment. Rubin and Cordes represented Fogh on
appeal. We affirmed the judgment (Fogh v. Los Angeles Film Schools (Dec. 18, 2012)
B230920 [nonpub. opn.]).
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Malicious Prosecution Complaint
On June 6, 2011, the School sued defendants for malicious prosecution for filing
and prosecuting the defamation and false light claims. The School‘s complaint alleged
that defendants‘ pleadings—original complaint, FAC and answers to interrogatories—all
failed to state the dates of any oral or written defamatory material or the identity of any
one to whom it was published; defendants failed to produce any defamatory publication
in response to document requests; Fogh testified in his May 26, 2010, deposition that he
spoke to his friend and coworker who had not heard any defamatory statements about
him; and Fogh testified at trial on August 25, 2010, that his claims against defendant Rita
Sawyer were ―baseless.‖ The School sought compensatory and punitive damages.
Anti-SLAPP Motions and Supporting Evidence
Defendants‘ anti-SLAPP motions argued that the School could not establish a
probability of prevailing on its malicious prosecution claim because it could not meet
each of the required elements. The attorney defendants also argued that the School‘s
complaint was barred by section 340.6‘s one-year statute of limitations for actions against
attorneys. And Fogh argued that he was entitled to rely on the advice of counsel defense.
Defendants each submitted a declaration and numerous exhibits. Their evidence
showed that when Rubin first met with Fogh and some of Fogh‘s former coworkers, 3
Rubin learned the following: On April 22, 2009, two days before Fogh was fired, two
other admissions representatives were fired. In announcing the termination, plaintiffs
Darren Millar and Rita Sawyer called a meeting of the entire admissions team and made
known that these employees were being fired for engaging in improper internet use and
extracting proprietary information for the apparent purpose of harming the School and
sharing the information with competitor schools. This information was false. On the day
3 These and other former coworkers of Fogh also became clients of Rubin and
Cordes, and have pending wage and hour cases against the School. At least two of these
cases also alleged claims for defamation and false light, and the School‘s demurrers to
these claims, which were essentially identical to its demurrers in the underlying case,
were overruled.
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Fogh was fired, Rita Sawyer sent an e-mail to the entire admissions department, entitled
―Where is Cody?‖ The e-mail stated that Cody was no longer employed for the ―same
policy infractions we saw earlier in the week.‖ The allegations against Fogh were false
and he believed they damaged his professional reputation. Almost none of the recipients
of the e-mail participated in Fogh‘s termination and had no reason to know the
circumstances of his leaving.
Defendants‘ evidence also established that prior to Fogh‘s deposition on May 26,
2010, Rubin, Cordes and Fogh made the strategic decision to dismiss Fogh‘s defamation,
false light and wrongful termination claims because Fogh did not want the School to
delve into his private life or attempt to interfere with his subsequent employment by
conducting discovery with his new employer. Fogh wanted to avoid discovery pertaining
to issues of mitigation, emotional distress, postwork activity and his personal reputation
before and after publication of the alleged defamatory material. Dismissing these claims
would not only protect Fogh‘s privacy, but would prevent any distraction from the wage
and hour claims. At all times, defendants believed the defamation and false light claims
were meritorious.
Defendants also produced additional trial testimony by Fogh, in which he stated
that he believed he had good grounds for filing the underlying case.
Opposition
In opposing defendants‘ anti-SLAPP motions, the School also submitted
declarations and numerous exhibits. Both Darren Millar and Rita Sawyer denied making
any defamatory statements about Fogh. Parcells declared that he did not receive a copy
of the request for dismissal until June 25, 2010, when he was served by defendants with a
copy that did not show entry of dismissal. The School also produced Fogh‘s discovery
responses, which made no mention or production of the ―Where is Cody?‖ e-mail.
Ruling
After taking the matter under submission, the trial court sustained nearly all of
defendants‘ objections to the School‘s declarations and denied all three anti-SLAPP
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motions. The court found there were factual disputes as to whether the School could
show a probability of prevailing on its malicious prosecution claim.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
There are two components to a motion to strike brought under section 425.16.
(City of Alhambra v. D’Ausilio (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 1301, 1306.) First, the party
challenging the lawsuit has the burden to show that the cause of action arises from an act
in furtherance of the right of petition or free speech as defined by section 425.16. (Zamos
v. Stroud (2004) 32 Cal.4th 958, 965; Equilon Enterprises v. Consumer Cause, Inc.
(2002) 29 Cal.4th 53, 67.) If that showing is made, the burden shifts to the complaining
party to demonstrate a probability of prevailing on the claim. (Zamos v. Stroud, supra, at
p. 965; City of Cotati v. Cashman (2002) 29 Cal.4th 69, 76.) To satisfy this prong, the
plaintiff ―‗must demonstrate that the complaint is both legally sufficient and supported by
a sufficient prima facie showing of facts to sustain a favorable judgment if the evidence
submitted by the plaintiff is credited.‘‖ (Wilson v. Parker, Covert & Chidester (2002) 28
Cal.4th 811, 821; see also DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co. v. Superior Court (2000)
78 Cal.App.4th 562, 568 [to establish a probability of prevailing, a plaintiff must
substantiate each element of the alleged cause of action through competent, admissible
evidence].) We independently review the record to determine whether the asserted cause
of action arises from the defendant‘s protected activity, and, if so, whether the plaintiff
has shown a probability of prevailing. (Soukup v. Law Offices of Herbert Hafif (2006) 39
Cal.4th 260, 269, fn. 3; City of Alhambra v. D’Ausilio, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1306.)
II. Issue on Appeal
It is well established, and the School concedes, that malicious prosecution claims
fall with section 425.16 because they challenge a party‘s protected right to file and
prosecute a lawsuit. (Soukup v. Law Offices of Herbert Hafif, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 291
[―The filing of lawsuits is an aspect of the First Amendment right of petition‖]; Jarrow
Formulas, Inc. v. La Marche (2003) 31 Cal.4th 728, 735 [―By definition, a malicious
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prosecution suit alleges that the defendant committed a tort by filing a lawsuit‖].)
Because defendants therefore met their burden under the first prong, the issue on appeal
is whether the School met its burden of producing sufficient evidence to demonstrate a
probability of prevailing on its malicious prosecution claim.
III. No Probability of Prevailing
―To establish a cause of action for malicious prosecution, a plaintiff must
demonstrate that the prior action (1) was initiated by or at the direction of the defendant
and legally terminated in the plaintiff‘s favor; (2) was brought without probable cause;
and (3) was initiated with malice.‖ (Siebel v. Mittlesteadt (2007) 41 Cal.4th 735, 740
(Siebel).) If the plaintiff cannot establish any one of these three elements, the malicious
prosecution claim fails. (StaffPro, Inc. v. Elite Show Services, Inc. (2006) 136
Cal.App.4th 1392, 1398 (StaffPro).)
Defendants contend the School cannot prevail on its malicious prosecution claim
because the entire underlying case was not terminated in the School‘s favor. We agree.
―Favorable termination ‗is an essential element of the tort of malicious prosecution, and it
is strictly enforced.‘‖ (StaffPro, supra, 136 Cal.App.4th at p. 1400.)
―To determine whether a party has received a favorable termination, we consider
―‗the judgment as a whole in the prior action . . . .‖ [Citation.]‘ [Citation.] Victory
following a trial on the merits is not required. Rather, ―‗the termination must reflect the
merits of the action and the plaintiff‘s innocence of the misconduct alleged in the
lawsuit.‖ [Citation.]‘‖ (Siebel, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 741.) ――‗The theory underlying
the requirement of favorable termination is that it tends to indicate the innocence of the
accused, . . .‘ [Citation.] Thus, ―[i]t is hornbook law that the plaintiff in a malicious
prosecution action must plead and prove that the prior judicial proceeding of which he
complains terminated in his favor.‖ [Citation.]‘ [Citation.]‖ (Ibid.)
It is undisputed that Fogh prevailed at trial on his six wage and hour claims.
Because our Supreme Court has established the rule that ―there must first be a favorable
termination of the entire action,‖ to maintain a malicious prosecution suit (Crowley v.
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Katleman (1994) 8 Cal.4th 666, 686), the School cannot satisfy its burden of showing a
favorable termination on the merits of the entire underlying action.
The School contends that it need not show that it prevailed on the entire
underlying case. It argues that Fogh‘s six wage and hour claims involved facts and
circumstances that occurred during his employment, while the defamation and false light
claims involved facts and circumstances that occurred after he was fired. According to
the School, the defamation and false light causes of action therefore may be severed from
the other six causes of action on which Fogh prevailed. This severability argument has
been rejected by our Supreme Court.
In Crowley v. Katleman, supra, 8 Cal.4th 666 (Crowley), our Supreme Court noted
that the argument advanced by the School confuses the elements of favorable termination
with probable cause. While a malicious prosecution suit may be maintained where only
one of several claims in the prior action lacked probable cause, the issue of probable
cause (i.e., did the defendant have a reasonable belief in the truth of the allegations) arises
only after the judgment has been reached in the plaintiff‘s favor in the prior action as a
whole. (Crowley, supra, at p. 686; StaffPro, supra, 136 Cal.App.4th at p. 1406 & fn. 14,
quoting Crowley and noting that Crowley specifically addressed the evaluation of the
favorable termination element of a malicious prosecution tort where the underlying
lawsuit contained multiple causes of action; Casa Herrera, Inc. v. Beydoun (2004) 32
Cal.4th 336, 341 [―To determine ‗whether there was a favorable termination,‘ we ‗look at
the judgment as a whole in the prior action . . . .‘‖].) As stated in StaffPro: ―[T]he
severability analysis implicit in [certain cases] is inapplicable to the favorable termination
element of the malicious prosecution tort. . . . [F]or purposes of determining favorable
termination, ―‗―[t]he court in the action for malicious prosecution will not make a
separate investigation and retry each separate allegation without reference to the result of
the previous suit as a whole . . . .‖‘‖ (Crowley, at p. 684, italics added.) Instead,
―‗consideration should be given to the judgment as a whole‘‖ as it is ―‗the decree or
judgment itself in the former action [that] is the criterion by which to determine who was
the successful party in such proceeding.‘‖ [Citation.] Thus, the severability analysis that
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StaffPro urges us to apply in the instant case has been explicitly rejected by our Supreme
Court, which requires instead that we look to the judgment in the underlying action ―‗as a
whole.‘‖ (Crowley, supra, 8 Cal.4th at pp. 684–685.)‖ (StaffPro, supra, 136 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 1402–1403, fns. omitted.)
Neither of the two cases on which the School relies is persuasive. Tabaz v. Cal
Fed Finance (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 789 was decided prior to Crowley. And Franklin
Mint Co. v. Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 313, 333 dealt only
with the probable cause element.
Because the School cannot meet the first element of showing that the entire
underlying case was terminated in its favor, we need not address the remaining elements
of the School‘s malicious prosecution action.
DISPOSITION
The order denying the anti-SLAAP motions is reversed. The trial court is directed
to enter a new order granting the motions. Defendants are entitled to recover their
attorney fees and costs, including those on appeal, in an amount to be determined by the
trial court on remand. (Vergos v. McNeal (2007) 146 Cal.App.4th 1387, 1405; Seelig v.
Infinity Broadcasting Corp. (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 798, 812–813; Evans v. Unkow
(1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 1490, 1499–1500.)
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
______________________________, J.
ASHMANN-GERST
We concur:
_______________________________, P. J.
BOREN
_______________________________, J.
CHAVEZ
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