Smile Finders v. Chrystal Medina CA2/7 ( 2021 )


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  • Filed 10/19/21 Smile Finders v. Chrystal Medina CA2/7
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
    California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
    not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion
    has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
    DIVISION SEVEN
    B298590
    SMILE FINDERS et al.,
    (Los Angeles County
    Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                 Super. Ct. No. BC492238)
    v.
    CHRYSTAL MEDINA et al.,
    Defendants and Respondents.
    APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of
    Los Angeles County, William A. MacLaughlin, Judge. Affirmed
    in part, reversed in part and remanded with directions.
    Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, Jeffry A. Miller,
    Wendy S. Dowse, Craig Holden and Robert M. Collins for
    Plaintiffs and Appellants Smile Finders, Soleimani Dental
    Corporation, Soheil Soleimani DMD Corporation, S. Alexander
    Soleimani Dental Corporation, S.A. Soleimani Dental
    Corporation and Dental Management Services, LP.
    Atabek & Associates and Jon A. Atabek for Defendants and
    Respondents Chrystal Medina and Genwell, Inc.
    Baranov & Wittenberg and Michael M. Baranov for
    Defendants and Respondents Houman Baratian, Baratian Dental
    Corporation, and Shallen Price.
    ___________________
    Six affiliated dental companies— Smile Finders, a licensed
    dental referral company; Soheil Soleimani DMD Corporation,
    Soheil Soleimani Dental Corporation, S. Alexander Soleimani
    Dental Corporation and S.A. Soleimani Dental Corporation
    (collectively Soleimani Dental Corporations); and Dental
    Management Services, LP (DMS)—appeal the judgment entered
    in their trade secret and breach of contract lawsuit against
    Dr. Houman Baratian, a dentist who had worked at one of the
    dental offices owned by the Soleimani Dental Corporations and
    then opened a competing professional office, and several related
    individuals and entities. Smile Finders contends the trial court
    erred in granting a motion for nonsuit precluding its claim for
    lost profits for misappropriation of its trade secrets, and all six
    affiliated dental companies—Smile Finders, DMS and the
    Soleimani Dental Corporations (collectively the Soleimani
    parties)—contend the court erred in granting the nonsuit motion
    as to their breach of contract claims against Baratian and two
    former employees of Smile Finders and DMS. We affirm in part
    and reverse in part with instructions to conduct a new trial as to
    certain of the Soleimani parties’ breach of contract claims.
    2
    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    1. The Parties to the Lawsuit and Appeal
    The Soleimani Dental Corporations, owned by Dr. Soheil
    Alexander Soleimani, operate a total of eight dental offices.
    Smile Finders functions as the marketing arm of the affiliated
    companies generating and providing referrals exclusively to the
    Soleimani Corporations. DMS provides management services to
    the Soleimani Dental Corporations.
    On September 14, 2012 the Soleimani parties filed an
    unverified complaint, on February 5, 2013 a first amended
    complaint, and on September 6, 2013 the operative second
    amended complaint for injunctive relief and damages alleging
    causes of action for misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of
    contract and several related torts. The second amended
    complaint named as defendants in the misappropriation cause of
    action Baratian, Baratian Dental Corporation, Chrystal Medina,
    the former marketing director of Smile Finders who left Smile
    Finders to work for Baratian, and Genwell, Inc., a company
    founded by Medina. Baratian, Medina and Shallen Price, a
    former employee of Smile Finders and DMS, were named as
    defendants in the breach of contract cause of action. (Baratian,
    Baratian Dental Corporation, Medina, Genwell and Price, the
    only defendants involved with this appeal, are referred to
    1
    collectively as the Baratian parties.) Each of the causes of action
    was brought on behalf of all six of the Soleimani parties.
    1
    The Soleimani parties do not challenge the trial court’s
    order granting nonsuit as to the additional defendants named in
    the second amended complaint or the causes of action alleged
    other than misappropriation and breach of contract. For her
    part, Medina has not appealed the trial court’s entry of judgment
    3
    Baratian, who started working as an independent
    2
    contractor with Soleimani in 2007, signed a new contract for
    services with DMS in April 2011. Article 6 of the contract, titled
    Proprietary Rights of DMS and All DMS and Affiliated Entities,
    expressly applied “with equal force and effect to DMS and any
    related organizations, including but not limited to DMS LP,
    S. Alexander Soleimani Dental Corp., Soheil Soleimani DMD
    Corp., Soleimani Dental Corp., S.A. Soleimani Dental Corp, or
    Smile Finders.” The contract protected DMS and its affiliated
    entities’ confidential and proprietary information, including
    “customer lists, customer information, names, addresses and
    information relating to leads, lists of leads, names, addresses and
    telephone numbers of referral sources, . . . marketing
    information, methods of operation, . . . and all other information
    of independent economic value to DMS.” Baratian agreed he
    would not “directly or indirectly, either during the term of this
    contractual relationship with DMS or thereafter, disclose or use
    the Confidential Information other than in the business of or as
    directed by DMS, without the prior written consent of DMS.” He
    also agreed not to use the confidential information for a period of
    three years following termination of his relationship with DMS
    against her on her cross-complaint against Smile Finders for
    unfair business practices, and Baratian and Medina have not
    appealed the entry of a permanent injunction in favor of Smile
    Finders prohibiting any use of the trade secrets at issue in the
    litigation.
    2
    Baratian’s original contract for services, effective March 18,
    2007, was with Soleimani Dental Corporation. He signed a
    second contract with Soleimani Dental Corporation effective
    December 1, 2009.
    4
    “to either directly or indirectly solicit, or take away, or attempt to
    solicit, or take away any of the patients of DMS, either for
    Dentist or for any other person, firm or corporation.”
    Medina and Price also signed confidentiality agreements as
    a term of their employment. Medina’s agreement, signed in 2003,
    was between her and all six affiliated dental entities. Price’s
    agreement was with Smile Finders, her employer until she
    3
    transferred to DMS in 2011. The agreements, in substantially
    similar language, protected any “trade secrets, as that term is
    defined by the law,” and “any and all information concerning any
    database or contact names [and] any resources which employer
    uses to promote the business,” and specifically identified as
    confidential information “[t]he names and addresses of
    Employer’s contact and referral sources, and clients and
    prospective clients from whom Employee has solicited business
    while in the employ of the Employer, and all other confidential
    information relating to those contact and referral sources and
    clients.”
    2. Misappropriation of Smile Finders’s Company List
    Smile Finders generates referrals to the individual dental
    offices owned by the Soleimani Dental Corporations primarily
    through employer-sponsored corporate health fairs (nonexclusive
    events that other health care providers attend) and dental
    wellness (exclusive) events. Smile Finders employees (bookers)
    attempt to arrange both types of marketing opportunities at
    3
    The confidentiality agreement signed by Price is undated,
    and the handwritten insert on the line to identify her employer is
    illegible on the copy of the document included in the record on
    appeal.
    5
    medium- and large-size companies, while other Smile Finders
    employees (field representatives) actually conduct the events.
    Contact information (the business’s name and address and the
    contact person’s email and telephone number) for individuals at
    companies that might be interested in hosting such events are
    entered into a confidential company or client list, which
    Soleimani described as “our secret sauce that gets us in and gets
    us patients.” By 2012 the company list had approximately 12,000
    entries. Soleimani estimated it took approximately 100,000
    hours to develop, maintain and update the list. The jury found in
    response to special verdict questions—and it is undisputed on
    appeal—that the company list is a trade secret, owned by Smile
    Finders, with actual or potential independent economic value.
    In March 2012, while Baratian was still working at one of
    the Soleimani Dental Corporations offices, he asked Medina to
    leave Smile Finders and come to work with him at a new dental
    practice. In their discussions about creating a new team,
    Baratian asked Medina to bring with her the contact information
    she had access to as Smile Finders’s marketing director. After
    initially declining Baratian’s offers, Medina agreed to work with
    him; and the two entered into a contract on April 12, 2012
    (effective June 1, 2012) for Medina to “set up and supervise a
    marketing campaign/team to market and sell dental work.”
    Their agreement compensated Medina with a fixed monthly
    salary and an escalating share of the revenues generated at the
    new practice. Medina left Smile Finders on April 30, 2012.
    In anticipation of her new position in marketing for
    Baratian’s dental practice, and at Baratian’s request, Medina
    accessed Smile Finders’s confidential database (that is, the
    company list) and downloaded the names of companies and
    6
    contact individuals, emails and phone numbers and the number
    of employees at each business. Medina described the information
    she took as “publicly available” and claimed not to have removed
    “internal notes.” The information was then uploaded into
    Baratian’s computer system at his new practice.
    Baratian also recruited several other employees in the
    affiliated Soleimani entities for positions in his new practice,
    including Sayda Lopez, the office manager at the dental office
    where Baratian practiced. Baratian asked Lopez to bring patient
    information available to her at her current job to his new
    practice. Baratian also asked Price several months before
    starting his competing enterprise to explain Trojan, DMS’s on-
    line insurance tracking service. Price did so and printed and
    delivered to Baratian several pages of Trojan reports in
    4
    connection with her explanation.
    Baratian’s independent contractor relationship with DMS
    was terminated in April 2012 after Soleimani learned Baratian
    was taking confidential information in anticipation of creating a
    competing dental practice. Throughout the summer and into the
    fall of 2012, as Baratian started and then grew his new practice,
    Medina performed marketing services for him, using, in part, the
    information she had downloaded from Smile Finders. She also
    used Smile Finders’s training materials while working for
    Baratian.
    4
    Price continued working at DMS until June 2012 and did
    not go to work for any of the Baratian-related entities.
    7
    3. Causation and Damages
    The Soleimani parties’ general theory of the case was that
    the Baratian parties, through use of the information on the
    company list misappropriated by Medina, were able to access
    companies and host wellness events that otherwise would have
    been staffed by Smile Finders representatives and diluted Smile
    Finders’s presence at nonexclusive health fairs, all leading to a
    reduction in patients at the dental offices owned by the Soleimani
    Dental Corporations. Ariel Weiner, DMS’s vice-president of
    operations, testified Smile Finders’s attendance at wellness
    events and health fairs decreased by 28 percent from 2011 to
    2012 and, using 2011 as a baseline, by 31.4 percent in 2013.
    Weiner also testified the Soleimani dental offices treated 5,630
    new patients referred by Smile Finders in 2011, an average of
    469 patients per month. In 2012, after Baratian and Medina left,
    the number of patients referred by Smile Finders dropped to an
    average of 260 patients per month. The average number of new
    patient referrals continued to drop in each of the following three
    years (through 2015).
    Alfred Joyal, the Soleimani parties’ dental marketing
    5
    expert, testified concerning the economic value of a marketing
    list and the worth of a patient referral. Based on information
    provided to him by the Soleimani parties, Joyal described Smile
    Finders’s company list as “a very refined list of very specific
    companies that had PPO insurance, which is the most valuable
    type of insurance . . . . I saw that this list had been enriched to
    5
    Joyal, the cofounder of 1-800-DENTIST, a dentist referral
    service, testified he had more than 30 years of dental marketing
    experience.
    8
    the point where it was very specific businesses that could be
    approached to attract patients.” He then opined the list was
    “very valuable” and its loss “would be very detrimental to the
    business and in some ways hard to remedy.” After explaining his
    methodology, which involved valuing a referral and a capture
    rate (how many referrals become actual patients in the door),
    Joyal opined the licensing value of Smile Finders’s company list
    (that is, what Smile Finders could have expected to receive if it
    had granted exclusive permission for its use by another
    marketing entity) was approximately $2.25 million in 2011. That
    value would be diminished, Joyal continued, if someone outside
    the organization were to obtain the list for its use (that is, if it
    was no longer exclusive).
    Leonard Lyons, the Soleimani parties’ damages expert,
    testified concerning lost profits, as well as the overall economic
    effect on the Soleimani parties’ businesses of the
    misappropriation of the company list and, to a limited extent,
    causation. Lyons explained his assignment: “I was asked to look
    at whether the theft of the trade secrets—based on that being
    causation, whether there is any effect on the revenues or the
    expenses creating a lost profits calculation that can be attributed
    to the loss of that—those trade secrets. In addition to that, I was
    asked to look at whether there were any other alternative
    causations that would reduce the likelihood that this was the
    cause of the damages I was calculating. That was for both Smile
    Finders, the marketing company, as well as the, as I classify
    them, the offices or the dental practice groups. In addition to
    those damages, I was also asked to look at, besides losing the
    cash every year from lost profits, what is that effect on the
    9
    business itself; were there any damages to the business in terms
    of total value of the business.”
    After explaining his methodology, and based on financial
    documents he reviewed from 2007 through 2017, Lyons testified
    the Soleimani Dental Corporations experienced sustained,
    substantial growth from 2007 until 2011 and then suffered a
    precipitous decline in business in 2012, which continued into
    2013 and 2014, when the volume of patients stabilized at this
    lower level. In order to determine damages, Lyons explained, he
    needed to determine the damages for the loss of new patients,
    “what Smile Finders had the responsibility for,” and the overall
    loss of patients (what he referred to as “patient count”), which
    would affect the dental offices. Both aspects “flows up into the
    management company.” The following exchange then took place
    between Lyons and the Soleimani parties’ counsel:
    “Q. So the profits, if I’m understanding your testimony
    correctly, all run to the Dental Management Services
    management company?
    “A. That is correct.
    “Q. So in terms of—to the extent there were any damages
    caused to the affiliated dental offices, that would have run to
    Dental Management Services as the company that receives the
    profits from the entities, correct?
    “A. Yes.”
    Considering the decline in patients at the Soleimani Dental
    Corporations’ offices starting in 2012 and various other factors
    including estimated revenue growth without the
    misappropriation, Lyons opined Smile Finders had suffered a
    present-value loss of $3.654 million as a result of the
    misappropriation of the company list. Lyons conducted a
    10
    separate analysis for lost profits at the dental offices, on an office-
    by-office and year-by-year basis. His opinion was that the offices
    in the aggregate lost $25.868 million. Lyons also calculated the
    overall diminution in value of Smile Finders as a result of its
    lower annual revenue ($5,792,015) and separately the diminution
    6
    in value of the dental offices ($43,447,580).
    Lyons also examined other factors apart from
    misappropriation of the trade secrets that might explain the
    decline in patients and revenue experienced by the Soleimani
    parties, including the national economy; what was happening to
    dentistry at the national, state and local level; the Soleimani
    Dental Corporations’ transition from being out-of-network to in-
    network at Delta Dental; and complaints about patient care and
    the quality of work at the offices. The only material factor,
    according to Lyons, was the change in status with Delta Dental,
    which was “a business decision that ideally would have brought
    you more patients rather than less patients. But because of the
    nature of what transpired, you could see that, if you were going to
    lose patients, that would have a substantial additional effect
    caused by the loss and the ability to gain new patients, not that
    was causing the loss in patients. . . . So it’s an after effect of the
    initial causation.”
    6
    Lyons explained the actual damage suffered by Smile
    Finders was somewhere between $3.654 million in lost profits
    and the $5.792 million loss in value, not the sum of the two
    figures. Similarly, damage to the dental offices was somewhere
    between $25.868 million and $43.447 million.
    11
    4. The Baratian Parties’ Motion for Nonsuit
    At the conclusion of the Soleimani parties’ case-in-chief, the
    Baratian parties moved for nonsuit pursuant to Code of Civil
    Procedure section 581c. As pertinent to the issues on appeal, in
    their written motion the Baratian parties argued the Soleimani
    parties had failed to prove misappropriation of the company list
    caused any of the damages claimed; only Smile Finders and none
    of the other Soleimani parties owned the company list and had
    standing to assert a cause of action for misappropriation of trade
    secrets; the company list was not a trade secret; the information
    taken by Medina was not a trade secret; the contracts with
    former employees, which contain competitive restraints, violated
    Business and Professions Code section 16600 and were, therefore,
    void; and there was no substantial evidence that Price did
    anything that violated her obligations to DMS. The Soleimani
    parties filed a written opposition.
    After hearing argument from both sides, the court granted
    the motion in part. Specifically, the court granted nonsuit on the
    first cause of action for misappropriation of trade secrets as to
    DMS and the Soleimani Dental Corporations on the ground that
    none of them had any ownership of, or legal right to, the
    customer list. The court denied the motion on the first cause of
    action as to Smile Finders, finding there was sufficient evidence
    presented that the customer list was a trade secret and that
    Baratian, Baratian Dental Corporation, Medina and Genwell
    acquired and used the trade secret, but ruled the evidence was
    insufficient to prove Smile Finders, as opposed to other parties,
    suffered a loss of profits as a result of the misappropriation.
    “[E]vidence of other damages to Smile Finders which have not
    12
    been addressed in the motion,” the court continued, “will be
    submitted to the jury.”
    Turning to the second cause of action for breach of contract,
    the court granted the motion as to the four Soleimani Dental
    Corporations because none of them had a contract with any of the
    individual defendants named in the cause of action. The motion
    of Medina and Price was granted as to Smile Finders’s contract
    cause of action to the extent it was based on misappropriation of
    a trade secret on the ground that claim was preempted by the
    California Uniform Trade Secrets Act (Civ. Code, § 3426 et seq.)
    (CUTSA) and for disclosure of any other confidential information,
    such as patient identities, on the ground no evidence had been
    introduced that such disclosures had caused any injury to Smile
    Finders. The motion of Baratian on DMS’s breach of contract
    claim was granted because there was no evidence of DMS’s
    ownership of any trade secret and no evidence of any taking of
    any other confidential information.
    5. Closing Argument, the Special Verdict and a
    Permanent Injunction
    Following the ruling on the nonsuit motion, trial continued
    on Smile Finders’s misappropriation claim against Baratian, the
    Baratian Dental Corporation, Medina and Genwell to the extent
    Smile Finders sought damages other than for lost profits. During
    his closing argument Smile Finders’s counsel told the jury, “You
    heard the judge read the instruction on damages.[ ] It just needs
    7
    7
    By agreement of counsel the court reporter did not record
    the reading of the jury instructions, and a copy of the instructions
    was not included in the record on appeal. From the transcript of
    the court’s final conference with counsel regarding instructions, it
    13
    to be a substantial factor in causing the harm. This is a company
    that is going up and starts going down. And substantial factor
    just means that it’s not a trivial factor. It had some significance.”
    Counsel continued, “And diminution of Smile Finders has
    occurred. Diminution merely means loss. The value after the
    theft is not the same. . . . The data is diluted. It’s in the public
    domain. . . . So what’s the damage? The diminution in the value
    to the business is 5.7—$5,792,015. . . . There are two forms of
    damages that Smile Finders is seeking. In the verdict form,
    you’ll be asked to fill out, relate to the loss of the value of the
    business and the loss of the value of the company list. The [loss]
    of the value of the company list—Dr. Joyal testified to it. It’s a
    licensing value. And that diminution of the value of the company
    list is 2.25—$2,251,200.”
    In his closing argument Baratian’s and Medina’s counsel
    also questioned the validity of the valuations by Joyal and Lyons,
    focusing on their sole reliance on Soleimani employees for an
    understanding of the company list, rather than conducting
    independent analyses. In addition, Medina’s counsel discussed
    the evidence of the various reasons, unrelated to Medina taking
    the customer list, that the Soleimani Dental Corporations’
    business began to decline in 2011 and continued their decline in
    the years thereafter, including an increase in the number of
    8
    complaints about the quality of care. He also emphasized that
    appears the court gave a special instruction on damages and not
    CACI No. 4409, Remedies for Misappropriation of Trade Secret.
    8
    Counsel summarized the evidence, for example, that
    established Baratian and Medina had gone to 122 events in 2012.
    Smile Finders, which had sent representatives to more than
    1,600 in 2011, went to fewer than 1,200 in 2012, leaving several
    14
    Medina stopped working with Baratian in February 2013, and
    the evidence indicated Baratian’s marketing efforts from that
    point on did not utilize information from the company list, yet the
    Soleimani Dental Corporations’ patient numbers continued to
    decline.
    In a special verdict (in which “Baratian” was deemed to
    include the Baratian Dental Corporation and “Medina” deemed to
    include Genwell) the jury found Smile Finders was the owner of
    the company list; the company list was secret at the time of the
    alleged appropriation; the company list had actual or potential
    independent economic value because it was secret; Smile Finders
    made reasonable efforts to keep the company list secret; both
    Baratian and Medina acquired or used the company list by
    improper means; but neither Baratian’s nor Medina’s improper
    acquisition or use of the company list was a substantial factor in
    causing Smile Finders damages.
    After the jury returned its verdict, the court continued with
    a scheduled second phase of the trial at which it denied Smile
    Finders’s request for a reasonable royalty for misappropriation of
    the company list but granted its request for entry of a permanent
    injunction against Baratian, the Baratian Dental Corporation,
    Medina and Genwell, prohibiting them from accessing,
    possessing, transferring or making any use of the company list
    and from accessing, possessing, transferring or making any use of
    materials created by copying or reproducing the contents of the
    company list. The injunction expressly provided it did not
    prohibit attending health fairs, wellness events or engaging in
    hundred events unattended by Smile Finders that could not
    reasonably be explained only by Baratian and Medina usurping
    its position at health fairs and wellness events.
    15
    any other marketing activities based on contact information that
    was publicly available and obtained by lawful efforts.
    The court entered judgment in accordance with the jury
    verdict and rulings at the second phase of the trial on April 16,
    2019. The Soleimani parties filed a timely notice of appeal.
    DISCUSSION
    1. Nonsuits: Governing Law and Standard of Review
    Code of Civil Procedure section 581c, subdivision (a),
    provides, “Only after, and not before, the plaintiff has completed
    his or her opening statement, or after the presentation of his or
    her evidence in a trial by jury, the defendant, without waiving his
    or her right to offer evidence in the event the motion is not
    granted, may move for a judgment of nonsuit.” “A motion for a
    nonsuit is in effect a demurrer to the evidence and the court must
    assume that all the evidence received in favor of the plaintiff
    relevant to the issues is true. All presumptions, inferences and
    doubtful questions must be construed most favorably to the
    plaintiff’s case. The rule is so well settled that it is not necessary
    to enlarge upon it.” (Richardes v. Richardes (1931) 
    211 Cal. 392
    ,
    394; accord, Hawley v. Orange County Flood Control Dist. (1963)
    
    211 Cal.App.2d 708
    , 712-713.)
    We review an order granting nonsuit de novo, using the
    same standard as the trial court. (Nally v. Grace Community
    Church (1988) 
    47 Cal.3d 278
    , 291.) “A defendant is entitled to a
    nonsuit if the trial court determines that, as a matter of law, the
    evidence presented by plaintiff is insufficient to permit a jury to
    find in [the plaintiff's] favor.” (Ibid.) The court must not weigh
    the evidence or consider witness credibility, must accept as true
    the evidence most favorable to the plaintiff, must disregard
    conflicting evidence, and must draw every reasonable inference—
    16
    and resolve all presumptions, conflicts, and doubts—in the
    plaintiff’s favor. (O’Neil v. Crane Co. (2012) 
    53 Cal.4th 335
    , 347;
    Castaneda v. Olsher (2007) 
    41 Cal.4th 1205
    , 1214-1215.)
    “Although a judgment of nonsuit must not be reversed if
    plaintiff’s proof raises nothing more than speculation, suspicion,
    or conjecture, reversal is warranted if there is ‘some substance to
    plaintiff's evidence upon which reasonable minds could differ.’”
    (Carson v. Facilities Development Co. (1984) 
    36 Cal.3d 830
    , 839;
    accord, McNair v. City and County of San Francisco (2016)
    
    5 Cal.App.5th 1154
    , 1168-1169; Wolf v. Walt Disney Pictures &
    Television (2008) 
    162 Cal.App.4th 1107
    , 1124.)
    There is a split of authority on whether our review of a
    nonsuit motion is limited to the reasons given by the trial court
    or whether we may examine grounds raised by a defendant but
    not ruled on by the trial court in order to affirm the ruling. (See
    Holistic Supplements, LLC v. Stark (2021) 
    61 Cal.App.5th 530
    ,
    541 [noting split of authority]; compare Alpert v. Villa Romano
    Homeowners Assn. (2000) 
    81 Cal.App.4th 1320
    , 1328 [“[w]e
    consider grounds which were both advanced by the moving party
    and ruled on by the trial court”] with Saunders v. Taylor (1996)
    
    42 Cal.App.4th 1538
    , 1542, fn. 2 [rejecting narrow scope of review
    and finding no bar to the “consideration on appeal of alternative
    grounds which were stated by the moving party but which were
    not among those relied upon by the trial court in granting the
    motion”].)
    Both sides of this debate, however, agree an order granting
    a nonsuit generally may not be affirmed on a ground not asserted
    by the defendant in the motion because that deprives the plaintiff
    of the opportunity to seek to reopen the evidence to cure the
    deficiency. (Consolidated World Investments, Inc. v. Lido
    17
    Preferred Ltd. (1992) 
    9 Cal.App.4th 373
    , 378 [“defects not
    specifically pointed out by the moving party cannot be considered
    by the trial court, or by us, in determining the merits of the
    motion”]; see Wilson v. Century 21 Great Western Realty (1993)
    
    15 Cal.App.4th 298
    , 305-306 [“‘[g]rounds not specified in a motion
    for nonsuit will be considered by an appellate court only if it is
    clear that the defect is one which could not have been remedied
    had it been called to the attention of plaintiff by the motion,’”
    quoting Lawless v. Calaway (1944) 
    24 Cal.2d 81
    , 94]; see also
    Alpert v. Villa Romano Homeowners Assn., supra, 81 Cal.App.4th
    at p. 1328, fn. 8 [“[O]n a motion for nonsuit, the plaintiff is to be
    given the opportunity to cure the defect in its case. To this end,
    the court is to hear offers of proof and grant a motion to reopen if
    timely”], citing Eatwell v. Beck (1953) 
    41 Cal.2d 128
    , 133 [one of
    the chief objects of a nonsuit motion is to point out to plaintiff the
    defects in its case so that they may be remedied and the case
    decided on its merits].)
    2. The Trial Court Erred in Granting Nonsuit on Smile
    Finders’s Claim for Lost Profits Due to Misappropriation
    of Its Trade Secrets
    Lyons, the Soleimani parties’ damages expert, testified
    Smile Finders lost profits of approximately $3.654 million
    following misappropriation of the company list. He developed a
    separate lost profits figure for the Soleimani Dental Corporations
    ($25.868 million). Lyons initially assumed, consistent with the
    Soleimani parties’ theory of the case, that the decline in revenue
    for Smile Finders and the dental offices was attributable to the
    misappropriation and then did an economic (reverse regression)
    analysis that excluded other causes (patient dissatisfaction and
    increased competition, for example) as responsible for the loss.
    18
    The nonsuit motion challenged in the aggregate the
    evidence that misappropriation of the company list (even if it was
    found to be a protectible trade secret) was a substantial cause of
    any injury to the Soleimani parties and, in particular, the
    proximate cause of lost profits in any part of the Soleimani
    enterprise. That is, although arguing only Smile Finders had
    standing to pursue a cause of action for misappropriation of a
    trade secret, the motion addressed causation in general, not as it
    related to Smile Finders rather than the other Soleimani parties.
    (DMS and the Soleimani Dental Corporations sought their lost
    profits as a damage remedy for causes of action in addition to
    misappropriation, including for Baratian’s and Medina’s breach
    of their confidentiality agreements; and Lyons testified to those
    damage figures.) Yet that was the basis for the order: Although
    rejecting the Baratian parties’ argument there was an overall
    failure of proof, the court ruled there was no evidence Smile
    Finders had suffered a loss of profits as a result of the
    misappropriation.
    This was error for two reasons. First, the court issued its
    ruling on a ground not raised by the Baratian parties in their
    motion. Second, even if the motion were properly before it, the
    court failed to consider the reasonable inference from the
    evidence that misappropriation of the company list caused Smile
    Finders’s reduced profitability in 2012 and thereafter.
    To be sure, there was a gap in Lyons’s testimony: Although
    there was evidence Smile Finders’s success in marketing and
    generating referrals to the Soleimani Dental Corporations
    declined after the misappropriation of the company lists, Lyons
    never described how Smile Finders generated revenue or
    explained why a decline in the number of patients seen at the
    19
    office level, which resulted in lower profits for DMS and the
    corporations that owned those offices, negatively impacted the
    profitability of Smile Finders, the marketing company. But it
    was a reasonable inference from Lyons’s testimony, as well as
    that of other witnesses who explained the nature of Smile
    Finders’s business and its relationship to the other Soleimani
    entities, that the loss in referral business was responsible for the
    9
    deterioration in Smile Finders’s financial condition. Nothing
    9
    After Weiner testified to a total drop in production by the
    dental offices of approximately $225 million following the
    misappropriation of the company list, as depicted on an exhibit
    displayed to the jury, Baratian’s counsel asked in cross-
    examination, “And then this plaintiff here, Smile Finders, which
    is not a dental corporation, it’s a marketing thing—do you know
    how much they received as part of this whole scheme?” Weiner
    responded, “Yes, I can tell you, if you want me to go into more
    detail, how things are—” Counsel interrupted the answer and
    said, “I’m not asking you for that. I’m just trying to clarify that
    these numbers do not allocate the amount of revenue received by
    Smile Finders. It’s just a cumulative production of the medical
    stuff or the dental stuff, correct?” Weiner answered, “The
    numbers I showed you are an accumulation, or I should say a
    summation, of the dental corporations’ revenue. I have not
    discussed how that revenue is apportioned to other entities, no.”
    Although Weiner was not thereafter asked on redirect by
    counsel for the Soleimani parties to complete the answer and
    explain how revenue generated by the dental offices was
    apportioned to Smile Finders, Weiner’s answer, as brief as it was,
    established that Smile Finders in some fashion received a portion
    of the revenue generated by the dental offices. A further
    inference from his testimony that Smile Finders suffered a loss in
    revenue (and profits) due to fewer patients being seen at the
    dental offices was certainly a reasonable one.
    20
    more was required to survive a motion for nonsuit. (See
    Bierbower v. FHP, Inc. (1999) 
    70 Cal.App.4th 1
    , 6 [plaintiff
    opposing a motion for nonsuit “is entitled to the benefit of any
    conflict in the evidence and any reasonable inference that might
    be drawn from it”].)
    3. The Trial Court Erred in Granting Nonsuit as to the
    Soleimani Parties’ Breach of Contract Claims Against
    Baratian and Medina
    a. The trial court improperly limited its analysis of the
    contract claims to the contracting parties
    As discussed, Baratian’s contract as an independent
    contractor was with DMS; Medina’s employment agreement was
    directly with Smile Finders. The trial court granted the motion
    for nonsuit with respect to the breach of contract claims by the
    Soleimani Dental Corporations (the four corporate entities
    operating dental offices) on the ground they did not have a
    contract with any of the defendants named in the cause of action.
    This was error for two reasons.
    First, the moving parties did not assert the absence of a
    contractual relationship as a basis for their motion, as required.
    (See, e.g., Wilson v. Century 21 Great Western Realty, supra,
    15 Cal.App.4th at pp. 305-306; Consolidated World Investments,
    Inc. v. Lido Preferred Ltd., supra, 9 Cal.App.4th at p. 378.)
    Second, Baratian’s and Medina’s confidentiality
    agreements were made for the benefit of not only the contracting
    corporate entity but also “any related entities” in the case of
    Baratian, and DMS and “other Professional Corporations of
    Alexander Soleimani” in the case of Medina. As intended third
    party beneficiaries, these other entities were entitled to pursue a
    breach of contract action for Baratian’s and Medina’s violation of
    21
    their obligations with regard to confidential and proprietary
    information. (Civ. Code, § 1559 [“[a] contract, made expressly for
    the benefit of a third person, may be enforced by him at any time
    before the parties thereto rescind it”]; see Goonewardene v. ADP,
    LLC (2019) 
    6 Cal.5th 817
    , 826-827 [“[i]n California, as in other
    jurisdictions, it is well established that under some
    circumstances a third party may bring an action for breach of
    contract based upon an alleged breach of a contract entered into
    by other parties”]; Harper v. Wausau Ins. Corp. (1997)
    
    56 Cal.App.4th 1079
    , 1087 [“[a] third party may qualify as a
    beneficiary under a contract where the contracting parties must
    have intended to benefit that individual and such intent appears
    on the terms of the agreement”].)
    “[T]he principles [of contract interpretation] do not become
    inoperative merely because the contract is invoked by someone
    who was not a party to it. The question in such a case is whether
    the parties intended to confer enforceable rights on the party now
    asserting them. The governing substantive principle is that a
    nonparty who claims benefits under the contract is entitled to do
    so as long as the claimed benefit does not flow to him as a mere
    incident of the agreement, but is one the contracting parties
    intended to confer. [Citations.] [¶] The rights of a third party
    beneficiary thus depend upon the intent of the contracting
    parties. [Citation.] ‘Ascertaining this intent is a question of
    ordinary contract interpretation.’ [Citation.] It follows that if the
    requisite intent appears unambiguous from the face of the
    contract, the third party makes a prima facie showing of
    entitlement merely by proving the contract.” (Rodriguez v. Oto
    (2013) 
    212 Cal.App.4th 1020
    , 1028.)
    22
    The Soleimani parties proved the contracts and, therefore,
    established a prima facie case for their standing as third party
    beneficiaries to enforce the confidentiality agreements against
    Baratian and Medina. Baratian and Medina’s only response
    (other than their general harmless error analysis, discussed in
    section 4) is that we should not consider the third party
    beneficiary argument because it was not mentioned in the
    written opposition to the motion for nonsuit or during oral
    argument at the hearing on the motion. As discussed, however, it
    was the defendants’ failure to raise the issue of standing to assert
    a breach of contract claim in their moving papers, not the
    Soleimani parties’ lack of response, that is significant. A nonsuit
    on the contract claims on this ground was improper.
    b. CUTSA does not preempt breach of contract claims
    Citing CUTSA preemption, the Baratian parties moved for
    nonsuit as to all causes of action in the second amended
    complaint other than misappropriation and breach of contract
    (for example, conversion). The trial court properly granted that
    aspect of the motion but erred in ruling preemption precluded in
    part the Soleimani parties’ breach of contract claims, a ground
    not advanced in the motion, because CUTSA does not preempt
    10
    contract claims based on misappropriation of trade secrets.
    “CUTSA includes a specific provision concerning
    preemption. That provision, [Civil Code] section 3426.7, reads in
    pertinent part as follows: ‘(a) Except as otherwise expressly
    provided, this title does not supersede any statute relating to
    10
    The Baratian parties acknowledge the trial court erred in
    ruling CUTSA preempted the contract claims based on
    misappropriation.
    23
    misappropriation of a trade secret, or any statute otherwise
    regulating trade secrets. [¶] (b) This title does not affect
    (1) contractual remedies, whether or not based upon
    misappropriation of a trade secret, (2) other civil remedies that
    are not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret, or
    (3) criminal remedies, whether or not based upon
    misappropriation of a trade secret.’ Section 3426.7 thus
    ‘expressly allows contractual and criminal remedies, whether or
    not based on trade secret misappropriation.’ [Citation.] ‘At the
    same time, § 3426.7 implicitly preempts alternative civil
    remedies based on trade secret misappropriation.’” (K.C.
    Multimedia, Inc. v. Bank of America Technology & Operations,
    Inc. (2009) 
    171 Cal.App.4th 939
    , 954; accord, Angelica Textile
    Services, Inc. v. Park (2013) 
    220 Cal.App.4th 495
    , 508 [“breach of
    contract claims, even when they are based on misappropriation or
    misuse of a trade secret, are not displaced by [C]UTSA”].)
    In sum, the motion for nonsuit directed to the breach of
    contract cause of action asserted by all six of the Soleimani
    parties should have been denied as to both Baratian and Medina
    based on their misappropriation of the company list. As to Price,
    however, her agreement was limited to Smile Finders; there was
    no evidence she was involved in the theft of the company list;
    and, although there was some evidence (including her partial
    admission) she had provided patient information to Baratian that
    he intended to use for marketing purposes, Smile Finders
    presented no evidence of any injury caused by that breach, as the
    24
    trial court found. Accordingly, the motion was properly granted
    11
    as to her.
    4. The Jury’s Special Verdict Finding on Causation Means
    Some, but Not All, of the Trial Court’s Errors Were
    Harmless
    The Baratian parties make only a modest effort to defend
    the trial court’s nonsuit order, primarily arguing the judgment
    should be affirmed because the jury’s finding that
    misappropriation of the company list was not a substantial factor
    in causing any damage to Smile Finders necessarily means any
    error committed by the trial court was harmless. The Baratian
    parties are, of course, correct that, to secure a reversal, the
    Soleimani parties must show it is reasonably probable they would
    have received a more favorable result at trial had the errors not
    occurred. (Cassim v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2004) 
    33 Cal.4th 780
    , 800
    11
    Smile Finders contends it is at least entitled to seek an
    award of nominal damages for Price’s breach of the
    confidentiality agreement. (Genisman v. Carley (2018)
    
    29 Cal.App.5th 45
    , 53 [nominal damages are properly awarded
    when there is no loss or injury to be compensated but where the
    law still recognizes a technical invasion of a plaintiff’s rights or a
    breach of a defendant’s duty]; see Civ. Code, § 3360.) However,
    we agree with Price this argument has been forfeited because it
    was not raised in the trial court in response to the motion for
    nonsuit, which asserted Smile Finders had failed to present
    substantial evidence of her liability or any resulting injury. (See
    Johnson v. Greenelsh (2009) 
    47 Cal.4th 598
    , 603 [issues not
    raised in the trial court cannot be raised for the first time
    on appeal]; cf. Aleksick v. 7-Eleven, Inc. (2012) 
    205 Cal.App.4th 1176
    , 1185-1187 [plaintiff forfeited argument not made in
    opposition to defendant’s motion for summary judgment and
    raised for first time on appeal].)
    25
    [error justifies reversal in a civil action only if it is reasonably
    probable a different result would have been reached absent the
    error]; see Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13 [“[n]o judgment shall be set
    aside, or new trial granted, in any cause . . . for any error as to
    any matter of procedure, unless, after an examination of the
    entire cause, including the evidence, the court shall be of the
    opinion that the error complained of has resulted in a
    miscarriage of justice”]; Code Civ. Proc., § 475 [“[n]o judgment,
    decision, or decree shall be reversed or affected by reason of any
    error, ruling, instruction, or defect, unless it shall appear from
    the record that such error, ruling, instruction, or defect was
    prejudicial . . . and that a different result would have been
    probable if such error, ruling, instruction, or defect had not
    occurred or existed”].)
    Following the order partially granting the motion for
    nonsuit, the jury found Baratian and Medina had
    misappropriated the company list, a trade secret with actual or
    potential economic value, but their acquisition and use of the list
    did not damage Smile Finders. In finding no injury to Smile
    Finders, the jury had before it Lyons’s expert testimony
    regarding the company’s loss in value following the
    misappropriation and Joyal’s expert opinion as to the
    misappropriation’s damage to the licensing value of the list itself.
    Having rejected both of those theories, the Baratian parties
    argue, there is no reason to conclude the jury would have found
    the misappropriation (or Baratian’s and Medina’s breach of their
    confidentiality agreements) caused Smile Finders’s loss of profits.
    We agree the error in granting the nonsuit motion with
    respect to Smile Finders’s loss of profits was harmless. It is
    perhaps true the special verdict “does not mean the jury
    26
    necessarily would have found Baratian, Baratian Dental
    Corporation, Medina, and Genwell’s misconduct did not cause the
    damages that were not submitted to the jury,” as Smile Finders
    contends. But Smile Finders’s burden is to demonstrate it was
    reasonably probable the jury would have found in its favor if
    instructed on lost profits. It has not even attempted to do so.
    Indeed, given Lyons’s opinion that Smile Finders’s $5.792 million
    decline in the value was largely due to the company’s reduced
    earnings following the misappropriation, a theory that went to
    the jury notwithstanding the order granting nonsuit on lost
    profits, the jury’s rejection of that damage claim makes it highly
    unlikely it would have viewed Lyons’s lost profit theory any more
    favorably.
    The argument the special verdict finding on causation with
    respect to Smile Finders renders harmless the trial court’s errors
    as to the breach of contract claims by DMS and the Soleimani
    Dental Corporations, in contrast, fails. As the Baratian parties
    have emphasized, “[E]ach Appellant occupies a somewhat
    different legal position.” The trial court found (albeit in
    connection with a legally erroneous ruling) that Lyons’s
    testimony adequately established damages (lost profits) to the
    Soleimani entities other than Smile Finders. The gaps in Lyons’s
    testimony regarding Smile Finders’s lost profits, although not
    sufficient to justify nonsuit, could well explain, at least in part,
    the jury’s ultimate finding that Baratian’s and Medina’s
    mistreatment of confidential information did not injure that
    company. But it is reasonably probable a different outcome could
    result from a trial in which a jury is asked whether that same
    misconduct—theft of the company list and use of the information
    in marketing a competing dental practice—was at least partially
    27
    responsible for the decline in referrals to, and patients treated at,
    the Soleimani Dental Corporations. DMS and the Soleimani
    Dental Corporations, as parties to, or third party beneficiaries of,
    the confidentiality agreements signed by Baratian and Medina,
    are entitled to have a jury evaluate that claim.
    DISPOSITION
    The order granting the motion for nonsuit in favor of
    Baratian and Medina on the second cause of action for breach of
    contract as asserted by DMS and the Soleimani Dental
    Corporations and the judgment as to those parties are reversed
    with instructions that the trial court conduct a new trial on that
    cause of action. In all other respects the judgment is affirmed.
    The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.
    PERLUSS, P. J.
    We concur:
    FEUER, J.
    *
    IBARRA, J.
    *
    Judge of the Santa Clara Superior Court, assigned by the
    Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California
    Constitution.
    28
    

Document Info

Docket Number: B298590

Filed Date: 10/19/2021

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 10/19/2021