People v. Sasser ( 2014 )

Filed 2/11/14
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, A136655
v.
DARREN DERAE SASSER, (Alameda County
Super. Ct. No. C156534)
Defendant and Appellant.
Darren Derae Sasser (Sasser) appeals from a sentence imposed after we remanded
the matter to the trial court for resentencing. He contends: (1) his new sentence of 495
years to life violates his right against double jeopardy, because the sentence is more
severe than his original sentence of 458 years four months to life; and (2) the court erred
in imposing a prior serious felony enhancement (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (a)(1)) to
multiple determinate terms imposed pursuant to the “Three Strikes” law (Pen. Code,
§§ 667, subd. (e), 1170.12, subd. (c)(1)), as part of his stayed sentence under the “One
Strike” law (Pen. Code, § 667.61).1
We will affirm. In the unpublished portion of our opinion, we conclude there was
no double jeopardy violation. In the published portion of the opinion, we hold that a
prior serious felony enhancement must be applied to each term imposed under the Three
Strikes law, whether for a second strike offense or a third strike offense.
* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is
certified for publication with the exception of part II.A.
1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A comprehensive summary of the underlying facts is set forth in our prior
unpublished opinion in People v. Sasser (July 27, 2011, A127431 [2011 WL 3198786]).
We need not repeat the summary here, in light of the limited issues raised in this appeal.
Instead, we focus on the jury’s verdict, Sasser’s initial sentence, our remand for
resentencing, and Sasser’s new sentence on remand.
A. Jury Verdict
In October 2009, a jury convicted Sasser of 11 sexual offenses perpetrated
against Jane Doe 1 (JD1) on November 9, 2005, and Jane Doe 2 (JD2) on November
17, 2005. As to JD1, Sasser was found guilty of one count of oral copulation (§ 288a,
subd. (c)(2)), one count of sodomy (§ 286, subd. (c)(2)), and three counts of forcible
rape (§ 261, subd. (a)(2)). As to JD2, he was found guilty of two counts of oral
copulation (§ 288a, subd. (c)(2)), two counts of sodomy (§ 286, subd. (c)(2)), and two
counts of forcible rape (§ 261, subd. (a)(2)). Collectively, he sustained convictions for
three counts of oral copulation (count 2 as to JD1, counts 10 & 15 as to JD2); three
counts of sodomy (count 5 as to JD1, counts 11 & 17 as to JD2); and five counts of
forcible rape (counts 6, 7, & 8 as to JD1, counts 13 & 16 as to JD2).
The jury also found true numerous allegations for sentencing purposes,
including special circumstance allegations under Jessica’s Law (§ 667.6, subd. (d)) —
that certain offenses involved the same victim on separate occasions — as well as
multiple victim special circumstance allegations for life sentences under the One Strike
law (§ 667.61, subd. (c)).
In addition, Sasser admitted a prior conviction for a lewd act on a child (§ 288,
subd. (a)), which constituted a predicate for life terms under the habitual sexual
offender law (§ 667.71), constituted a strike under the Three Strikes law, and qualified
as a serious felony prior for sentence enhancement purposes (§ 667, subd. (a)(1)). He
also admitted a prior prison term for the violent felony of assault with a deadly weapon
(§ 245, subd. (a)(2)) for purposes of a sentence enhancement (§ 667.5).
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B. Initial Sentence
In January 2010, Sasser was sentenced to consecutive life terms for each of his 11
convictions, with a minimum of 458 years four months. In other words, he received an
indeterminate term of 458 years four months to life.
In reaching this sentence, the court chose an indeterminate term of 25 years to life
under the habitual sexual offender law as the base term on counts 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, and
15. (§ 667.61, 667.71, 667.6, subd. (d).) The court doubled each of these terms to 50-
years-to-life as a second strike under the Three Strikes law, and then added to each term
a five year enhancement for the serious felony prior pursuant to section 667, subdivision
(a)(1). The court found each of these offenses to constitute a separate act, and imposed
these terms consecutively.
The court also imposed eight year four month to life terms (one-third the
midterm) under the habitual sexual offender law on counts 6, 13, 16, and 17, exercising
its discretion under Jessica’s Law not to impose full consecutive terms for these offenses
because they were committed within the same time frame and same location (§ 667.6,
subd. (c)). The court doubled each of these terms to 16 years eight months to life as a
second strike under the Three Strikes law, and then enhanced each term by one year
eight months (one-third the enhancement term) for the serious felony prior (§ 667, subd.
(a)(1)).
In addition, the court imposed but stayed sentence under the One Strike law. In
so doing, the court imposed all terms consecutively, without making a specific finding as
to whether any of the offenses occurred on a “single occasion” under People v. Jones
(2001) 25 Cal. 4th 98, 107 (Jones).
C. Prior Appeal and Remand
In the ensuing appeal, we reversed the sodomy convictions under counts 11 and 17
due to instructional error.
We also concluded that the court imposed an unauthorized sentence with respect
to counts 6, 13, 16, and 17, by imposing terms of just eight years four months to life,
rather than 25 years to life, and recidivist enhancements of just one year eight months,
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rather than five years. We stated: “The People argue the matter must be remanded to
correct the unauthorized sentence terms imposed on counts 6, 13, 16, and 17. They assert
that although the court properly sentenced those counts consecutively it was required to
impose full-term consecutive sentences. Thus, they argue the court’s exercise of
discretion reducing to one-third the indeterminate life terms and the prior serious felony
enhancement terms (§ 667, subd. (a)) was unauthorized. We agree.” (Fn. omitted.)
More specifically, we explained why the trial court was not authorized to impose
eight year four month to life terms, rather than 25 year to life terms, on these counts.
Relying on People v. Williams (2004) 34 Cal. 4th 397 (Williams), the People had argued
“that in imposing less than full life terms on counts 6, 13, 16, and 17, the court
erroneously applied determinate sentencing principles to an indeterminate term. Williams
held, ‘Section 1170.1 [requiring subordinate offenses to be punished by one-third the
midterm] applies only to determinate sentences. It does not apply to multiple
indeterminate sentences imposed under the Three Strikes law.’ (Williams, at p. 402.)
‘Multiple indeterminate terms sentenced consecutively are fully consecutive to each
other. Any applicable conduct and status enhancements as to each count are fully
consecutive to each other and are fully consecutive to the base term. (People v. Felix
(2000) 22 Cal.4th 651.)’ [Citation.] Thus, the court erred in imposing less than full
indeterminate life terms on counts 6, 13, 16, and 17.”
We also explained why the trial court was not authorized to reduce the recidivist
enhancement from five years to one year eight months on these counts: “In addition, the
People correctly assert that the trial court erred in imposing less than the full five year
prior felony status enhancement (§ 667, subd. (a)) on counts 6, 13, 16, and 17.
[¶] Section 667, subdivision (a) provides in part: ‘(1) In compliance with subdivision (b)
of Section 1385, any person convicted of a serious felony who previously has been
convicted of a serious felony in this state or of any offense committed in another
jurisdiction which includes all of the elements of any serious felony, shall receive, in
addition to the sentence imposed by the court for the present offense, a five-year
enhancement for each such prior conviction on charges brought and tried separately. The
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terms of the present offense and each enhancement shall run consecutively.’ [¶] Where a
defendant has prior serious felony convictions, the court is required to impose a five-year
section 667, subdivision (a) enhancement on each count for which it imposes a [Three
Strikes law] sentence. (Williams, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 403-405; [citation].) Thus, the
court lacked discretion to impose less than the full five-year enhancement on counts 6,
13, 16, and 17.” (Fn. omitted.)
In another portion of our opinion, we agreed with the parties that the court erred in
imposing mandatory consecutive life sentences under the One Strike law, instead of
applying the spatial proximity test relevant at the time of his offenses under Jones, supra,
25 Cal.4th at page 107.2
In addition, we rejected Sasser’s request for the matter to be remanded on the
ground the trial court had been unaware of its discretion under the habitual sexual
offender law not to impose consecutive life sentences for crimes involving the same
victim on separate occasions. Among other things, we noted that the trial court had
found counts 6, 13, 16, and 17 involved the same victim on the same occasion and
exercised its discretion under Jessica’s Law (§ 667.6, subd. (c)) to sentence
consecutively; there was no reason to believe the court would exercise its discretion
differently under the habitual sexual offender law.
Accordingly, we remanded the matter “for resentencing consistent with the views
expressed in [our] opinion.” Specifically, we remanded solely for the trial court “to
correct the unauthorized sentence terms imposed on counts 6, 13, 16, and 17” and to
“make a determination under Jones whether any of the offenses were committed against
the same victim on a single occasion.” (Italics added, fn. omitted.)
2 Section 667.61 has been amended to adopt the “separate occasions” language of
Jessica’s Law and eliminate the “single occasion” language that was the focus of the
court’s opinion in Jones. (See Jones, supra, 25 Cal.4th at pp. 105-107.)
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D. Trial Court Proceedings on Remand
Sasser was resentenced in July 2012. On respondent’s motion, counts 11 and 17
(relating to the convictions we overturned) were dismissed, and the court imposed
sentence on the remaining nine counts.
The court imposed a 25 years to life term for each of the offenses (i.e., this time
as to counts 6, 7, 13, and 16; as well as to counts 2, 5, 8, 10, and 15, as previously
imposed) pursuant to the habitual sexual offender law. The court doubled each of these
term to 50 years to life pursuant to the Three Strikes law (§ 667, subd. (e)(1)), and
added to each term five years for the serious felony prior (§ 667, subd. (a)(1)), for a
total of 55 years to life for each offense. The result was an aggregate sentence of 495
years to life, rather than the 458 years four months to life originally imposed.
As to the sentence under the One Strike law (§ 667.61), the court determined that
the offenses against the individual victims were committed on a “single occasion” under
Jones, but the court nonetheless exercised its discretion to sentence the charges
consecutively. By imposing 55 years to life on count 2 and count 10 (25 years to life,
doubled pursuant to the Three Strikes law, plus five years for the serious felony prior),
adding 17-year terms on each of the other seven counts (midterm of six years, doubled
pursuant to the Three Strikes law, plus five years for the serious felony prior), and
running the terms consecutively, the court imposed a total sentence of 229 years to life.
The court stayed this sentence in light of the longer sentence imposed under the habitual
sexual offender law.
This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
We address Sasser’s contentions in turn.
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A. Double Jeopardy
Sasser contends his right against double jeopardy was violated because the trial
court imposed a sentence on remand that was greater than his original sentence. We
disagree.3
When a defendant successfully appeals a criminal conviction, California’s
constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy generally precludes the imposition of
more severe punishment on resentencing. (Cal. Const., art. I, § 15; People v. Hanson
(2000) 23 Cal. 4th 355, 363-366; People v. Henderson (1963) 60 Cal. 2d 482, 495-497.)
As Sasser acknowledges, however, no such limitation applies where the original
sentence imposed by the trial court was not authorized by law. (People v. Serrato
(1973) 9 Cal. 3d 753, 764-765, overruled on another ground in People v. Fosselman
(1983) 33 Cal. 3d 572, 583, fn. 1; People v. Rodriguez (2012) 207 Cal. App. 4th 204, 212
[“[w]e may set aside an unauthorized sentence so a proper sentence may be imposed,
even if the new sentence is harsher”]; People v. Neely (2009) 176 Cal. App. 4th 787,
799-800.)
In our prior opinion, we expressly ruled that the sentence as to counts 6, 13, 16,
and 17 was unauthorized by law: based on our Supreme Court’s decision in Williams,
section 1170.1 did not authorize the imposition of one-third-the-midterm sentences for
Sasser’s offenses, and section 667, subdivision (a) did not authorize the imposition of
one-third of the enhancement term for his serious felony prior. Accordingly, the court’s
 See footnote, ante, page 1.
3 Sasser’s attorney did not object to the sentence on the specific ground that his
sentence was increased in violation of his right against double jeopardy. A double
jeopardy claim may be forfeited by a failure to assert it in the trial court. (See People v.
Scott (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 1188, 1201.) Sasser argues, to the extent counsel did not
adequately preserve the issue for appeal, he was deprived of effective assistance of
counsel. We will proceed to review the merits, since we would have to do so even if the
challenge was forfeited in order to resolve the ineffective assistance claim. (See ibid.,
cited in People v. Williams (1999) 21. Cal.4th 335, 343; see also People v. Daniels (2012)
208 Cal. App. 4th 29, 31.)
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imposition of a sentence on remand that is more severe than the original sentence did not
violate Sasser’s double jeopardy rights.
Sasser contends that the original reduced terms on counts 6, 13, 16, and 17 could
have been accomplished under the habitual sexual offender law by a means other than
section 1170.1, and therefore (1) the original sentence was not really unauthorized, but
just erroneous, and (2) the court on remand should not have imposed full consecutive 25-
year-to-life sentences. His arguments have no merit.
1. The Original Sentence Was Unauthorized, Not Merely Erroneous
Sasser asserts that the court could have lawfully imposed the reduced terms for
counts 6, 13, 16, and 17 by exercising its discretion under the habitual sexual offender
law to impose less than full consecutive sentences, rather than by erroneously using
section 1170.1. The court’s error, Sasser thus urges, was “in calculating the reduced
terms as [one-third]-the-midterm-to-life as opposed to selecting a lawful determinate
term.” Because the length of the original term was within the permissible scope of the
habitual sexual offender law, Sasser contends, the original sentence was “ ‘authorized by
statute but the court err[ed] in the manner of sentencing.’ ”
Sasser’s reliance on People v. Brown (1987) 193 Cal. App. 3d 957 (Brown) in this
regard is misplaced. In Brown, the court concluded that imposing a full two year
enhancement in violation of a statutory limitation did constitute an unauthorized sentence
and therefore did not bar imposition of a greater sentence on remand. (Id. at p. 963.) In
dictum, the court stated that an example of an error “in the manner of sentencing” was a
court’s failure to state reasons for its sentencing choices. (Id. at p. 962.) But that is not
what occurred here. Here, the court imposed a sentence that was ostensibly predicated on
section 1170.1 (imposing one-third the midterm) and impermissibly applied determinate
sentencing principles to indeterminate sentences. Indeed, Sasser does not explain how
the court could have reached the exact aggregate term of 458 years four months under
any circumstance in this case, without relying on section 1170.1. (See People v. Scott
(1994) 9 Cal. 4th 331, 354 [“a sentence is generally ‘unauthorized’ where it could not
lawfully be imposed under any circumstance in the particular case,” as “where the court
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violates mandatory provisions governing the length of confinement”].) In any event, we
expressly ruled in our prior opinion that the sentence was unauthorized, and our
determination became final in the case. The double jeopardy limitations on resentencing
did not apply to Sasser’s sentence on remand.
2. The Sentence on Remand Was Not Erroneous
Sasser similarly argues, although the trial court was required on remand to change
the sentences on counts 6, 13, and 16 from the “erroneous [one-third]-the-midterm-to-life
sentences” (imposed under section 1170.1) to lawful sentences, it could have exercised its
discretion under the habitual sexual offender law to impose a sentence that was still less
than the full consecutive sentence, on some basis other than section 1170.1. (See People
v. Murphy (2001) 25 Cal. 4th 136, 151 [court has discretion under habitual sexual
offender law not to impose full, separate and consecutive sentences on offenses involving
the same victim on the same occasion]; § 667.6, subd. (c).) Sasser asserts that the court
therefore could have lawfully imposed some concurrent or lesser sentence on counts 6,
13, and 16, such that the aggregate sentence would not exceed the 458-years-four-
months-to-life sentence that was originally imposed. (For example, if the court had
imposed sentence on counts 6, 13, and 16 to run concurrently, the total sentence would
have been just 330 years to life.) Because the court did not do so, Sasser contends the
court violated his right against double jeopardy.
Sasser’s argument is meritless. Because the original sentence was unauthorized,
the court on remand was not required to impose less than full consecutive sentences on
counts 6, 13, and 16. As explained ante, there was no double jeopardy requirement to do
so. And to the extent Sasser argues that the court should have nonetheless showed
leniency with respect to these counts because they were for offenses committed on the
same occasion as other offenses, he fails to establish any abuse of discretion. In short,
Sasser has not demonstrated any sentencing error.
B. Imposition of Multiple Enhancements for Sasser’s Prior Serious Felony
On remand, regarding the sentence calculated under the One Strike law, the court
imposed a number of five-year enhancements for Sasser’s prior serious felony
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conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)): an enhancement to each of the indeterminate terms on
counts 2 and 10, plus an enhancement to each of the determinate terms on the seven
other counts. Sasser argues that only one recidivism enhancement may be imposed on
the entire determinate term portion of his sentence (along with an enhancement for each
of the indeterminate terms). Again, we must disagree.
1. Law
In People v. Tassell (1984) 36 Cal. 3d 77 (Tassell), on which Sasser relies, the
court considered whether an enhancement for a prior serious felony conviction (§ 667,
subd. (a)) could be applied to each of several determinate terms imposed pursuant to
section 1170.1. The court ruled that, although enhancements that relate to the acts
constituting the offense (e.g., use of a firearm) can be added to each applicable count,
enhancements that relate to the defendant’s status or personal history (e.g. prior
convictions under § 667.5 or 667.6) can be applied only once, to the aggregate sentence.
(Tassell, at p. 90.) Therefore, as a status type of enhancement, an enhancement for a
prior serious felony conviction can be applied only once, to the aggregate sentence,
when the aggregate sentence is comprised of determinate terms imposed pursuant to
section 1170.1. In the matter before us, however, Sasser was sentenced under the Three
Strikes law, not section 1170.1.
Our Supreme Court in Williams, supra, 34 Cal. 4th 397, thereafter considered
whether an enhancement for a prior serious felony conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)) could be
imposed on each of several third strike indeterminate sentences imposed under the Three
Strikes law. The court distinguished Tassell, because Tassell involved determinate terms
governed by section 1170.1: “Section 1170.1, however, applies only to determinate
sentences. It does not apply to multiple indeterminate sentences imposed under the
Three Strikes law.” (Williams, at p. 402.) The Williams court concluded: “The Three
Strikes law, unlike section 1170.1, does not draw upon any distinction between status
enhancements, based on the defendant’s record, and enhancements based on the
circumstances of the current offenses, and the Three Strikes law generally discloses an
intent to use the fact of recidivism to separately increase the sentence imposed for each
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new offense. Accordingly, we conclude that, under the Three Strikes law, section 667[,
subd.] (a) enhancements are to be applied individually to each count of a third strike
sentence.” (Williams, at pp. 404-405, italics added.) Sasser, however, received second
strike sentences.
The court in People v. Misa (2006) 140 Cal. App. 4th 837 (Misa) later considered
whether an enhancement for a prior serious felony conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)) could be
imposed on both a second strike determinate sentence imposed under the Three Strikes
law and an indeterminate sentence. The court acknowledged that Williams addressed
third strike indeterminate sentences rather than a second strike determinate sentence, but
concluded that “a similar analysis is applicable” in light of the policy objectives of the
Three Strikes law. (Misa, at p. 846.)
2. Analysis
Unlike the defendant in Tassell, Sasser was not sentenced under section 1170.1,
but under the Three Strikes law, which permits multiple enhancements. (See Williams,
supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 402; Misa, supra, 140 Cal.App.4th at p. 847.) Accordingly, the
court did not err in imposing a recidivist enhancement as to each of Sasser’s seven
second-strike determinate terms.
Sasser urges that neither Williams nor Misa applies to this case: Williams did not
address a second strike determinative sentence under the Three Strikes law, and Misa did
not address a situation where, as here, there was more than one second strike determinate
sentence under the Three Strikes law. He even interprets Misa as imposing a single five-
year enhancement on the entire determinate portion of Misa’s sentence (which happened
to consist of just one determinate term), as opposed to a five-year enhancement for each
determinate term (no matter how many there are).
Sasser’s argument is unpersuasive. The point underlying Williams and Misa is
that the imposition of a sentence under the authority of the Three Strikes law — whether
as a determinate term for a second strike or an indeterminate term for a third strike —
means the term is fundamentally different than a determinate term imposed under section
1170.1. Given the clear policy and intent behind the Three Strikes law — to increase
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punishment for prior felony convictions — the fact that the sentence is governed by the
Three Strikes law means that a recidivism enhancement under section 667, subdivision
(a)(1) may be imposed on each count. (Williams, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 404; Misa,
supra, 140 Cal.App.4th at pp. 846-847.)4
In sum, deciding whether a recidivism enhancement should be applied to each
count or only once to the aggregate sentence, the key distinction is not whether the term
for the count is determinate or indeterminate, but whether it was imposed pursuant to
section 1170.1 or pursuant to the Three Strikes law. If the term was imposed under the
Three Strikes law, either for a second strike offense or for a third strike offense, the
enhancement must be applied.5
III. DISPOSITION
The sentencing order is affirmed.
4 For example, Williams instructs us: “Under [the Three Strikes law], the status or nature
of the offender as a person previously convicted of serious felony offenses does not result
merely in a single additional term of imprisonment for each prior conviction added on to
the overall sentence that would otherwise be imposed for all of the new offenses. Instead,
the Three Strikes law uses a defendant’s status as a recidivist to separately increase the
punishment for each new felony conviction. For a defendant with a single qualifying
prior conviction, the sentence for each new offense is double what it otherwise would be.
[Citations.]” (Williams, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 404, fn. omitted.) The court therefore
recognized that the purpose of the Three Strikes law is manifested in its provisions for
second strike sentences as well as its provisions for third strike sentences.
5 Alternatively, respondent argues, even if section 1170.1 applied to Sasser’s second
strike determinative sentences, section 1170.1 expressly permits imposition of multiple
enhancements to sex offenses. (See § 1170.1, subd. (h), added by Stats. 2000, ch. 689,
§ 1, p. 4557.) Subdivision (h) of section 1170.1 reads: “For any violation of an offense
specified in Section 667.6, the number of enhancements that may be imposed shall not be
limited, regardless of whether the enhancements are pursuant to this section, Section
667.6, or some other provision of law. Each of the enhancements shall be a full and
separately served term.” Here, all nine of Sasser’s offenses are listed in section 667.6,
subdivision (e). Sasser counters that the absence of a limit on the number of
enhancements is different than mandating imposition of the enhancements. In light of
our conclusion that the Three Strikes law applies so as to permit an enhancement as to
each count, we need not and do not address this issue.
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NEEDHAM, J.
We concur.
SIMONS, Acting P.J.
BRUINIERS, J.
(A136655)
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Superior Court of Alameda County, No. C156534, C. Don Clay, Judge.
Dirck Newbury, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General,
Gerald A. Engler, Assistant Attorney General, Catherine A. Rivlin and Gregg E.
Zywicke, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
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