In re Q.M. CA2/3 ( 2022 )


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  • Filed 5/18/22 In re Q.M. CA2/3
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
    California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
    not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion
    has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
    DIVISION THREE
    In re Q.M. et al., Persons Coming                                       B313171
    Under the Juvenile Court Law.
    _____________________________________
    LOS ANGELES COUNTY                                                      (Los Angeles County
    DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND                                              Super. Ct. No. DK12546C-D)
    FAMILY SERVICES,
    Plaintiff and Respondent,
    v.
    PAMELA M.,
    Defendant and Appellant.
    APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles
    County, Michael C. Kelley, Judge. Affirmed.
    Suzanne M. Nicholson, under appointment by the Court of
    Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
    Rodrigo A. Castro-Silva, County Counsel, Kim Nemoy,
    Assistant County Counsel, Kimberly Roura, Deputy County
    Counsel for Plaintiff and Respondent.
    ‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
    Pamela M. (mother) appeals from orders of the juvenile
    court terminating parental rights to two of her four children.
    Mother contends the juvenile court erred by finding that the
    Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services
    (DCFS) adequately investigated the children’s possible Indian
    ancestry, as required by the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)
    (
    25 U.S.C. § 1901
     et seq.) and related state statutes. We find no
    error, and thus we will affirm.
    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    Mother and James M. (father) have four children: K.M.
    (born in Aug. 2006), James M. (born in Feb. 2008), Q.M. (born in
    April 2010), and P.M. (born in Dec. 2013). This appeal concerns
    only Q.M. and P.M.
    A.    Investigation and detention.
    On October 22, 2015, DCFS filed a dependency petition
    alleging that the children came under the jurisdiction of the
    juvenile court pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code1 section
    300, subdivisions (b) and (j). The petition alleged that K.M. had a
    psychiatric condition for which the parents failed to obtain
    necessary treatment (counts b-1, j-1); father had mental and
    emotional problems, including paranoid delusions, which
    prevented him from safely caring for the children (count b-2); and
    mother and father had failed to provide appropriate care and
    supervision of the children (counts b-3, j-2). The petition
    subsequently was amended to add additional counts alleging that
    K.M. had marks on his body consistent with having been hit with
    1     All subsequent statutory references are to the Welfare and
    Institutions Code.
    2
    a switch (counts b-4, j-3), and mother and father had a history of
    arguments and physical altercations in the children’s presence
    (count b-5).
    The October 2015 detention report stated that the family
    had come to the attention of DCFS because nine-year-old K.M.
    had become catatonic and lost control of his movements. Because
    K.M.’s medical tests were normal, he had been transferred to the
    psychiatric unit at the UCLA Medical Center. The parents
    discharged K.M. after two nights against medical advice, stating
    that “ ‘the devil’ ” was in him and they would conduct an
    exorcism. UCLA staff reported that father had symptoms of
    paranoia and schizophrenia, as evidenced by his statements that
    he was in communication with President Barak Obama, First
    Lady Michelle Obama, and Attorney General Eric Holder, headed
    a large non-profit corporation, and was the head of the United
    States mafia. Mother said she would not encourage father to
    seek mental health services because “ ‘that is the way he is.’ ”
    Mother and father both told DCFS that ICWA did not apply.
    On October 22, 2015, both parents completed and signed
    ICWA-020 forms. Mother stated that she had “no Indian
    ancestry as far as I know”; father stated he “may have Indian
    ancestry” through a Cherokee tribe.
    At the October 22, 2015 detention hearing, the court
    ordered all four children detained from the parents and placed in
    foster care. When father heard that his children would be
    detained, he responded that he would leave the courtroom to take
    care of paperwork because “I deal with the President of the
    United States . . . about the White House prophesy.” After a
    break, the court noted that father “is in extreme distress and he
    is not responding to my questions.” The court then asked father
    3
    whether he had Indian ancestry; father did not respond, but his
    lawyer said father “indicated that he may have some Cherokee. I
    believe he has got family in Louisiana. They would probably best
    be able to tell us.” The court asked father to provide his lawyer
    and the social worker with any information relevant to father’s
    possible Indian ancestry, and it then found there was “reason to
    believe that this may be an ICWA case and [the court] is going to
    order the Department to do further investigation based upon
    [father’s] responses to his [ICWA] questionnaire and the
    indication that family members in Louisiana may have more
    information about their Indian status.”
    B.    Jurisdiction, disposition, and initial appeal.
    A contested jurisdiction hearing took place in September
    2016. The juvenile court dismissed two counts of the petition and
    sustained the remaining counts as amended. Subsequently, in
    January 2017, the juvenile court entered a disposition order
    requiring both parents to submit to Evidence Code section 730
    evaluations, participate in individual counseling, and complete
    parenting classes and domestic violence programs.
    Mother and father appealed from the jurisdiction and
    disposition orders, raising only ICWA issues. While the appeal
    was pending, the parties stipulated to a conditional affirmance
    and limited remand with directions to the juvenile court to order
    DCFS to further investigate father’s claims of Cherokee Indian
    heritage and, if appropriate, to provide proper ICWA notice. This
    court accepted the parties’ stipulation and ordered a conditional
    affirmance and remand on June 23, 2017.
    4
    C.    Additional ICWA inquiry; termination of
    parents’ reunification services.
    On November 28, 2016, a dependency investigator
    contacted mother regarding ICWA. Mother said her family had
    no Indian ancestry. Mother then asked father about his family;
    father “replied that the family did not have any Indian American
    heritage and that he has said no before when he was asked that
    question.”
    On July 3, 2017, the juvenile court noted its receipt of the
    remittitur from the Court of Appeal and ordered DCFS to
    investigate father’s claim of Cherokee heritage by interviewing
    the parents and any known relatives and providing ICWA notice
    to the appropriate tribes, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the
    Department of the Interior.
    On August 31, 2017, the children’s social worker (CSW)
    attempted to meet with the parents to have them sign an ICWA-
    020 form. However, the parents texted that they wanted to
    reschedule so they could first speak to their lawyers. They later
    sent the CSW the following text: “ ‘Do Cherokee have anything to
    do with our children coming home. If so we don’t want anything
    to do with that.’ ” On September 5, 2017, mother told the CSW
    that “ ‘the Indian ancestry came back negative.’ ” When the CSW
    said she had to provide notice to the tribes if there was any
    possibility of Indian ancestry, mother said she and father would
    discuss it with their attorneys. The parents never again made
    themselves available to DCFS to discuss the family’s possible
    Indian ancestry.
    On November 3, 2017, father’s counsel requested an
    expedited investigation into the suitability of placing the children
    5
    with paternal aunt Reba M. in Louisiana. An address and
    telephone number for Reba were provided.
    Sometime prior to March 2018, the parents moved to
    Louisiana, and later to Mississippi. Their last visit with the
    children was in October 2017, and they thereafter telephoned the
    children only intermittently.
    Neither parent was present at the July 5, 2018 status
    review hearing.2 Through their counsel, both parents objected to
    termination of family reunification services. The juvenile court
    found that the parents had made minimal progress towards
    alleviating the causes of DCFS’s intervention, terminated the
    parents’ reunification services, and set a section 366.26 hearing
    for November 2018. With regard to ICWA, the court asked
    counsel whether either parent had contacted them regarding
    ICWA, and both counsel confirmed they had not. The court noted
    that the parents “are not cooperating with the Department with
    reference to the Department’s efforts to get the ICWA-020 form
    and its information to send appropriate notice. So at this time,
    I am ordering the Department to notice the appropriate tribes as
    well as the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Secretary of Interior,
    and that notice must be done prior to any . . . other hearings.”
    On August 16, 2018, DCFS filed a “Last Minute
    Information for the Court” repeating the details of the CSW’s
    conversations with the parents regarding ICWA.
    2     The July 5, 2018 hearing was nominally a 12-month review
    hearing, but it took place more than two years after the children
    were detained and nearly 18 months after the disposition
    hearing.
    6
    In November 2018, a CSW tried unsuccessfully to reach
    mother and father by calling numerous past or potential
    telephone numbers. Letters and blank ICWA-030 forms were
    mailed to five possible addresses for the parents but were not
    returned. On November 26 and December 21, 2018, and January
    14, 2019, a CSW called a new telephone number for the parents
    and left messages, but she did not receive a return phone call.
    On November 2, 2018, DCFS reported that the
    investigation into the possibility of placing the children with
    paternal aunt Reba had closed. A Louisiana social worker had
    been unable to reach Reba by telephone, and after numerous
    attempts she had gone to Reba’s home in person. Reba was not
    home, but the social worker spoke to two men, one of whom said
    he lived in the home. The home was described as “cluttered and
    unkempt” and was deemed unsuitable for the children.
    On December 21, 2018, DCFS reported that it had
    attempted to reach both parents at a variety of different phone
    numbers and had left messages where possible. It also had
    mailed ICWA forms to the parents at a variety of different
    addresses where DCFS believed they might be living. DCFS had
    not been able to make any contact with the parents to determine
    if ICWA applied, and it therefore requested that the court make
    an ICWA finding in order to allow adoption to proceed.
    On January 9, 2019, the court ordered DCFS to continue to
    try to contact the parents regarding ICWA and asked the parents’
    attorneys to encourage the parents to cooperate with DCFS’s
    efforts to determine whether ICWA applied. Both counsel agreed
    to do so.
    The CSW again tried to contact father regarding his
    possible Indian ancestry on January 14, 2019, but father did not
    7
    return the call. The same day, the CSW mailed a blank ICWA
    form to father’s last known address in Mississippi.
    In April 2019, the CSW attempted to reach paternal aunt
    Reba regarding the paternal family’s possible Indian ancestry,
    but the phone number provided was not in service.
    On April 19, 2019, DCFS mailed ICWA notices, which
    included the limited information available, to registered
    Cherokee tribes, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Bureau of
    Indian Affairs (BIA). Each tribe responded that the children
    were not eligible for tribal membership.
    D.    ICWA finding and termination of parental
    rights.
    In June 2019, DCFS reported that the girls’ caregiver was
    interested in adopting them, and K.M.’s and James’s caregiver
    was interested in legal guardianship. All four children were
    doing well in their placements and no longer wished to return to
    the home of their parents.
    In April 2021, DCFS reported that it had received
    responses from all noticed tribes stating the children were not
    Indian children. DCFS had not received a response from BIA,
    but more than 60 days had elapsed since notice was provided.
    DCFS therefore requested that the court find that the children
    were not Indian children and that ICWA did not apply. DCFS
    further requested that parental rights be terminated as to Q.M.
    and P.M.3
    3     Termination of parental rights was not requested for the
    boys. K.M. had been placed in out-of-home care after he was
    placed on a psychiatric hold in October 2020, and James was in
    8
    At the April 20, 2021 section 366.26 hearing, counsel for
    mother stated that she “do[es] not have direction” from mother,
    who was not present at the hearing, but she objected to
    termination of parental rights on mother’s behalf. Counsel for
    father stated a similar objection. Neither attorney objected to
    DCFS’s request that the court find that ICWA did not apply.
    After hearing argument, the juvenile court found that
    DCFS “completed an appropriate investigation into potential
    Indian ancestry identified by the father [and] mailed notice to the
    relevant tribes.” Based on the record before it, the court found
    there was no reason to know that the children were Indian
    children and that ICWA did not apply. The court then
    terminated parental rights as to Q.M. and P.M.
    Mother timely appealed from the order terminating
    parental rights.
    DISCUSSION
    Mother contends DCFS failed to conduct an adequate
    investigation into her and father’s possible Indian ancestry. She
    urges that although she denied Indian ancestry, DCFS was
    required to contact her extended family members about possible
    Indian ancestry, and its failure to do so was reversible error. She
    further urges that because father made an initial report of
    Cherokee ancestry, DCFS had a duty to follow up with his
    extended family members in Louisiana.
    DCFS contends that it conducted an adequate ICWA
    inquiry and there was no reason to believe Q.M. and P.M. were
    the process of being placed with his sisters, whose caregiver was
    open to adopting him.
    9
    Indian children. In the alternative, DCFS urges that mother
    forfeited any error in this second appeal challenging ICWA
    inquiry by failing to raise the error below.
    I.    Relevant law.
    A.    ICWA.
    ICWA was enacted “ ‘to protect the best interests of Indian
    children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes
    and families by the establishment of minimum Federal standards
    for the removal of Indian children from their families and the
    placement of such children in foster or adoptive homes which will
    reflect the unique values of Indian culture . . . .’ [Citation.]”
    (In re Isaiah W. (2016) 
    1 Cal.5th 1
    , 8 (Isaiah W.); see 
    25 U.S.C. § 1902
    .)
    “[T]he burden of coming forward with information to
    determine whether an Indian child may be involved . . . in a
    dependency proceeding does not rest entirely—or even
    primarily—on the child and his or her family.” (In re Michael V.
    (2016) 
    3 Cal.App.5th 225
    , 233.) Rather, “[j]uvenile courts and
    child protective agencies have ‘an affirmative and continuing
    duty to inquire’ whether a dependent child is or may be an Indian
    child.” (Ibid.; see also Isaiah W., supra, 1 Cal.5th at pp. 9–11;
    § 224.2, subd. (a).) An “Indian child” is “any unmarried person
    who is under age eighteen and is either (a) a member of an
    Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe
    and is the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe.”
    (
    25 U.S.C. § 1903
    (4); see also § 224.1, subd. (a) [adopting federal
    definition of “Indian child”].)
    This affirmative duty to inquire has several elements. The
    statute provides that if a child is removed from his or her parents
    10
    and placed in the custody of a county welfare department, the
    department has a duty to inquire whether a child is an Indian
    child. Such inquiry “includes, but is not limited to, asking the
    child, parents, legal guardian, Indian custodian, extended family
    members, others who have an interest in the child, and the party
    reporting child abuse or neglect, whether the child is, or may be,
    an Indian child . . . .” (§ 224.2, subd. (b).) The court also must
    make an ICWA inquiry when the parents first appear in court:
    The court “shall ask each participant present in the hearing
    whether the participant knows or has reason to know that the
    child is an Indian child” (§ 224.2, subd. (c)), and must require
    each party to complete California Judicial Council Form ICWA-
    020, Parental Notification of Indian Status (Cal. Rules of Court,
    rule 5.481(a)(2)(C)).
    If the court or social worker has “reason to believe that an
    Indian child is involved in a proceeding,” the court or social
    worker must “make further inquiry regarding the possible Indian
    status of the child” by, among other things, interviewing the
    parents and extended family members, and contacting any tribe
    that may reasonably be expected to have information about the
    child’s membership, citizenship status, or eligibility. (§ 224.2,
    subd. (e)(2).) There is “reason to believe” a child involved in a
    proceeding is an Indian child whenever the court or social worker
    “has information suggesting that either the parent of the child or
    the child is a member or may be eligible for membership in an
    Indian tribe.” (§ 224.2, subd. (e)(1).)
    If the agency’s inquiry creates a “reason to know” that an
    Indian child is involved, notice of the proceedings must be
    provided to the parent, legal guardian, or Indian custodian and
    the child’s tribe. (§ 224.2, subd. (f).) There is “reason to know” a
    11
    child is an Indian child if any one of six statutory criteria is
    met—e.g., if the court is advised that the child “is an Indian
    child,” the child’s or parent’s residence is on a reservation, the
    child is or has been a ward of a tribal court, or either parent or
    the child possess an identification card indicating membership or
    citizenship in an Indian tribe. (§ 224.2, subd. (d).) Thereafter,
    the court shall confirm that the agency used due diligence to
    identify and work with all of the tribes of which there is reason to
    know the child may be a member, or eligible for membership, to
    verify whether the child is in fact a member or whether a
    biological parent is a member and the child is eligible for
    membership. (§ 224.2, subd. (g).) A determination by an Indian
    tribe that a child is or is not a member of, or eligible for
    membership in, that tribe “shall be conclusive.” (§ 224.2,
    subd. (h).)
    If the juvenile court finds that “proper and adequate
    further inquiry and due diligence as required in this section have
    been conducted and there is no reason to know whether the child
    is an Indian child,” the court may make a finding that ICWA does
    not apply to the proceedings, “subject to reversal based on
    sufficiency of the evidence.” (§ 224.2, subd. (i)(2).)
    B.    Standard of review.
    Where, as here, the juvenile court finds that ICWA does not
    apply, “ ‘ “[t]he finding implies that . . . social workers and the
    court did not know or have a reason to know the children were
    Indian children and that social workers had fulfilled their duty of
    inquiry.” (In re Austin J. [(2020) 
    47 Cal.App.5th 870
    , 885]; see
    In re D.S. [(2020) 
    46 Cal.App.5th 1041
    , 1050] [“[t]he juvenile
    court may . . . make a finding that ICWA does not apply because
    the Agency’s further inquiry and due diligence was ‘proper and
    12
    adequate’ but no ‘reason to know’ whether the child is an Indian
    child was discovered”].)’ (In re J.S. (2021) 
    62 Cal.App.5th 678
    ,
    688.) ‘ “[W]e review the juvenile court’s ICWA findings under the
    substantial evidence test, which requires us to determine if
    reasonable, credible evidence of solid value supports the court’s
    order. [Citations.] We must uphold the court’s orders and
    findings if any substantial evidence, contradicted or
    uncontradicted, supports them, and we resolve all conflicts in
    favor of affirmance.” ’ (In re D.F. (2020) 
    55 Cal.App.5th 558
    ,
    565.)” (In re Josiah T. (2021) 
    71 Cal.App.5th 388
    , 401.) “ ‘Thus,
    we do not consider whether there is evidence from which the
    dependency court could have drawn a different conclusion but
    whether there is substantial evidence to support the conclusion
    that the court did draw.’ (In re Noe F. (2013) 
    213 Cal.App.4th 358
    , 366.)” (In re J.N. (2021) 
    62 Cal.App.5th 767
    , 774.)
    II.   Substantial evidence supported the juvenile court’s
    finding that ICWA did not apply.
    A.   Substantial evidence supported the juvenile
    court’s ICWA finding as to mother.
    Mother urges the juvenile court erred in finding ICWA did
    not apply because DCFS did not contact mother’s extended family
    members to inquire about possible Indian ancestry. We disagree.
    It is undisputed that mother completed and signed an
    ICWA-020 form in which she said she “ha[d] no Indian ancestry
    as far as I know.” It also is undisputed that mother told DCFS at
    least three different times—in October 2015, on November 28,
    2016, and on September 5, 2017—that she did not have Indian
    ancestry. Notwithstanding these denials of Indian ancestry,
    mother contends that DCFS had a duty to investigate the
    13
    children’s potential Indian ancestry by interviewing all available
    members of mother’s extended family, and that the juvenile court
    erred by finding ICWA did not apply without requiring DCFS to
    undertake such an inquiry.
    There appears to be a split among the Courts of Appeal as
    to a child welfare agency’s duty to investigate a child’s possible
    Indian ancestry where a parent denies such ancestry. Several
    Courts of Appeal have adopted the approach mother advocates,
    concluding that even where a parent denies any Indian ancestry,
    section 224.2, subdivision (b) requires DCFS, as part of its initial
    inquiry, to inquire of a child’s extended family members
    regarding his or her possible Indian ancestry. (See, e.g., In re
    Antonio R. (2022) 
    76 Cal.App.5th 421
    , 426 [although mother
    reported she had no Indian ancestry, juvenile court erred by
    concluding DCFS had conducted adequate ICWA inquiry because
    it failed to inquire of the maternal grandmother, maternal aunts,
    and a maternal uncle about the child’s possible Indian ancestry];
    In re A.C. (2022) 
    75 Cal.App.5th 1009
    , 1015–1017 [although
    parents denied Indian ancestry, DCFS erred by failing to ask
    members of parents’ extended family about the child’s possible
    Indian ancestry]; In re H.V. (2022) 
    75 Cal.App.5th 433
    , 438
    [juvenile court erred by terminating parental rights; although
    mother denied Indian ancestry, DCFS had a duty to inquire of
    the maternal great-grandmother and maternal great-
    grandfather].) Other courts have reached a contrary conclusion,
    holding that a parent’s unequivocal denial of Indian ancestry is
    substantial evidence to support a juvenile court’s finding that
    ICWA does not apply. (See, e.g., In re Charles W. (2021)
    
    66 Cal.App.5th 483
    , 486–488, 490–491 [juvenile court and agency
    made adequate ICWA inquiry where mother’s counsel, in
    14
    mother’s presence, denied that mother had Indian ancestry]; In re
    Austin J., supra, 
    47 Cal.App.5th 870
    , 887–888 [no duty to make
    further inquiry regarding children’s possible Indian ancestry
    through father where father’s in-court statement and his
    parental notification of Indian status declaration indicated that
    he and his children had no Indian ancestry]; In re A.M. (2020)
    
    47 Cal.App.5th 303
    , 323 [no need for further inquiry if no one has
    offered information that would give the court or [agency] reason
    to believe that a child might be an Indian child]; In re H.V., at
    pp. 441–442 (dis. opn. of Baker, J.) [mother’s and father’s denials
    of Indian ancestry were substantial evidence to support juvenile
    court’s finding that ICWA did not apply]; In re S.B. (2005)
    
    130 Cal.App.4th 1148
    , 1161 [“as long as the social worker did
    inquire of the parents, and as long as the parents failed to
    provide any information requiring follow-up, [the social worker]
    had no further duty of inquiry”].)
    We need not resolve this issue here because even were
    DCFS required to inquire further as to mother’s ancestry, that
    duty was satisfied here. While the case was pending in the
    juvenile court, mother was given multiple opportunities to
    provide names and contact information for extended family
    members DCFS could have contacted, but she did not do so. As a
    result, the record does not identify any living members of
    mother’s extended family, and on appeal she has not identified
    any specific individuals whom DCFS should have interviewed.4
    4    In her appellant’s opening brief, mother asserts that DCFS
    should have interviewed the maternal grandmother, Dixie F. As
    DCFS notes, however, the record indicates that the maternal
    grandmother is deceased.
    15
    No further inquiry, thus, was possible or required. (E.g., In re
    K.M. (2009) 
    172 Cal.App.4th 115
    , 119 [where child protective
    agency “attempted on several occasions to elicit further
    information from the child’s family, but was unsuccessful due to
    the family’s hostility” toward the agency, the agency “did all that
    can or should be reasonably expected of it to meet its obligation to
    the child, to the family, to the tribes and to the court”]; In re Levi
    U. (2000) 
    78 Cal.App.4th 191
    , 199 [child protective agency is not
    required to conduct an extensive independent investigation or to
    “cast about” for investigative leads].)
    Although mother concedes there is no indication in the
    present record that the children had Indian ancestry through her
    mother’s family, she urges that this court should assume she has
    extended family members who could provide additional
    information regarding her possible Indian ancestry––and,
    further, that we should reverse the order terminating parental
    rights because the juvenile court failed to order DCFS to
    interview these still-unidentified individuals. We decline to do
    so. The kind of inquiry mother advocates is amorphous and lacks
    a defined stopping point at which DCFS can reliably conclude
    that it has done enough to establish the absence of Indian
    ancestry. And, of course, requiring DCFS to run down
    unpromising leads comes at a significant cost in terms of
    protecting the welfare of dependent children.
    Where, as here, a parent largely fails to cooperate with
    DCFS or to provide names and contact information for extended
    family members, DCFS’s ability to conduct an exhaustive ICWA
    inquiry necessarily is constrained. Although it is well established
    that the duty to develop information bearing on whether a child
    is an Indian child “rests with the court and the Department, not
    16
    the parents or members of the parents’ families” (In re Antonio
    R., supra, 76 Cal.App.5th at p. 430), in most cases the court and
    DCFS cannot satisfy this duty without the participation of the
    parents. While we believe it reasonable in many cases to require
    DCFS to follow up on leads provided by the parents, we cannot
    ask the agency to intuit the names of unidentified family
    members or to interview individuals for whom no contact
    information has been provided. The juvenile court did not err by
    so concluding.
    B.    Substantial evidence supported the juvenile
    court’s finding as to father.
    Mother also contends that DCFS did not conduct an
    adequate further inquiry into father’s claimed Cherokee heritage
    because the record “contains no evidence of any inquiry made of
    any relatives or extended family members, even though father
    had advised the court that family members in Louisiana would be
    best situated to provide further information.” Again, we
    disagree.
    Father advised the court at the detention hearing that he
    might have Indian ancestry through a Cherokee tribe, but he did
    not provide the court with any additional information.
    Subsequently, he told DCFS that he did not have Indian heritage
    “and that he has said no before when he was asked that
    question.” Father thereafter refused to cooperate with DCFS: He
    declined to meet with the CSW to fill out an ICWA form, which
    would have provided information regarding extended family
    members, if any; he did not respond to DCFS’s phone calls or text
    messages; and he did not return ICWA-030 forms mailed to him
    at various addresses.
    17
    Mother does not contend that DCFS made inadequate
    attempts to contact father to obtain additional ICWA
    information, but she urges DCFS should have made ICWA
    inquiries of father’s “family members in Louisiana” because
    father’s statement that he might have Indian ancestry triggered
    a “reason to believe” the children were Indian children. As an
    initial matter, we are not persuaded that father’s disclosure at
    the detention hearing created a “reason to believe” as defined by
    section 224.2, subdivision (e)(1): Although father stated at that
    hearing that he might have Cherokee ancestry, he later
    disavowed this statement, saying he did not have Indian ancestry
    and that he had “said no before when he was asked that
    question.” Under these unique facts, we are not persuaded that
    father’s statement at the detention hearing gave rise to “reason
    to believe” the children were Indian children.
    In any event, even if father’s statement did trigger a duty
    of further inquiry, substantial evidence supported the juvenile
    court’s finding that the duty was satisfied here. While father’s
    counsel said at the detention hearing that father had “family” in
    Louisiana, father specifically identified just two paternal
    relatives––the paternal grandmother and a paternal aunt.
    Father appears not to have provided contact information for the
    paternal grandmother, and the telephone number he provided for
    the paternal aunt was not in service.5 Moreover, although DCFS
    made repeated efforts to contact the parents to obtain additional
    5     Mother faults DCFS for making just one attempt to call the
    paternal aunt. Since the number provided for the aunt was not
    in service, it is not clear what purpose would have been served by
    trying the number multiple times.
    18
    information about these and other extended family members,
    neither parent ever provided that information. Under these
    circumstances, the juvenile court did not err by concluding that
    DCFS conducted “proper and adequate due diligence” with regard
    to the children’s possible Indian ancestry, and there was no
    reason to know whether the children were Indian children.
    (§ 224.2, subd. (i)(2).)
    Notwithstanding the parents’ failure to provide DCFS with
    information about father’s extended family members, mother
    contends the juvenile court should have required DCFS to make
    additional efforts to contact the paternal aunt and grandmother.
    We do not agree. Because no members of the parents’ extended
    families ever appeared at a hearing (compare with Antonio R.,
    supra, 76 Cal.App.5th at p. 428), DCFS could have obtained
    names and contact information for paternal relatives only
    through mother or father––and the parents were either unable or
    unwilling to provide that information. Without reliable contact
    information, DCFS could not reasonably have been expected to
    interview extended family members. (See, e.g., In re A.M., supra,
    47 Cal.App.5th at p. 323 [although information provided by
    mother triggered a duty of further inquiry, agency’s failure to
    interview maternal relatives was reasonable where mother could
    not provide information about maternal relatives and no
    maternal relative appeared at any hearing or participated in the
    matter; ICWA “does not obligate the court or [the Department] ‘to
    cast about’ for investigative leads”]; In re C.Y. (2012) 
    208 Cal.App.4th 34
    , 40 [although mother’s statement triggered a duty
    of further inquiry, that duty did not include investigating
    mother’s sealed and unsealed adoption records: “[Department]
    must inquire as to [possible] Indian ancestry and act on any
    19
    information it receives, but it has no duty to conduct an extensive
    independent investigation for information”].) The juvenile court
    did not err in so concluding.
    Finally, mother contends the notices DCFS mailed to the
    tribes were inadequate because they did not provide complete
    information (names, current and former address, birth and death
    dates, birth places, and tribal enrollment information) for the
    children’s direct lineal ancestors. Not so. ICWA notice is
    required only if after initial and further inquiries there is “reason
    to know” that an Indian child is involved in the proceeding.
    (§ 224.2, subd. (f), italics added.) As we have described, there is
    “reason to know” a child is an Indian child if any one of six
    statutory criteria is met—e.g., if the court is advised that the
    child is a member or eligible for membership in an Indian tribe,
    the child’s or parent’s residence is on a reservation, the child is or
    has been a ward of a tribal court, or either parent or the child
    possess an identification card indicating membership or
    citizenship in an Indian tribe. (Id., subd. (d).) Here, none of
    these statutory criteria was met, and thus ICWA notice was not
    required. Any insufficiencies in the notices sent, therefore, were
    legally irrelevant.
    20
    DISPOSITION
    The orders terminating parental rights are affirmed.
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL
    REPORTS
    EDMON, P. J.
    We concur:
    LAVIN, J.
    EGERTON, J.
    21
    

Document Info

Docket Number: B313171

Filed Date: 5/18/2022

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 5/18/2022