People v. Bravo ( 2021 )

Filed 10/4/21 (opinion following transfer from Supreme Court)
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E072782
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF75184)
ESTEBAN ZARATE BRAVO, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Jacqueline C. Jackson,
Judge. Affirmed.
Law Offices of Paul C. Supple and Paul C. Supple, for Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta and Xavier Becerra, Attorneys General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha
Cortina and Melissa A. Mandel, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
I
INTRODUCTION
On June 24, 1997, defendant Estaban Zarate Bravo pleaded guilty to and was
convicted on a plea bargain agreement of: a felony violation of domestic violence
(Pen. Code, 1 §273.5, subd. (a); count 1) and felony violation of child cruelty (§ 273a,
subd. (a); count 2). The trial court sentenced defendant to two years’ incarceration,
suspended, and placed him on formal probation for 36 months on terms and conditions
including 25 days’ custody, for which he was granted time served.
On December 11, 2018, defendant filed a motion to vacate the judgment pursuant
to sections 1016.5 and 1473.7. On March 19, 2019, the trial court denied the motion. On
December 23, 2020, following defendant’s appeal of the trial court’s decision, this court
affirmed. (People v. Bravo (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th 1161.) On March 24, 2021, our
Supreme Court granted review, and on May 3, 2021, issued People v. Vivar (2021) 11
Cal.5th 510, disapproving of this court’s opinion in Bravo. On June 9, 2021, the
Supreme Court transferred the appeal in Bravo back to this court with directions to vacate
the decision and reconsider the matter in light of its decision in Vivar. (People v. Bravo,
S266777, Supreme Ct. Mins., June 9, 2021.) On June 24, 2021, defendant filed a
supplemental brief; on July 6, 2021, respondent filed their supplemental brief.
1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2
II
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
As we observed in the original opinion, the record on this appeal is slim and
includes scant records dating back to the original proceedings and plea taken in 1997. It
does not contain or relate the facts underlying defendant’s pleas and convictions. The
only records dating to the 1997 proceedings are the felony complaint, two minute orders,
and the advisement of rights. Most of the record is of proceedings in the trial court at the
time of defendant’s 2018–2019 motion to vacate the earlier judgment.
The felony complaint alleged that as to count 1, on June 7, 1997, defendant
violated section 273.5, subdivision (a), by willfully and unlawfully inflicting a corporal
injury resulting in a traumatic condition upon Lucy D., who was defendant’s spouse; and,
as to count 2, also on June 7, 1997, defendant violated section 273a, subdivision (a), by
willfully and unlawfully, under circumstances and conditions likely to produce great
bodily harm and death, cause and permit an infant, Esteban Jr., to suffer, and inflicted
unjustifiable physical pain and mental suffering, and did willfully cause and permit the
person and health of said infant to be injured. The two minute orders report the felony
arraignment on June 10, 1997, at which defendant pleaded not guilty, and the preliminary
hearing on June 24, 1997, at which defendant pleaded guilty to both counts pursuant to a
plea agreement and the sentence awarded as a result therefrom.
Defendant is a native of Mexico and Spanish is his first language. He appeared in
custody at a hearing on June 24, 1997, at which he pleaded guilty to both counts with the
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use of an interpreter. He was admonished as to his rights, and initialed acknowledgment
on a form provided therefor. 2 These rights included the right to a speedy trial; to face
and cross-examine witnesses; to ask the court to compel witnesses to attend trial; against
self-incrimination; and to be represented by a lawyer. He then initialed the statement that
“I understand that when I enter a plea of guilty, I waive, or give up each of the rights as
stated above.”
Immediately following that recitation and waiver, the form enumerates the
“Consequences of Plea,” stating, “In addition to the consequences discussed in open
court, and on page two of this form, I am further aware that my guilty plea to a felony
will have the following consequences:” followed by six specific statements of
consequences including firearm ownership, restitution fines, and others. The sixth such
consequence states, “If I am not a citizen of the United States, I understand that this
conviction may have the consequences of deportation, exclusion from admission to the
United States, or denial of naturalization pursuant to the laws of the United States.” The
form was signed by the defendant, defense counsel David Ross, and interpreter Elias
Uribe. The plea agreement specified that the custody term would be two years
suspended, with a restitution fine of not more than $200, and that a total of 25 days’
credit for time served was computed. Defendant also initialed a block stating, “I have
had an adequate time to discuss my case with my attorney, including time to discuss
2 A so-called Tahl form, reflecting the constitutional advisements under In re Tahl
(1969) 1 Cal.3d 122, disavowed on other grounds in Mills v. Municipal Court (1973) 10
Cal.3d 288 and Boykin v. Alabama (1969) 395 U.S. 238.
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(1) my constitutional rights, (2) the consequences of any guilty plea, and (3) any defenses
I may have to the charges against me.” Defendant’s defense counsel, David Ross, also
signed the form under the block stating, “I am satisfied that (1) the defendant understands
his/her constitutional rights and understands that a guilty plea would be a waiver of these
rights; (2) that the defendant has had an adequate opportunity to discuss his/her case with
me, including any defenses he/she may have to the charges; (3) that the defendant
understands the consequences of the his/her [sic] guilty plea.”
Defendant attests by declaration that the immediate advantage of his plea was that
he was to be released from custody that same day so that he could return to his
construction job without being fired and could therefore support his spouse and their
child. 3 Of more immediate importance, defendant was informed by counsel and the
prosecution that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) would conduct a sweep of
the county jail where he was being held by the next morning; being released that
afternoon allowed him to avoid the ICE sweep and likely deportation as a result of that
encounter.
Defendant now contends that at the time he executed the plea agreement, pleading
guilty to sections 273.5, subdivision (a), and 273a, subdivision (a), he was unaware of
future immigration consequences of his plea. Specifically, he asserts that he recently
consulted with an immigration attorney for advice as to his intent to renew an application
for lawful permanent status, for which he contends he is otherwise eligible through his
3 He refers to his spouse as his girlfriend; it is unclear from this record when or if
the marital status changed.
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wife who is a U.S. citizen; he also contends his convictions resulting from his guilty pleas
will result in certain denial of his intended citizenship application. Finally, he contends
that he was never informed that he could be deported at any time after entering these
pleas. In that light, he claims by his declaration he was never admonished pursuant to the
requirements of section 1016.5.
Defendant argues that had he known these consequences, he would not have
executed the plea agreement but would have relied on his defenses and gone to trial. He
believes the prosecution’s case was weak based on his then-girlfriend’s alleged statement
to the court at his arraignment that he had not “touch[ed], hurt or do[ne] any of the things
to her or our son that I was accused of.” Further, he claims that the police reports with
witness statements prepared by the police “contained factual allegations that were
wrong.”
III
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
Our Supreme Court has clarified the standard of review for motions brought
pursuant to section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), in Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th 510. The
Supreme Court held the independent standard of review applies to all prejudice
determinations under section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1). (Vivar, at pp. 523-526.) 4 “A
4 Vivar does not appear to address the standard for motions under section 1016.5.
However, as discussed herein, a simple reading of the plea bargain form defendant signed
in 1997 reveals that the language on the form matches the required statutory language in
section 1016.5.
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standard of independent review—the same standard governing our review of these claims
on habeas corpus—is most consistent with section 1473.7’s purpose: to offer relief to
those persons who suffered ‘prejudicial error’ but are ‘no longer imprisoned or
restrained’ and for that reason alone are unable to pursue relief on habeas corpus.
[Citation.]” (Id. at p. 525.) “ ‘[U]nder independent review, an appellate court exercises
its independent judgment to determine whether the facts satisfy the rule of law.’
[Citation.] When courts engage in independent review, they should be mindful that
‘ “[i]ndependent review is not the equivalent of de novo review . . . .” ’ [Citation.] An
appellate court may not simply second-guess factual findings that are based on the trial
court’s own observations. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 527, italics omitted.)
In other words, we should “give particular deference to factual findings based on
the trial court’s personal observations of witnesses.” (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 527-
528.) Where “the facts derive entirely from written declarations and other documents,
however, there is no reason to conclude the trial court has the same special purchase on
the question at issue; as a practical matter, ‘[t]he trial court and this court are in the same
position in interpreting written declarations’ when reviewing a cold record in a
section 1473.7 proceeding. [Citation.] Ultimately it is for the appellate court to decide,
based on its independent judgment, whether the facts establish prejudice under
section 1473.7.” (Id. at p. 528, fn. omitted.)
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B. The Trial Court’s Rulings
As to defendant’s argument under section 1016.5, “(a) Prior to acceptance of a
plea of guilty or nolo contendere to any offense punishable as a crime under state law,
except offenses designated as infractions under state law, the court shall administer the
following advisement on the record to the defendant: [¶] If you are not a citizen, you are
hereby advised that conviction of the offense for which you have been charged may have
the consequences of deportation, exclusion from admission to the United States, or denial
of naturalization pursuant to the laws of the United States.” (§ 1016.5, subd. (a).)
The trial court found that, “The 1016.5 does fail. [¶] It’s clear in the written
advisement that Mr. Bravo initialed next to the applicable portions and signed the
document, and the court minutes, which are attached to each of Mr. Bravo’s motions as
well as part of the court file, indicate that at the time Judge Thierbach took the plea, he
found that he understood the constitutional rights, the nature of the charges, and
consequences of the plea when Mr. Bravo entered his guilty pleas to Count 1 and 2.[5]
[¶] So the 1016.5 fails.”
As to defendant’s argument under section 1473.7, “(a) A person who is no longer
in criminal custody may file a motion to vacate a conviction or sentence for either of the
following reasons: [¶] (1) The conviction or sentence is legally invalid due to prejudicial
error damaging the moving party’s ability to meaningfully understand, defend against, or
5 The trial court is referring to the findings recorded in the court minutes at the
June 24, 1997 hearing: “Crt finds plea is free & voluntary. Crt finds deft knows &
understands constitutional rights, nature of charges & consequences of his/her plea.”
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knowingly accept the actual or potential adverse immigration consequences of a plea of
guilty or nolo contendere. A finding of legal invalidity may, but need not, include a
finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. [¶] (2) Newly discovered evidence of actual
innocence exists that requires vacation of the conviction or sentence as a matter of law or
in the interests of justice.” (§ 1473.7, subd. (a).)
In this case, the trial court addressed both prongs of section 1473.7,
subdivision (a): “On the 1473.7, there were two issues raised. One was the issue of
alleged factual innocence, which after reading everything I don’t see any credible
evidence to support. So on that basis, it’s denied. [¶] Additionally, once again he was
properly advised of the immigration consequences. He initials the section which does
state he understands that he has understood each of the above consequences after reading
them. And I have to take him at his word that he read and understood all of the
consequences of his plea. [¶] So his 1473.7 is also denied.”
C. Defendant’s Claim
Here, defendant contends that his guilty pleas were not voluntary, knowing nor
intelligent and that this court should grant his motion to vacate judgment pursuant to
sections 1016.5 and/or 1473.7 or, alternatively, remand directing the trial court to grant
the motion.
At issue is whether, at his plea hearing on June 24, 1997, he was adequately
advised of the immigration consequences of his plea of guilty to the charges of spousal
abuse and child abuse. Because a claim such as defendant’s may be brought without
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invoking ineffective assistance of counsel, he is not limited to having to prove prejudice
under the Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668 (Strickland) standard, which
requires a showing that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness (id. at p. 688) and demonstrate prejudice with a showing that “there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different,” meaning “a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” (Id. at p. 694.) He may instead “show prejudice by
‘convinc[ing] the court [that he] would have chosen to lose the benefits of the plea
bargain despite the possibility or probability deportation would nonetheless follow.’
[Citations.]” (People v. Camacho (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 998, 1010 (Camacho).) This
prejudice analysis applies equally to claims under section 1473.7 as to claims under
section 1016.5. (Ibid.)
D. Analysis
As directed by our Supreme Court, we reconsider defendant’s appeal in light of
Vivar. Accordingly, we employ the standard of independent review in these claims, but
find that in this circumstance it makes no difference to the outcome we determined before
the Supreme Court’s transfer of the case back to us. That is at least in part because of the
limited record presented to us on appeal, little of which dates to the original trial. The
majority of the record dates to the proceedings in 2018 and 2019 which were under the
direct observation of the trial court that we review here. That court’s decision was based
mainly on defendant’s 2018 declaration and the hearing conducted March 19, 2019. To
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the extent the trial court did not make explicit factual findings, we take that into account
in our review.
First, as to defendant’s section 1016.5 claim, the advisement required under
section 1016.5, subdivision (a), supra, is satisfied by the plain-language admonition on
defendant’s 1997 plea bargain form: “If I am not a citizen of the United States, I
understand that this conviction may have the consequences of deportation, exclusion
from admission to the United States, or denial of naturalization pursuant to the laws of
the United States.” Certainly, the term “may have” as used in section 1016.5 is itself
inadequate to properly advise a defendant of the mandatory deportation consequences of
a given plea, but that is not the point on this claim. The language required in the statute
was properly stated in defendant’s plea agreement. Accordingly, the section 1016.5
claim fails.
Second, on independent review, we find that defendant’s section 1473.7 claim
fails for failure to show prejudice.
Notwithstanding its sufficiency to meet the statutory language of section 1016.5,
the advisement on defendant’s 1997 plea agreement was inadequate to advise him of the
mandatory immigration consequences of his plea. “[T]he words ‘may have’ in a
section 1016.5 immigration advisement are not an adequate immigration advisement” for
defendants with serious offenses mandating deportation or other severe immigration
consequences. (People v. Ruiz (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 1061, 1065 (Ruiz).) In such cases,
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“[d]efendants must be advised that they will be deported, excluded, and denied
naturalization as a mandatory consequence of the conviction.” (Ibid.)
Here, at least defendant’s plea to section 273.5 represented such consequences. A
conviction under section 273.5 is an aggravated felony for the purpose of the federal
Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). (Moncrieffe v. Holder (2013) 569 U.S. 184,
187-188; Sessions v. Dimaya (2018) 138 S. Ct. 1204, 1210-1211.) 6 One convicted of an
aggravated felony is presumptively deportable. (8 U.S.C.S., §§ 1227, subd. (a)(2)(A)(iii),
1228, subd. (c).)
Therefore, the advisement given defendant in 1997 was inadequate under Ruiz to
satisfy section 1473.7. Notwithstanding, defendant must also show prejudice from the
advisement. In that light, he must convince the trial court that it is “reasonably probable”
that “if properly advised, [the defendant] would have rejected an existing plea offer in the
hope or expectation that he or she might thereby negotiate a different bargain or, failing
in that, go to trial.” (People v. Martinez (2013) 57 Cal.4th 555, 567-568 (Martinez)
[standard for section 1016.5].) “[I]n determining the credibility of a defendant’s claim
[of prejudice], the court in its discretion may consider factors presented to it by the
parties, such as the presence or absence of other plea offers, the seriousness of the
charges in relation to the plea bargain, the defendant’s criminal record, the defendant’s
priorities in plea bargaining, the defendant’s aversion to immigration consequences, and
whether the defendant had reason to believe that the charges would allow an
6On the other hand, a violation of section 273a is not an aggravated felony for
purposes of the INA. (Ramirez v. Lynch (9th Cir. 2016) 810 F.3d 1127, 1133-1134.)
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immigration-neutral bargain that a court would accept.” (Martinez, at p. 568; see Vivar,
supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 529-530.) Here, these factors are conspicuously absent.
For example, in Vivar, the defendant had an opportunity to take an offered
immigration-neutral charge of burglary. (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 518.) Though he
rejected it (to his regret later), its existence at all inured to the defendant’s benefit in
determining prejudice. Here, with regard to the section 273.5 felony domestic violence
charge, no immigration-neutral charge existed. Nor did defendant request or even
explore the possibility of an immigration-neutral charge as to this offense. He did plead
to, and was convicted on, an apparently immigration-neutral felony, namely, the
section 273a child cruelty charge. The record shows no attempt to negotiate a plea
leveraging the immigration-neutral count by admitting, for example, solely the
section 273a count in place of the section 273.5 count requiring mandatory deportation.
Neither does the petition suggest the possibility of having done so. Nor is there any
indication whatsoever that such a suggestion would have been acceptable in negotiations
with the People or when presented to the trial court. Furthermore, defendant presents no
evidence that he ever participated in contemporaneous discussions or negotiations for
immigration-neutral charges with the People, or even that he discussed the possibility of
immigration consequences⸺other than described below⸺with his counsel. Absent any
such record evidence, defendant simply claimed in his declaration, without elaboration or
explanation of his basis for knowledge, that counsel did not “explore any immigration
neutral charges.” However, “a defendant’s self-serving statement—after trial, conviction,
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and sentence—that with competent advice he or she would have accepted [or rejected] a
proffered plea bargain, is insufficient in and of itself to sustain the defendant’s burden of
proof as to prejudice, and must be corroborated independently by objective evidence.”
(In re Alvernaz (1992) 2 Cal.4th 924, 938; see In re Hernandez (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th
530, 547 (Hernandez) [“ ‘[c]ourts should not upset a plea solely because of post hoc
assertions from a defendant about how he would have pleaded but for his attorney’s
deficiencies. Judges should instead look to contemporaneous evidence to substantiate a
defendant’s expressed preferences. [Citation.]’ ”]; People v. Mejia (2019) 36
Cal.App.5th 859, 872 (Mejia) [“[i]n a postconviction setting, courts should not simply
accept a defendant’s statement of regret regarding the plea, courts should also ‘look to
contemporaneous evidence to substantiate a defendant’s expressed preferences.’
[Citation.]”].) Here, notably, defendant offers no statement or declaration by his trial
counsel or any other contemporaneous evidence other than the statements in his
declaration to support that claim. Accordingly, there was no supportable reason for
defendant to believe the court would accept an immigration-neutral alternative charge.
In that light, an examination of the contemporaneous evidence surrounding
defendant’s plea reveals his priorities in his plea bargaining and the nature of the aversion
to immigration consequences he actually displayed. In the absence of a contemporary
record of the plea negotiations before this court, defendant’s declaration is the main
substantive source of contemporaneous evidence of his priorities and intent at the time.
To the extent the trial court did not personally observe and make factual findings of
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defendant as a witness, we review the pertinent statements independently. (Vivar, supra,
11 Cal.5th at pp. 528-529.) Chief among these are defendant’s assertions in his
declaration of his family in the United States and his need to support them: “At the
time of this conviction hearing, I was working full-time in construction and I was
learning many new carpentry skills. I had a young family to take care of that included
my one-year old son . . . , his mother, my live-in girlfriend and she was caring for them
on a full-time basis. I was the sole financial provider in the household. All of them
depended on my income and my job. If I returned to work within the same week of my
plea, I would not lose my full-time job for abandonment and I could resume paying the
bills. [¶] . . . Additionally, because my bills were accruing, I was seeking release from
jail to return to my full-time job to keep my family’s housing and continue to support my
live-in girlfriend and my infant son.” Otherwise, defendant makes general, otherwise
unsupported statements that neither counsel nor the interpreter advised him of the
immigration consequences of his guilty plea and that he would not have taken the plea if
he had known of eventually being deported and barred from lawful permanent status.
These statements do not avail defendant. They simply emphasize that he elected
to take the plea bargain to obtain release and return to his girlfriend and son and resume
his job. There is nothing to substantiate his claim that had he known of the ultimate
immigration consequences he would have refused the plea bargain. In fact, although the
statements are in the declaration, counsel did not address them in either the motion to
vacate in the trial court, nor in the March 19, 2019 hearing, nor did defendant testify.
15
(Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at pp. 864-865 [defendant testified at § 1473.7 motion
hearing]; Camacho, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 1002 [same].)
To the extent that defendant now appears to address his family status in 1997 in
his opening brief on appeal, he states that the ultimate immigration consequences
“manifested at a time when he had a 1-year old son, his child’s dependent mother as a
live-in girlfriend and a promising career in carpentry. Had he known the true
immigration consequences, he would have made arrangements for the short-term care of
his child and [his child’s] mother, rather than risk the ability to care for them in the long-
term and be denied the opportunity to raise his son or see him grow up.” Yet, that
argument by counsel is not supported in defendant’s declaration, in which he made no
such statement.
In making this assertion, counsel purports to show defendant’s personal
attachments to this country in support of his petition. Personal attachments to the United
States, including family, are evidence of a defendant’s desire to vacate an earlier plea
based on a lack of understanding of immigration consequences. (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th
at pp. 530-531.) Yet, the difference here between defendant and Vivar is significant.
Vivar was brought to the United States from Mexico at age six and remained here for
40 years before his deportation determination. He had a wife, two children (including
one about to deploy in the Air Force) and two grandchildren, all of whom were United
States citizens. At the time of his deportation, his wife was undergoing radiation
treatment for a thyroid condition. He had no ties to Mexico, spoke Spanish “ ‘like an
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American’ ” and was an outsider in Mexico. Further, Vivar also sent a lengthy series of
letters to the court expressing his interest in avoiding deportation and reasserting his
desire to remain in the U.S. and become “ ‘an asset to my community and not a
liability.’ ” (Id. at p. 531.) As our Supreme Court put it, “[t]ime and again, the record
readily conveys how Vivar would have considered his immigration status ‘the most
important part’ of his decision to plead.” (Id. at p. 530.) Vivar’s ties to the United States
and his frequently and openly asserted immigration interests are not reflected in
defendant’s case here.
Without minimizing the importance of defendant’s personal life, his ties to the
United States and the consideration he gave to his immigration status were substantially
different. He came to the United States at age 18 and had only been in the country four
and one-half years at the time of his guilty plea. He did not claim in his declaration that
his relationship with his girlfriend and son would lead him to decline a plea if he had
known the ultimate immigration consequences of the plea; moreover, the offenses
making him a candidate for mandatory deportation were domestic violence and child
cruelty against those very persons. His declaration simply claims he elected to plead and
get out of jail immediately to return to support them and avoid ICE. There is simply no
evidence, contemporaneous or otherwise, outside defendant’s self-serving declaration
that he gave any thought to his immigration status whatsoever other than to avoid an in-
custody encounter with ICE in 1997. Thus, counsel’s argument in the opening brief is
unsupported.
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Additionally, neither in the opening brief nor in his declaration does defendant
discuss how the costs of rejecting the plea—the potential sentence he faced, his ability or
lack thereof to make alternative arrangements for his family, and so on—would have
factored into his analysis. He simply makes a conclusory claim that he would have taken
the alternative route without consideration as to the opportunity cost of doing so. Yet, to
determine the reasonable probability that defendant would have rejected a plea offer, a
court would need to consider not only defendant’s ties to the United States and his family
situation, but to consider them in light of the consequences of his rejecting the plea and
proceeding to trial. Without evidence of the probability of an alternate disposition, and
without evidence of both the negative and positive consequences of the plea and how the
defendant would have weighed them, a defendant cannot support a showing that it is
reasonably probable that, if properly advised, he would have rejected the section 273.5
plea offer “in the hope or expectation that he or she might thereby negotiate a different
bargain or, failing in that, go to trial.” (Martinez, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 567.) As noted
above, defendant does not even address this point in his declaration.
Moreover, to put the entire point in context, we reiterate that the events to which
he pleaded guilty in 1997 were domestic violence and child cruelty felonies against that
very girlfriend and son, undercutting any claim now that he would have put himself in
immediate peril of deportation in 1997 by a pending ICE sweep at the jail in order to go
to trial in an attempt to avoid later immigration consequences. Defendant simply offers
no contemporaneous evidence here to support such a claim.
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Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
defendant’s section 1473.7 application on the consideration of prejudicial error.
Defendant also claims error in the trial court’s analysis of his section 1473.7 claim
as including an assertion of actual innocence. Defendant attested in his declaration that
he had certain defenses at the time he entered his plea in 1997. Among these were his
belief that the prosecution’s case was weak based on his then-girlfriend’s statement to the
court at defendant’s arraignment that he had not touched, hurt, or done the things he was
accused of to her or her son and that there were incorrect factual allegations in the police
reports and witness statements the police prepared. Despite these assertions, defendant
claims he never raised actual innocence, but simply articulated his defenses in his
declaration to show that had he been aware of the immigration consequences, he would
not have taken the offered plea agreement but would have relied on his defenses at trial.
Accordingly, he contends, the trial court committed “reversible error.”
The judge’s ruling followed the language of section 1473.7 itself. Subdivision (a)
provides two reasons that a person no longer in custody who seeks his conviction vacated
may obtain relief. First, that the conviction or sentence is “legally invalid due to
prejudicial error damaging the moving party’s ability to meaningfully understand, defend
against, or knowingly accept the actual or potential adverse immigration consequences of
a plea of guilty or nolo contendere.” Second, that “[n]ewly discovered evidence of actual
innocence exists that requires vacation of the conviction or sentence as a matter of law or
in the interests of justice.” (§ 1473.7, subd. (a).) Based on defendant’s assertion of
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having defenses to the original charges against him including his girlfriend’s testimony
and the inaccuracy of the police reports, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court
having addressed the second, actual innocence, prong of section 1473.7.
Defendant’s claims are without merit.
IV
DISPOSITION
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
RAMIREZ
P. J.
We concur:
McKINSTER
J.
RAPHAEL
J.
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