Swartz v. Coldwell Bankers CA4/1 ( 2013 )

Filed 11/15/13 Swartz v. Coldwell Bankers CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
KEVIN F. SWARTZ et al., D062324
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
v. (Super. Ct. No.
37-2011-0051200 CU-IC-NC)
COLDWELL BANKER RESIDENTIAL
BROKERAGE COMPANY et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Jaqueline
M. Stern, Judge. Affirmed.
Naumann Law Firm, William H. Naumann and Monnett De La Torre for Plaintiffs
and Appellants.
Keeney Waite & Stevens, Mary M. Best and Todd F. Stevens for Defendants and
Respondents.
I.
INTRODUCTION
In this case we consider whether a licensed real estate agent owed her client a duty
to conduct an independent review of public records or a duty to engage in additional
investigation to ascertain the existence of a recorded covenant burdening property prior to
her client purchasing the property, when that covenant was not identified by a title
insurance company in its preliminary report or its policy of title insurance.
Kevin F. Swartz and Diane Kocheran (plaintiffs) named Coldwell Banker
Residential Brokerage Company, NRT, LLC, Coldwell Banker Real Estate, LLC, and
Claudia Anderson (jointly "the Coldwell defendants") in a second amended complaint
(SAC) alleging causes of action for breach of fiduciary duty, negligent misrepresentation,
and negligence against these defendants. The Coldwell defendants demurred to the
causes of action asserted against them in the SAC on multiple grounds, and the trial court
sustained the demurrer without leave to amend on the ground that the causes of action
were untimely under the applicable statute of limitations. The court sustained the
demurrer as to the cause of action for negligent misrepresentation on the additional
ground that the SAC failed to allege the existence of a false statement made to plaintiffs,
and sustained the demurrer as to the breach of fiduciary duty and negligence causes of
action on the additional ground that plaintiffs failed to plead facts that would establish
that the Coldwell defendants owed a duty to plaintiffs and breached that duty.
On appeal, plaintiffs argue that their claims were not untimely because they did
not discover, and could not reasonably have discovered, the Coldwell defendants' failure
2
to meet their fiduciary duties until they learned of the recorded covenant during litigation
with the sellers of the property, who, at that point, were asserting their rights pursuant to
the easement on plaintiffs' property that was the subject of the recorded covenant.1
Plaintiffs also contend that their SAC sufficiently states causes of actions for breach of
fiduciary duty, negligent misrepresentation, and negligence.
We conclude that the SAC fails to state causes of action for breach of fiduciary
duty, negligent misrepresentation, and negligence. The conduct for which plaintiffs seek
relief under the theories of breach of fiduciary duty and negligence do not establish that
the Coldwell defendants owed a duty to plaintiffs and failed to meet that duty. Further,
plaintiffs failed to allege that the Coldwell defendants made any "misrepresentation" to
support their cause of action for negligent misrepresentation. The trial court thus did not
err in sustaining the Coldwell defendants' demurrer.
With respect to the trial court's conclusion that the causes of action against the
Coldwell defendants should be dismissed with prejudice, we agree. Plaintiffs fail to
make any argument as to how they could amend to state causes of action for breach of
fiduciary duty or negligence. (See Davies v. Sallie Mae, Inc. (2008) 168 Cal. App. 4th
1086, 1090 (Davies) [" 'The plaintiff has the burden of proving that an amendment would
cure the defect [citation]' "].) Although plaintiffs do identify how they could amend the
operative complaint to state a cause of action for negligent misrepresentation, we
conclude that this claim is time-barred, and thus, leave to amend would not be
1 With respect to the easement, plaintiffs' property is the servient estate, and the
sellers' property is the dominant estate.
3
appropriate. We therefore affirm that portion of the trial court's order denying plaintiffs
leave to amend to attempt to plead any causes of action against the Coldwell defendants.
II.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2
In November 2006, plaintiffs retained Anderson, a licensed real estate agent for
Coldwell Banker, to represent them in a transaction to purchase residential property from
Tye and Lori Smith (the sellers). The sellers own an adjacent parcel and built both the
home located on their own parcel as well as the home on the parcel that plaintiffs
purchased. According to plaintiffs, prior to the purchase, the sellers represented to
plaintiffs that the property that plaintiffs intended to purchase was burdened by an
easement, but that the easement was "unusable." Plaintiffs obtained a preliminary title
report from defendant Fidelity National Title Insurance (Fidelity) and a title insurance
policy that described the relevant easement as a "Proposed Private Road Easement."3
2 We take the factual background from the SAC, to the extent that its allegations are
not contradicted by allegations asserted in the prior complaints. (See Haggis v. City of
Los Angeles (2000) 22 Cal. 4th 490, 495 ["On appeal from dismissal following a sustained
demurrer, we take as true all well-pleaded factual allegations of the complaint"].)
3 Attached to the SAC is a copy of "Schedule A" and "Schedule B" to the title
insurance policy. Although the SAC alleges that the title insurance policy describes the
relevant easement as a "Proposed Private Road Easement," in fact, "Schedule A"
describes the property and easement in the following manner:
"Parcel 1 of Parcel Map No. 15792, in the County of San Diego,
State of California, according to Map thereof, filed in the Office of
the County Recorder of San Diego County, February 27, 1992.
4
Plaintiffs purchased the property from the sellers, and obtained title to the property
in January 2007.
In March 2009, plaintiffs filed a lawsuit against the sellers and the sellers' real
estate agent related to various construction defects on the property. In a first amended
complaint in that action, which included claims for quiet title, negligence, and fraud, in
addition to construction defects, nuisance and trespass, plaintiffs alleged that the sellers
had failed to disclose that they were asserting "an easement on the subject property" or
the "existence of what the SMITH Defendants are now claiming is a usable road
easement." Plaintiffs specifically alleged that the sellers had represented to them "[t]hat
there were no encroachments, easements, or similar matters that might [a]ffect the subject
property" and "[t]hat the alleged easement was not useable."
Plaintiffs allege in the SAC that during the course of their lawsuit against the
sellers, they learned that the Smiths' predecessor in interest had executed and recorded a
"Covenant of Improvement Requirements" (covenant) that burdened the property. The
covenant required the developer of the property (i.e., the Smiths) to construct site
improvements, including a paved access road on the portion of the property that plaintiffs
ultimately purchased. At the time plaintiffs purchased the property, there was no access
road. Fidelity did not identify the recorded covenant in either the preliminary title report
or the title insurance policy.
"Reserving an easement for road and utility purposes over, under,
along and across those portions designated as 'Proposed Private
Road Easement' and 'Proposed 20 Foot Wide Private Road
Easement' on said Parcel Map." (Italics added.)
5
Plaintiffs filed their original complaint in this action on February 4, 2011, naming
Fidelity National Title Insurance Company and multiple Does as defendants. After
substituting in a new attorney, plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint (SAC) on
October 12, 2011, in which they added the Coldwell defendants,4 and asserted causes of
action against the Coldwell defendants for breach of fiduciary duty, negligent
misrepresentation and negligence.5
In the SAC, plaintiffs alleged that they obtained a title policy issued by Fidelity
and, "in reliance on the Preliminary Report [issued by Fidelity], . . . proceeded to
purchase" the property. Plaintiffs further alleged that "[d]uring the course of discovery in
their lawsuit against the sellers [the First Action], Plaintiffs learned for the first time that
previous owners of the subject property had executed and recorded a Covenant of
Improvement Requirements [Covenant] that burdens the subject property."
The Coldwell defendants filed a demurrer to plaintiffs' SAC in November 2011.
The trial court held a hearing on the demurrer on March 9, 2012. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the trial court sustained the Coldwell defendants' demurrer to the SAC, without
leave to amend. The court entered a judgment dismissing the Coldwell defendants from
the action, with prejudice. Plaintiffs filed a timely notice of appeal.
4 The SAC continued to name Fidelity as a defendant, and asserted against Fidelity
causes of action for breach of contract, indemnification, and breach of the covenant of
good faith and fair dealing.
5 Although the sixth cause of action in the operative complaint is titled
"Negligence," plaintiffs are alleging that the Coldwell defendants had a duty to meet the
standard of care of a reasonably prudent real estate licensee. The sixth cause of action is
thus more properly considered one for professional negligence.
6
III.
DISCUSSION
A. Standards of review
We review de novo an order sustaining a demurrer to determine whether the
complaint alleges facts sufficient to state a cause of action. (CPF Agency Corp. v. Sevel's
24 Hour Towing Service (2005) 132 Cal. App. 4th 1034, 1042.) We exercise our
independent judgment as to whether the complaint states a cause of action, "giv[ing] the
complaint a reasonable interpretation" and "treat[ing] the demurrer as admitting all
properly pleaded material facts." (Palestini v. General Dynamics Corp. (2002) 99
Cal. App. 4th 80, 86.) In doing so, we assume the truth of "(1) all facts properly pleaded
by the plaintiff, (2) all facts contained in exhibits to the complaint, (3) all facts that are
properly the subject of judicial notice, and (4) all facts that may reasonably be inferred"
from such facts. (Neilson v. City of California City (2005) 133 Cal. App. 4th 1296, 1305.)
We do not, however, accept the truth of allegations that constitute legal contentions,
conclusions of law, or deductions drawn from those legal contentions or conclusions.
(Ibid.)
When a demurrer is sustained without leave to amend, "we decide whether there is
a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment: if it can be, the trial
court has abused its discretion and we reverse; if not, there has been no abuse of
discretion and we affirm. [Citations.] The burden of proving such reasonable possibility
is squarely on the plaintiff." (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal. 3d 311, 318.)
7
B. The complaint does not allege facts sufficient to state a cause of action against the
Coldwell defendants.
1. Breach of fiduciary duty (fourth cause of action)
"The elements of a cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty are the existence of
a fiduciary relationship, its breach, and damage proximately caused by that breach."
(City of Atascadero v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. (1998) 68 Cal. App. 4th
445, 483.)
"The law imposes on a real estate agent 'the same obligation of undivided service
and loyalty that it imposes on a trustee in favor of his beneficiary.' [Citations.] This
relationship not only imposes upon him the duty of acting in the highest good faith
toward his principal but precludes the agent from obtaining any advantage over the
principal in any transaction had by virtue of his agency." (Batson v. Strehlow (1968) 68
Cal. 2d 662, 674-675.) A real estate licensee is "charged with the duty of fullest
disclosure of all material facts concerning the transaction that might affect the principal's
decision." (Rattray v. Scudder (1946) 28 Cal. 2d 214, 223; see also Realty Projects, Inc.
v. Smith (1973) 32 Cal. App. 3d 204, 210; Smith v. Zak (1971) 20 Cal. App. 3d 785, 792-
793.)
Plaintiffs assert that the Coldwell defendants were their fiduciaries with respect to
the purchase of the property, and, as such, owed them certain duties. For example,
plaintiffs maintain that the Coldwell defendants owed them a duty to "exercise the
highest duty of loyalty," to "affirmatively protect the interests of Plaintiffs," and "to
refrain from any conduct resulting in a disadvantage to Plaintiffs." Plaintiffs allege that
8
the Coldwell defendants' fiduciary duty "required them to make full and truthful
disclosure to Plaintiffs of all facts known to [the Coldwell defendants] or discoverable by
them with reasonable diligence, and likely to affect the Plaintiffs and Plaintiffs' decision
to purchase the Subject Property." (Underscore in original.) Plaintiffs further allege that
the Coldwell defendants' duty included the "duty to learn of material facts that may affect
the Plaintiffs' decision" and a "duty to counsel and advise Plaintiffs regarding the
propriety and ramifications of their decision."
With respect to the alleged breach of these duties, the operative complaint states
that the Coldwell defendants "were aware of material facts or could have discovered
through reasonable diligence various material facts affecting Plaintiffs' decision to
purchase the Subject Property." The complaint identifies those "material facts" as the
following: (1) "A duly recorded Covenant of Improvement Requirements burdened the
Subject Property . . . "; (2) "The COVENANT affected title to the Subject Property"; and
(3) "The COVENANT required certain items including but not limited to: construction of
numerous quasi-public site improvements . . . ." Plaintiffs allege that the Coldwell
defendants "had no reasonable basis for failing to or disregarding the importance of
inspection of public records or permits to ensure title to Subject Property was free and
clear of any encumbrances or defects . . . ."
In sum, plaintiffs allege that "had [the Coldwell defendants] acted properly in their
duties as fiduciaries and undertaken a diligent investigation of public records and of the
Subject Property itself, the full extent of any encumbrances or defects in title to the
9
Subject Property would have been ascertained and Plaintiffs would not have purchased
the Subject Property."
Plaintiffs are asserting that the Coldwell defendants breached their fiduciary duties
by failing to independently determine that the covenant existed, despite the fact that the
title insurance company failed to identify the covenant in either the preliminary title
report or the title insurance policy. In essence, plaintiffs seek to expand the scope of a
real estate agent's duty to his or her client to include a duty to conduct an independent
investigation and search of the public record to find recorded documents pertaining to the
property that were not disclosed by the title insurance company. However, the scope of a
real estate agent's duty to his or her clients is not so broad as to encompass the duty that
plaintiffs propose.
"In California . . . the parties rely on title insurance companies, whose fundamental
purpose is to search the public land records, report their findings as to the status of title,
and provide an indemnity policy insuring their findings." (Greenwald & Asimow, Cal.
Practice Guide: Real Property Transactions (The Rutter Group 2011) ¶ 3:2, pp. 3-1 to
3-2.) In addition, a real estate transaction "can involve many issues that are outside the
scope of the typical broker's expertise; some such as legal issues, tax matters, accounting
issues, construction, engineering, and hazardous materials, require the assistance of other
professionals," and a "broker is not obligated to provide advice in subjects outside [the
broker's] core real estate expertise." (California Real Property Sales Transactions
(Cont.Ed.Bar 4th ed. 2010) § 2.151, p. 201.) Real estate agents are entitled to rely on the
expertise of other professionals who are hired to complete a task in their own area of
10
expertise. Thus, where a title insurance company is hired to perform the task of
searching the public record, a real estate agent is entitled to rely on the work of the title
insurance company and does not have a duty to independently search the public record to
ensure that the title company has completed its job correctly.
The only authority on which plaintiffs rely in an attempt to establish that the duties
owed by a real estate licensee to a client include a duty to independently search the public
record to find recorded documents pertaining to the property that a client seeks to
purchase is the case of Field v. Century 21 Klowden-Forness Realty (1998) 63
Cal. App. 4th 18 (Field). Field does not expand the scope of the duty of a real estate agent
in the manner in which plaintiffs contend. In Field, the plaintiffs alleged claims of
negligence, negligent misrepresentation, and breach of fiduciary duty against defendant
Century 21, based on the defendant's "failure to inspect related title documents and to
determine the scope of an easement in favor of Otay Water District." (Id. at p. 21.) The
issue on appeal in Field was whether the two-year statute of limitations established by
Civil Code section 2079.4 applied to claims for a breach of fiduciary duty brought against
real estate brokers by purchasers whom they exclusively represented. The Field court
concluded that actions by purchasers against brokers who represent them exclusively in a
real estate purchase transaction are not limited by the two-year time bar of Civil Code
11
section 2079.4, which applies to breaches of the duties imposed on brokers by Civil Code
sections 2079 through 2079.24. (Field, supra, at p. 20.)6
The facts in Field established that the Fields' real estate agent not only had "not
inspect[ed] the preliminary title report in a timely manner, she did not even receive it
from the title company until after escrow closed." (Field, supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p.
22.) At trial, experts for both the plaintiffs and defendants agreed that the real estate
agent had breached her duty to the Fields "by not reviewing the preliminary title report
before the close of escrow to verify, among other things, the scope of the easement
revealed in the transfer disclosure statement." (Id. at pp. 22-23, italics added.) Notably,
the Field court did not suggest that the real estate agent had breached any duty by failing
to independently investigate the public record to determine the extent of the easement.
(Id. at p. 23.)
In rejecting the proposition that the two-year statute of limitations in Civil Code
section 2079.4 applies to claims of breach of fiduciary duties brought by a real estate
purchaser against his or her own exclusive broker, the Field court explained that "the
fiduciary duty owed by brokers to their own clients is substantially more extensive than
the nonfiduciary duty codified in section 2079," and that application of a the "two-year-
6 As the Field court explained, Civil Code "[s]ection 2079 requires sellers' real
estate brokers, and their cooperating brokers, to conduct a 'reasonably competent and
diligent visual inspection of the property,' and to disclose all material facts such an
investigation would reveal to a prospective buyer." (Field, supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p.
23.) Civil Code section 2079.4 establishes a two-year statute of limitations for breaches
of the duties imposed by section 2079, commencing at the date of possession of the
property. (Field, supra, at pp. 23-24.)
12
from-possession limitation" in Civil Code section 2079.4 would unduly "restrict the
ability of buyers to obtain redress for duties owed by their own real estate licensees
which existed before section 2079.4 was enacted." (Field, supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p.
25.) The Field court reviewed the fiduciary duties owed by a real estate professional to
his or her client, which exist independent of the nonfiduciary duties created by the Civil
Code that a real estate professional owes to a purchaser of real property who is not his or
her client. After identifying the fiduciary duties owed by a real estate professional to his
or her client, the Field court broadly asserted: "Thus, depending on the circumstances, a
broker's fiduciary duty may be much broader than the duty to visually inspect and may
include a duty to inspect public records or permits concerning title or use of the property,
a duty which is expressly excluded from section 2079." (Field, supra, at p. 26.)
Plaintiffs' contention that the Coldwell defendants owed them a duty to
independently search the public record is based on the Field court's statement that "a
broker's fiduciary duty may be much broader than the duty to visually inspect and may
include a duty to inspect public records or permits concerning title or use of the
property." (Field, supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p. 26). Plaintiffs maintain that if the
Coldwell defendants had searched the public records, they would have found the
covenant. However, this language from Field is dicta. The Field court did not have to
consider how far the scope of the fiduciary duties owed by a real estate licensee might
extend, since in that case it was clear that the plaintiffs' real estate agent had failed to
even examine the preliminary title report.
13
In this case, in contrast to Field, plaintiffs do not allege that the Coldwell
defendants failed to read the title report or pass on to them the information that the title
company had identified the existence of an easement that was clearly marked on the
recorded parcel map. Further, unlike in Field, an examination of the preliminary title
report would not have led the real estate agent to the covenant at issue, since the title
insurance company did not identify the covenant in any of its documents.
We do not believe that Field stands for the proposition that a real estate licensee
may not rely on the professional assistance of a title company in matters related to
encumbrances on the property, and instead must independently research the public record
to determine whether there are any encumbrances on the property that are not identified
by the title company in its report or title insurance policy. We decline to impose such a
duty on real estate professionals. A real estate agent is entitled to rely on the reporting of
a title company to the same extent as a purchaser of real property, and does not have an
affirmative duty to independently scour the public record to "double check" the work of a
title company.
Plaintiffs also suggest, without citation to the operative complaint, that the duty
they are seeking to impose on the Coldwell defendants is not a duty to search public
records for encumbrances on property, but rather, a broader duty to do something to
"verify whether such easements [i.e., 'unusable' or 'proposed' easements] existed."
However, plaintiffs later specify that what they believe the Coldwell defendants should
have done, and had a duty to do, was to "perfor[m] necessary research and investigation,
and disclose that information." Thus, although plaintiffs complain that the Coldwell
14
defendants and the trial court improperly "narrow[ed] the duty that Plaintiffs' allege the
Coldwell Defendants owed to them" by defining that duty as a duty to independently
search public records, we disagree. The allegations of the operative complaint, as well as
plaintiffs' briefing, confirm that the duty they allege the Coldwell defendants owed them
is a duty to conduct an independent investigation to identify encumbrances on the
property that were not identified by the title company. As we have already explained, a
real estate licensee's fiduciary duties to a client do not require that the licensee search the
public record to attempt to discover other recorded documents that affect the property
that the title company failed to identify. This is not a situation in which a real estate
professional failed to pass along material information to the client, or, as in Field, failed
to review the preliminary title report prior to the closing of escrow. In Field, the real
estate agent's conduct effectively prevented the purchasers from knowing what was in the
title report or considering that information prior to making the purchase. Here, plaintiffs
were aware of the contents of the title report, and knew that an easement existed. Their
real estate agent did not have an additional duty to independently "check" the
completeness of the title insurance company's work. We conclude that plaintiffs have
failed to state a cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty under the facts alleged in the
SAC.
2. Negligent misrepresentation (fifth cause of action)
"The elements of negligent misrepresentation are (1) the misrepresentation of a
past or existing material fact, (2) without reasonable ground for believing it to be true, (3)
with intent to induce another's reliance on the fact misrepresented, (4) justifiable reliance
15
on the misrepresentation, and (5) resulting damage. [Citation.] In contrast to fraud,
negligent misrepresentation does not require knowledge of falsity. A defendant who
makes false statements ' "honestly believing that they are true, but without reasonable
ground for such belief, . . . may be liable for negligent misrepresentation . . . ."
[Citations.]' [Citation.] However, a positive assertion is required; an omission or an
implied assertion or representation is not sufficient." (Apollo Capital Fund, LLC v. Roth
Capital Partners, LLC (2007) 158 Cal. App. 4th 226, 243.) Although the Supreme Court
has not decided the issue, it appears that the rules for pleading fraud may apply to
negligent misrepresentation. (See Small v. Fritz Companies, Inc. (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 167,
184 [holding that heightened pleading standard for fraud applies to claim for negligent
misrepresentation in an action for securities fraud, but "express[ing] no view on whether
this pleading requirement would apply in other actions for negligent misrepresentation"];
see also Charnay v. Cobert (2006) 145 Cal. App. 4th 170, 185, fn. 14 ["Fraud and
negligent misrepresentation must be pleaded with particularity and by facts that ' " 'show
how, when, where, to whom, and by what means the representations were
tendered.' " ' "].)
The allegations of the operative complaint state that the Coldwell defendants
"negligently misrepresented and/or withheld important material facts related to the
Subject Property including but not limited to: Defects in the Subject Propert[y's] title
history, the existence of a valid easement, and the existence of a duly recorded Covenant
of Improvement Requirements." Plaintiffs allege that these "representations, or lack
thereof, regarding title were false," and that the Coldwell defendants knew or in the
16
exercise of reasonable diligence should have known of the existence of the encumbrances
and thus should have known that these representations were not true.
Plaintiffs failed to allege in the operative complaint the existence of even a single
false statement that the Coldwell defendants made to them. Rather, the allegations
supporting this cause of action appear to be the same facts that plaintiffs allege to support
their other causes of action against the Coldwell defendants, namely, that the Coldwell
defendants failed to adequately investigate the existence of the nature of the easement on
the property. Thus, rather than identifying any affirmative statement made by the
Coldwell defendants, plaintiffs appear to be relying on the Coldwell defendants' failure to
investigate and to inform plaintiffs about the nature and extent of the recorded covenant
identifying the easement encumbering the property—i.e., the failure to make a statement
to plaintiffs. However, a "negligent misrepresentation claim 'requires a positive
assertion,' not merely an omission." (Lopez v. Nissan North America, Inc. (2011) 201
Cal. App. 4th 572, 596.)
Because plaintiffs made no allegations of any affirmative misrepresentation on the
part of any of the Coldwell defendants, the trial court properly sustained the Coldwell
defendants' demurrer to the negligent misrepresentation cause of action.
3. Negligence (sixth cause of action)
"The elements of a claim for professional negligence incorporate a specific
standard of care into the elements of a negligence claim." (Burgess v. Superior Court
(1992) 2 Cal. 4th 1064, 1077.) " 'The elements of a cause of action in tort for professional
negligence are: (1) the duty of the professional to use such skill, prudence and diligence
17
as other members of his profession commonly possess and exercise; (2) a breach of that
duty; (3) a proximate causal connection between the negligent conduct and the resulting
injury; and (4) actual loss or damage resulting from the professional's negligence.
[Citations.]' " (Ibid.)
To make out their sixth cause of action, plaintiffs allege that the Coldwell
defendants owed them a duty of care "to perform services competently, prudently, and
thoroughly," and that the Coldwell defendants failed to meet this standard of care by
"fail[ing] to fully investigate the material defects in title, failures, and deficiencies with
the Subject Property which were known and/or should have been known to [the Coldwell
defendants]; and in failing to so act, breached the aforesaid duties of due care." Plaintiffs
further claim that as a result of this alleged breach, they purchased the property, which
suffered from material defects, to their detriment.
As with their cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty, plaintiffs allege in their
claim for negligence that the specific breach was the Coldwell defendants' failure to
complete an independent search of the public record to discover an encumbrance on the
property that the title company failed to identify in the preliminary title report and title
insurance policy. However, under the specific facts alleged in this complaint, we must
conclude that the duty of care owed by the Coldwell defendants to use the skill, prudence
and diligence that other members of the profession commonly possess and exercise does
not extend so far as to require them to independently comb the public record in an
attempt to find recorded encumbrances that the title insurance company failed to include
in its preliminary report and title insurance policy. We therefore conclude that plaintiffs
18
have failed to state a claim against the Coldwell defendants for negligence, and we affirm
the trial court's sustaining of the demurrer as to this cause of action alleged against the
Coldwell defendants.
C. Plaintiffs have not demonstrated a reasonable possibility that the defects in the
SAC could be cured
We next consider whether plaintiffs have established that there is some manner in
which they could amend the operative pleading to cure the defects that we have
identified. It is clear that the burden to establish the possibility of curing any defect rests
upon plaintiffs' shoulders. (See Davies, supra, 168 Cal.App.4th at p. 1090 [" 'The
plaintiff has the burden of proving that an amendment would cure the defect
[citation]' "].)
Plaintiffs do not suggest in their briefing on appeal what additional facts they
would allege with respect to the fourth and sixth causes of action (breach of fiduciary
duty and negligence) to attempt to cure the defects in these causes of action. They have
thus failed to meet their burden of establishing that an amendment would cure the defects
with respect to their claims for breach of fiduciary duty and negligence.
Plaintiffs do, however, set forth an argument in which they explain how they could
amend the operative complaint to state a cause of action for negligent misrepresentation.
Plaintiffs contend that after the sellers disclosed an " 'unusable easement,' " they asked
Anderson, their real estate agent, about the " 'unusable easement.' " Plaintiffs allege that
rather than looking into the issue further or offering them guidance with respect to this
easement, Anderson represented to them, prior to the close of escrow, "that everything
19
was fine and to proceed with the transaction." They further contend that Anderson had
no reasonable ground for believing that "everything was fine," that she intended for them
to rely on her assertion that "everything was fine," and that they did in fact rely on that
assertion and went through with the transaction, suffering damage as a result.7
However, even assuming that plaintiffs could allege sufficient facts to state a
cause of action for negligent misrepresentation, it is clear that such a claim would be
untimely under any of the potentially applicable statutes of limitations. "The limitations
period, the period in which a plaintiff must bring suit or be barred, runs from the moment
a claim accrues. [Citations.] Traditionally at common law, a 'cause of action accrues
"when [it] is complete with all of its elements"—those elements being wrongdoing, harm,
and causation.' [Citation.] This is the 'last element' accrual rule: ordinarily, the statute of
limitations runs from 'the occurrence of the last element essential to the cause of action.' "
(Aryeh v. Canon Business Solutions, Inc. (2013) 55 Cal. 4th 1185, 1191.)
7 Although the statement that "everything [is] fine" may appear to be a statement of
opinion, as opposed to a fact subject to verification, it is possible that such a statement,
coming from a real estate agent, could be treated as a representation of fact. "Under
certain circumstances, expressions of professional opinion are treated as representations
of fact. When a statement, although in the form of an opinion, is 'not a casual expression
of belief' but 'a deliberate affirmation of the matters stated,' it may be regarded as a
positive assertion of fact. [Citation.] Moreover, when a party possesses or holds itself
out as possessing superior knowledge or special information or expertise regarding the
subject matter and a plaintiff is so situated that it may reasonably rely on such supposed
knowledge, information, or expertise, the defendant's representation may be treated as
one of material fact." (Bily v. Arthur Young & Co. (1992) 3 Cal. 4th 370, 408, italics
added; see also Gagne v. Bertran (1954) 43 Cal. 2d 481, 489; Cohen v. S & S
Construction Company (1983) 151 Cal. App. 3d 941, 946.)
20
Although the parties dispute what the applicable statute of limitations is with
respect to plaintiffs' cause of action for negligent misrepresentation, we conclude that it is
of no consequence because under even the longest possible period—i.e., the four years
provided pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 3438 urged by plaintiffs in their
appellate briefing—the cause of action is time-barred.
According to the Coldwell defendants, plaintiffs had constructive notice of the
existence of the easement and the covenant because the covenant was a recorded
document. The Coldwell defendants claim that because the plaintiffs had constructive
notice that they were damaged as of the date that plaintiffs took title to the property,
which was in January 2007, the claim is time-barred.
"Civil Code section 1213 provides that every 'conveyance' of real property
recorded as prescribed by law provides 'constructive notice' of its contents to subsequent
purchasers. The term 'conveyance' is broadly defined to include 'every instrument in
writing . . . by which the title to any real property may be affected . . . .' [Citation.]
Constructive notice 'is the equivalent of actual knowledge; i.e., knowledge of its contents
is conclusively presumed.' " (Citizens for Covenant Compliance v. Anderson (1995) 12
Cal. 4th 345, 355.) Thus, plaintiffs are charged with the equivalent of actual knowledge
of the existence and contents of the covenant as of January 2007. Once plaintiffs had
constructive notice of the covenant and its contents, which revealed that the property they
8 Code of Civil Procedure section 343 provides: "An action for relief not
hereinbefore provided for must be commenced within four years after the cause of action
shall have accrued."
21
had purchased was burdened by an easement for a paved access road, they were on notice
of the existence of their negligent misrepresentation claim based on Anderson's alleged
comments to them that "everything [is] fine." Plaintiffs' negligent misrepresentation
claim therefore accrued as of January 2007. Their amendment to add the Coldwell
defendants and assert a negligent misrepresentation cause of action against the Coldwell
defendants in October 2011 occurred more than four years after their claim accrued. Any
cause of action for negligent misrepresentation that plaintiffs could allege would thus be
untimely.
We conclude that plaintiffs have not demonstrated how they could amend the
operative complaint to attempt to restate any of their causes of action. We therefore
affirm the trial court's order denying plaintiffs leave to amend.
IV.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. The Coldwell defendants are entitled to costs on
appeal.
AARON, J.
WE CONCUR:
McCONNELL, P. J.
McDONALD, J.
22