Kiet v. Litton Loan Servicing CA4/3 ( 2013 )

Filed 7/2/13 Kiet v. Litton Loan Servicing CA4/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
TANG KIET,
Plaintiff and Appellant, G047505
v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2010-00432088)
LITTON LOAN SERVICING, LP, et al., OPINION
Defendants and Respondents.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Karen J.
Bravata, Temporary Judge. (Pursuant to Cal. Const., art. VI, § 21.) Affirmed.
Law Office of Quyen Kiet and Quyen Kiet for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Houser & Allison, Eric D. Houser and M. Benjamin Susman for
Defendants and Respondents.
The first deed of trust on residential real property was foreclosed upon and
bought by the lender at the nonjudicial foreclosure sale for a full credit bid, leaving
appellant Tang Kiet as a sold-out junior lien holder. Kiet did not appear at or bid at the
trustee’s sale, nor did he otherwise attempt to cure the default on the senior lien. Instead,
he filed the instant action against the lenders, Bank of America (as successor to
Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (Countrywide)) and the Bank of New York as Trustee for
the Certificate Holders CWL, Inc. Asset-Backed Certificates, Series 2002-03 (BNY), the
loan servicer, Litton Loan Servicing, LP (Litton), and Mortgage Electronic Registration
Systems, Inc. (MERS) (hereafter collectively referred to as the Defendants unless the
context indicates otherwise), seeking to recover from them the amount of his
extinguished junior lien.
Kiet appeals from the judgment in favor of the Defendants that followed
their successful summary judgment motion. He primarily contends the lender’s full
credit bid included amounts the lender was not entitled to add to the secured debt
(specifically property taxes and hazard insurance premiums paid by the lender), and
included inflated amounts of principal and interest. Kiet urges the amounts improperly
included in the lender’s full credit bid constitute surplus sales proceeds that should have
been made available to satisfy his junior lien. We reject Kiet’s contentions and affirm the
judgment.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
The Complaint
In April 2002, Countrywide made an adjustable rate real estate loan of
$437,750 to Lan Anh Truong (Borrower), evidenced by a promissory note (the Note) and
secured by a recorded first deed of trust on residential property located in
Fountain Valley. By the time of the foreclosure, BNY was the lender’s assignee via
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MERS,1 and Litton was the loan servicer. In December 2003, Kiet, who is an attorney,
was named beneficiary of a second deed of trust on the property securing a $75,000 note.
Kiet alleged that when he learned of Borrower’s March 2006 default on the
payments on the loan secured by the first deed of trust, he contacted Litton in August
2006 to advise it of his secured interest in the property. The trustee’s sale was set for
December 19, 2008, and the notice of the trustee’s sale set the minimum bid at $559,806,
which Kiet alleged was enough to cover both liens. The property was purchased by
lender BNY at the trustee’s sale for a full credit bid of $622,136. Kiet’s post-sale
requests that his junior lien be satisfied went unanswered by Litton. Kiet alleged
Defendants “inflated” the amount of the bid on the property by including amounts to
which they were not entitled. He alleged the difference between the amounts Borrower
really owed on the Note and BNY’s bid was at least $75,182—an amount that should
have been available to pay off the second deed of trust. Based on the foregoing
allegations, Kiet’s complaint contained causes of action against all the Defendants for
equitable estoppel, negligent misrepresentation, enforcement of lien, breach of implied in
fact contract, common counts, and unjust enrichment.
Summary Judgment Motion
The Defendants moved for summary judgment. Before setting forth the
facts contained in the separate statements, we describe the trust deeds in more detail.
1 “MERS is a private corporation that administers a national registry of real
estate debt interest transactions. Members of the MERS System assign limited interests
in the real property to MERS, which is listed as a grantee in the official records of local
governments, but the members retain the promissory notes and mortgage servicing rights.
The notes may thereafter be transferred among members without requiring recordation in
the public records. [Citation.] [¶] Ordinarily, the owner of a promissory note secured by
a deed of trust is designated as the beneficiary of the deed of trust. [Citation.] Under the
MERS System, however, MERS is designated as the beneficiary in deeds of trust, acting
as ‘nominee’ for the lender, and granted the authority to exercise legal rights of the
lender.” (Fontenot v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 256, 267
(Fontenot).)
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The First Deed of Trust and the Note
The April 2002 loan to Borrower was an adjustable rate loan based on the
LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate) plus six percent. The Note specifically referred
to and was incorporated into the first deed of trust. As relevant to the issues raised in this
appeal, the first deed of trust defined the secured loan as including “the debt evidenced by
the Note, plus interest, any prepayment charges and late charges due under the Note, and
all sums due under this [first deed of trust] plus interest.” The first deed of trust provided
Borrower “shall pay all taxes, assessments, charges, fines, and impositions attributable to
the [secured property] which can attain priority over this [first deed of trust.]” If
Borrower failed to pay property taxes, the lender could do so in order to protect its
security interest in the property, and any amounts so expended would become additional
debt secured by the first deed of trust bearing interest at the same rate as the Note from
the date of disbursement. The first deed of trust further provided Borrower must
maintain hazard insurance on the property and if Borrower failed to do so, the lender
could obtain the insurance and any amounts expended by the lender in maintaining
hazard insurance coverage “shall become additional debt of Borrower secured by this
[first deed of trust]” bearing interest at the rate provided for in the Note.
The Second Deed of Trust
On December 8, 2003, without obtaining the required approval from the
lender, Borrower executed a grant deed transferring title of the property to St. Thomas
Corp., and a few days later Phan Anh Do as president of St. Thomas Corp. executed a
promissory note for $75,000 payable to Kiet secured by a second deed of trust recorded
against the property with Kiet as beneficiary. The reasons for this transaction are not
entirely clear. At his deposition, Kiet testified he was the attorney for St. Thomas and the
$75,000 note was for attorney fees related to a bankruptcy proceeding, but he could not
explain why the property had been transferred to St. Thomas or what Borrower’s
relationship was with St. Thomas.
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Defendants’ Separate Statement
Borrower stopped paying on the loan secured by the first deed of trust in
March 2006 and a notice of default was recorded on March 31, 2008. On October 28,
2008, the foreclosure trustee executed a notice of trustee’s sale to take place on
November 26, 2008, which set a minimum bid of $559,806. The notice of the trustee’s
sale was recorded on November 7, 2008. On December 19, 2008, the property was sold
at public auction for a full credit bid by BNY. The full credit bid amount of $622,136,
included, among other amounts, unpaid principal and interest of $560,910, property taxes
of $42,002, hazard insurance premiums of $13,812, attorney fees of $1,770, and statutory
disbursements of $1,983.
Defendants put forth the following as undisputed facts: The first deed of
trust was senior to the second deed of trust. It was foreclosed by a trustee’s sale on
December 19, 2008, for a full credit bid representing the amount of unpaid debt and costs
owed by Borrower. Kiet did not attend the foreclosure sale, cure the default on the first
deed of trust prior to foreclosure, or redeem the property at the foreclosure sale. Kiet did
not communicate with MERS, Bank of America, or BNY. Litton did not promise Kiet it
would pay him surplus funds from the foreclosure sale. Kiet was aware of the
foreclosure on the first deed of trust since 2006, and he testified at his deposition that
when he contacted Litton he was told Litton could not discuss the first deed of trust with
him because he was not the borrower. Kiet did not record a request for special notice of
the trustee’s sale until December 16, 2008. Kiet testified he made no attempts to collect
on the promissory note from St. Thomas.
Kiet’s Opposition
Kiet’s opposition included his declaration in which he attempted to dispute
many of Defendants’ undisputed facts. Kiet’s declaration attached as exhibits many of
the same documents included in Defendants’ moving papers. Kiet declared he contacted
Litton after the trustee’s sale to ask for payment of his second deed of trust, was told they
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were reviewing the matter, and “promised that I would be paid if there was a surplus of
funds.” In his declaration, Kiet stated he was “led by Litton[]” to believe the sales price
obtained was sufficient to cover the first deed of trust and the second deed of trust. Kiet
attached as exhibit M what appears to be an Internet printout from Zillow, dated
December 26, 2008 (i.e., after the trustee’s sale) listing the two liens on the property (the
$437,750 first deed of trust and the $75,000 second deed of trust), which showed the
minimum foreclosure bid price of $559,806. He attached as exhibit H, a letter dated
January 2, 2009 (i.e., after the trustee’s sale), he sent to Litton asking for payment of the
debt secured by the second deed of trust. Kiet also included a declaration from Borrower
in which she stated she had never “acknowledged” the amounts expended to pay property
taxes or hazard insurance premiums, to be part of the amount she owed under the Note.
Kiet also included with his opposition a document designated exhibit F, of
which he asked the court to take judicial notice. Exhibit F was a printout of what Kiet
described as “a true and correct copy of table of historical 6-month LIBOR rates” from
January 2002 to July 2012, published “on-line” at a website found at the Internet address
“www.moneycafe.com.” He also included exhibit G, which was “a true and correct copy
of Lender’s Officer’s Certificate produced by [d]efendant L[itton] in discovery.” The
document has Borrower’s name and address at the top, and three columns comprised of a
list of dates followed by the amount of principal and interest due on each date, beginning
March 2006 and ending May 2009. Defendants objected to both exhibits as inadmissible
hearsay and lacking relevance.
Ruling
The trial court granted Defendants’ summary judgment motion. As
relevant to the issues Kiet raises in his appeal, the court found he could not prevail on his
cause of action for enforcement of lien because his junior lien was extinguished by the
foreclosure of the senior lien by the lender’s full credit bid at the trustee sale, which left
no surplus as a matter of law. The court rejected Kiet’s argument inclusion of property
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taxes and insurance advances in the full credit bid was improper—it was undisputed
Borrower did not make all of her property tax and insurance payments and the first deed
of trust specifically provided property taxes and insurance advanced by the lender
became part of the total debt owed under the first deed of trust. Additionally, Kiet had no
standing to enforce the terms of the Note or the first deed of trust as he was not a party to,
or third party beneficiary of, either. The court found there were no triable issues of fact
as to Kiet’s common counts and unjust enrichment causes of action. The court sustained
Defendants’ objections to exhibits F and G, and declined to take judicial notice of either
document.
DISCUSSION
A. Summary Judgment Standard of Review
“Summary judgment is appropriate only if there is no triable issue of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment in its favor as a matter of law.
[Citation.] . . . A defendant moving for summary judgment . . . must show that one or
more elements of the plaintiff’s cause of action cannot be established or that there is a
complete defense. [Citation.] The defendant can satisfy its burden by presenting
evidence that negates an element of the cause of action or evidence that the plaintiff does
not possess and cannot reasonably expect to obtain evidence needed to support an
element of the cause of action. [Citation.] If the defendant meets this burden, the burden
shifts to the plaintiff to set forth ‘specific facts’ showing that a triable issue of material
fact exists. [Citation.] [¶] We review the trial court’s ruling de novo, liberally construe
the evidence in favor of the party opposing the motion, and resolve all doubts concerning
the evidence in favor of the opposing party. [Citation.] We will affirm an order granting
summary judgment . . . if it is correct on any ground that the parties had an adequate
opportunity to address in the trial court, regardless of the trial court’s stated reasons.
[Citations.]” (Securitas Security Services USA, Inc. v. Superior Court (2011)
197 Cal.App.4th 115, 119-120.)
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“‘A different analysis is required for our review of the trial
court’s . . . rulings on evidentiary objections. Although it is often said that an appellate
court reviews a summary judgment motion ‘de novo,’ the weight of authority holds that
an appellate court reviews a court’s final rulings on evidentiary objections by applying an
abuse of discretion standard. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Miranda v. Bomel Construction
Co., Inc. (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 1326, 1335.)
B. Evidentiary Rulings
Kiet contends the trial court erred by not admitting into evidence his
exhibit F, a printout of LIBOR rates from January 2002 to July 2012, he found “on-line,”
and exhibit G, a document titled “Lender’s Officer’s Certificate,” which he states was
produced by Litton in discovery. The trial court sustained Defendants’ relevance and
hearsay objections to both documents.
“‘On appeals challenging discretionary trial court rulings, it is appellant’s
burden to establish an abuse of discretion. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Ramos v.
Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 615, 624 (Ramos).) Kiet has
failed to establish an abuse of discretion here.
The trial court did not err by declining to take judicial notice of exhibit F,
the printout of the website found at the Internet address “www.moneycare.com” listing
historical LIBOR rates. Judicial notice is a court’s recognition of the existence of a
matter of law or fact relevant to an issue as a substitute for formal proof of that matter.
(Fontenot, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at p. 264; Poseidon Development, Inc. v. Woodland
Lane Estates, LLC (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 1106, 1117.) “‘Taking judicial notice of a
document is not the same as accepting the truth of its contents or accepting a particular
interpretation of its meaning.’ [Citation.] While courts take judicial notice of public
records, they do not take notice of the truth of matters stated therein. [Citation.] ‘When
judicial notice is taken of a document, . . . the truthfulness and proper interpretation of the
document are disputable.’ [Citation.]” (Herrera v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co.
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(2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1366, 1375, italics added; see also In re Christian P. (2012)
207 Cal.App.4th 1266, 1275, fn. 4 [judicial “notice [of court record] is limited to the
existence of the documents and is not the same as taking notice of the truth of any matters
or facts stated therein”].) Although the printout might be an accurate representation of
the website Kiet found at “www.moneycare.com,” that does not allow the trial court to
take judicial notice of the facts that were asserted on that webpage. Accordingly, the trial
court correctly ruled the document inadmissible.
Nor has Kiet demonstrated the trial court abused its discretion by excluding
his exhibit G. Kiet contends the one-page document, titled “Lender’s Officer’s
Certificate” was admissible because it was produced by Litton in discovery, and relevant
because it has Borrower’s name and loan number on it. Kiet offers no reasoned legal
analysis of the issues to which the document pertains or how its exclusion prejudiced
him. The document is a list of payment dates beginning in March 2006 and ending May
2009, followed by amounts of principal and interest due on each date. In his opposition
to the summary judgment motion, Kiet asserted it showed the “lender” charged interest
after the foreclosure. But there is nothing explaining who created the document, when it
was prepared, what it was for, or how it relates to the amounts calculated for BNY’s full
credit bid. Kiet has failed to demonstrate the document’s relevance and has failed to
meet his appellate burden. (Ramos, supra, 82 Cal.App.4th at p. 624.)
C. Enforcement of Lien Cause of Action
As to the enforcement of lien cause of action, Kiet claimed there were
“surplus funds” from the trustee’s sale that should have been made available to pay his
junior lien on the property in accordance with the priorities set forth in Civil Code
section 2924k, subdivision (a). Defendants moved for summary judgment on the grounds
lender BNY’s full credit bid extinguished the junior lien, which left no surplus sale
proceeds as a matter of law, and Kiet took no steps to protect his junior lien prior to its
extinguishment. Defendants are correct.
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Civil Code section 2924k, subdivision (a), requires the foreclosure trustee
to distribute the proceeds of the trustee’s sale in the following order of priority: (1) the
allowable costs and expenses associated with exercising the power of sale; (2) payment
of the obligations secured by the deed of trust being foreclosed upon (e.g., the senior
lien); (3) satisfying junior liens and encumbrances; and then (4) to the trustor.
The holder of a subordinate deed of trust will recover all or a portion of the
debt secured by the subordinate deed of trust only if the successful trustee’s sale bidder
pays enough to pay off all of senior and all or a portion of the junior indebtedness.
(South Bay Building Enterprises, Inc. v. Riviera Lend-Lease, Inc. (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th
1111, 1120-1121; FPCI RE-HAB 01 v. E & G Investments, Ltd. (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d
1018, 1023 (FPCI RE-HAB 01); Civ. Code, § 2924k, subd. (a).) If the successful bidder
purchases at a price insufficient to pay off any of the junior indebtedness after the
proceeds of the sale are applied to the senior indebtedness (and other statutory costs and
expenses attributable to the sale see Civil Code, § 2924k, subd. (a)), then the holder of the
junior deed of trust is out of luck. Kiet is out of luck.
In this case, the lender BNY was the only bidder at the trustee’s sale, and it
made a full credit bid. A “full credit bid” is described as follows: “At a nonjudicial
foreclosure sale, if the lender chooses to bid, it does so in the capacity of a purchaser.
[Citation.] The only distinction between the lender and any other bidder is that the lender
is not required to pay cash, but is entitled to make a credit bid up to the amount of the
outstanding indebtedness. [Citations.] The purpose of this entitlement is to avoid the
inefficiency of requiring the lender to tender cash which would only be immediately
returned to it. [Citation.] A ‘full credit bid’ is a bid ‘in an amount equal to the unpaid
principal and interest of the mortgage debt, together with the costs, fees and other
expenses of the foreclosure.’ [Citation.] If the full credit bid is successful, i.e., results in
the acquisition of the property, the lender pays the full outstanding balance of the debt
and costs of foreclosure to itself and takes title to the security property, releasing the
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borrower from further obligations under the defaulted note. [Citation.]” (Alliance
Mortgage Co. v. Rothwell (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1226, 1238.)
In other words, when the foreclosing lender makes a full credit bid on the
property, by its very nature, no money changes hands. The full credit bid conclusively
establishes the value of the property. (Bank of America v. Quackenbush (1997)
56 Cal.App.4th 1167, 1171). There is no “surplus” to distribute. The lender’s debt is
extinguished, and it gets title to the property. “If a junior lienor does not cure the default
in the senior obligation or redeem at the senior foreclosure, its lien will be extinguished at
the foreclosure sale . . . .” (FPCI RE-HAB 01, supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at p. 1023.)
We reject Kiet’s argument the lender’s full credit bid improperly included
amounts not included in the debt secured by the first deed of trust, somehow requiring the
lender (or one of the other defendants) to now pay those overbid amounts to Kiet—the
sold-out junior. Kiet primarily argues the lender’s payment of $42,002 in delinquent
property taxes and $13,812 in hazard insurance premiums was voluntary and those
amounts cannot be considered part of the debt secured by the first deed of trust.
Nonsense.
The first deed of trust specifically requires Borrower to pay property taxes
and maintain insurance, and provides if Borrower defaults in those obligations, the lender
may advance those costs and add them to the debt secured by the first deed of trust. Kiet
provides no authority supporting his contention the absence of provisions concerning the
lender’s payment of taxes and insurance in the Note controls; it is well established that a
promissory note and deed of trust are part of a single transaction and are read together.
(See Huckell v. Matranga (1979) 99 Cal.App.3d 471, 481.)
Moreover, numerous statutes and cases specifically validate the lender’s
rights in this regard so as to protect its security interest in the property. For example, by
statute liens for real property taxes have priority over all private liens, regardless of the
time of their creation. (See Rev. & Tax. Code, §§ 2192.1, 3712; Gov. Code, § 53935.)
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And when the trustor on a deed of trust fails to pay property taxes when due, the
lender/beneficiary may make the payments, add the amount paid to the principal
indebtedness and foreclose the security if those amounts are not reimbursed.
(Security-First Nat. Bank v. Lamb (1931) 212 Cal. 64, 68-69.) Indeed Civil Code
section 2876 specifically provides that when a lien holder “is compelled to satisfy a prior
lien for his own protection, he may enforce payment of the amount so paid by him, as a
part of the claim for which his own lien exists.”
Similarly, case law has acknowledged that both the borrower/trustor and
the lender/beneficiary have separate insurable interests in the property (Mosee v.
Firemen’s Ins. Co. of Newark (1927) 87 Cal.App. 473, 475; Loring v. Dutchess Ins. Co.
(1905) 1 Cal.App. 186, 188), and if the borrower/trustor defaults on the obligations set
forth in the deed of trust to keep the property adequately insured for the benefit of both,
the lender beneficiary is entitled to insure or pay the premium and add that amount to the
secured debt. (See Campbell v. Realty Title Co. (1942) 20 Cal.2d 195; 27 Cal.Jur. 3d
(2013) Deed of Trust, § 99; Bernhardt, Cal. Mortgages, Deeds of Trust, and Foreclosure
Litigation (Cont.Ed.Bar 4th ed. 2012) Trustor’s Failure to Insure, § 8.58, p. 683; see also
Fin. Code, §§ 1487 & 7461 [allow enforcement of provisions in mortgages and deed of
trusts accelerating the debt and foreclosing for nonpayment of taxes and insurance
whether or not lender’s security interest in the property has been impaired].)
We are similarly unimpressed by Kiet’s argument the lender’s full credit
bid was based on incorrect calculations of the principal remaining due and inflated
interest charges, and therefore either the lender (or one of the other defendants) must pay
those amounts to Kiet. Even if the amounts of principal and accrued interest owed by
Borrower on the Note were miscalculated, Kiet suggests no basis on which he can assert
Borrower’s rights. It is undisputed Kiet made no attempt to cure Borrower’s default on
the first deed of trust so as to protect his junior lien, did not bid on the property at the
foreclosure sale, or redeem the property. And there is no evidence of any irregularities in
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the trustee’s sale that precluded Kiet from curing the default on the first deed of trust or
prevented a bid by a higher bidder.2 Furthermore, “In order to prove [he] was damaged
by [any] irregularities in the foreclosure sale which dissuaded or prevented a higher bid,
the junior lienor would have to produce a ready, willing and able buyer who would have
paid the higher price but for the wrongful conduct. Otherwise, damages alleged would be
speculative.” (FPCI RE-HAB 01, supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at p. 1023; see also Park v.
First American Title Co. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 1418, 1424.) Kiet presented no
evidence he or anyone else was ready, willing, and able to bid on the property at the
trustee’s sale. In short, there was no material issue of fact as to whether there was any
“surplus” of funds from the trustee’s sale, and the trial court correctly granted summary
judgment.
D. Common Counts and Unjust Enrichment Causes of Action
Kiet contends the trial court erred by granting summary judgment on his
common counts and unjust enrichment causes of action. He engages in absolutely no
reasoned legal analysis of either cause of action. He provides no citation to authority, or
any discussion of the requisites for those claims. While we perform a de novo review of
summary adjudications, it is always the appellant’s burden on appeal to demonstrate the
trial court erred. (Boyle v. CertainTeed Corp. (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 645, 649-650,
2 Kiet makes a passing reference to the trustee’s sale date being “changed
without giving notice to Borrower and other interested parties,” but he offers no facts
indicating an irregularity in the trustee’s sale. The record shows the trustee’s sale was
properly noticed to take place on November 26, 2008. The trustee’s sale actually
occurred on December 19, 2008. Civil Code section 2924g requires only that a
postponement of the trustee’s sale (for less than 365 days) be orally announced, i.e., “by
public declaration by the trustee at the time and place last appointed for sale. . . . No
other notice of postponement need be given.” (Civ. Code, § 2924g, subds. (a) & (d).)
The trustee’s deed states all legal notice requirements were complied with creating a
presumption the sale was conducted regularly and properly. (Civ. Code, § 2924,
subd. (c); Residential Capital v. Cal-Western Reconveyance Corp. (2003)
108 Cal.App.4th 807, 823, fn. 4.) Kiet presented no evidence rebutting the presumption
notice of any postponement was properly given.
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[“party asserting trial court error may not . . . rest on the bare assertion of error but must
present argument and legal authority on each point raised”].) Accordingly, we deem the
contentions waived. (Badie v. Bank of America (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 779, 784-785
[when appellant raises issue “but fails to support it with reasoned argument and citations
to authority, we treat the point as waived”]; see also Kim v. Sumitomo Bank (1993)
17 Cal.App.4th 974, 979.)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Respondents are awarded their costs on appeal.
O’LEARY, P. J.
WE CONCUR:
BEDSWORTH, J.
IKOLA, J.
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