P. v. Lilly-Freeman CA4/3 ( 2013 )

Filed 6/19/13 P. v. Lilly-Freeman CA4/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, G046686
v. (Super. Ct. No. 09WF1703)
LASHAWN LANETTE LILLY- OPINION
FREEMAN et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Dan
McNerney, Judge. Affirmed.
Richard Schwartzberg, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant, LaShawn Lanette Lilly-Freeman.
James M. Crawford, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant, Latoya Janae Lilly.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney
General, Peter Quon, Jr., and Seth M. Friedman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
LaShawn Lanette Lilly-Freeman (Lilly-Freeman) and Latoya Janae Lilly
(Lilly) appeal from judgments after a jury convicted them of two counts of second degree
robbery and found true firearm enhancements. They argue their Sixth Amendment
confrontation clause rights were violated, and Lilly argues the prosecutor committed
misconduct. None of their claims have merit, and we affirm the judgments.
FACTS
Arnaldo Esparza, Salvador De La Torre, and Demarcus Asberry were
working at Pep Boys in Garden Grove one summer Sunday. At closing time, they set the
alarm, closed the store, and waited as Asberry, the manager on duty, locked the store;
Esparza’s attention was drawn to a suspicious gray van parked awkwardly in the lot.
As they stood outside, an African-American woman, later identified as
Lilly-Freeman, dressed in black and wearing a wig approached the men. Lilly-Freeman
told them to go back inside the store because she was going to rob the store. When the
men did not take her seriously, Lilly-Freeman took a gun from her purse and pointed it at
De La Torre. Lilly-Freeman followed the three men as they all walked upstairs to the
office where the safe was located. Asberry opened the safe, and Lilly-Freeman told De
La Torre to give her the money, which he did. The store’s alarm went off. Lilly-
Freeman grabbed her purse and the money, and ran out of the store.
Esparza and De La Torre followed, and as they reached the front door, they
saw the van pull up. Lilly-Freeman got into the passenger side, and the van’s driver, later
identified as Lilly, Lilly-Freeman’s sister, sped away. They recorded the van’s license
plate number and called 911.
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Officer James Franks was on patrol when he received a dispatch to be on
alert for a gray van with a specific license plate number. Within minutes he spotted the
van and followed it until other officers arrived. Franks initiated a vehicle stop. Lilly was
driving the van, and Lilly-Freeman was in the passenger seat.1 Lilly gave the police a
false name, address, and date of birth. Officers found two wigs, sunglasses, and a diaper
bag; inside the diaper bag was a purse with $2,096.41. A female officer searched
Lilly-Freeman and found a gun between her legs. At an in-field lineup, Esparza and
De La Torre identified Lilly-Freeman as the trigger woman, and Esparza identified Lilly
as the driver. Asberry could not identify anyone, which as it turns out was not a surprise
as there was evidence he and Lilly were high school classmates and they may have been
in an amorous relationship at the time of the stickup.
At the police station, Franks interviewed Lilly, after advising her of her
rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436. Lilly stated Lilly-Freeman is
her sister, she lived in Carson, and they went to Orange County to shop. Lilly claimed
she and her sister had just left a gas station in Long Beach when they stopped to give a
beggar man some money. She stated the man opened the van door, got in, pointed a gun
at them, and told her to drive. Lilly said that when they arrived at the Pep Boys,
Lilly-Freeman went inside for a few minutes, and when she returned to the van, Lilly
drove away. Lilly stated that when the officer pulled them over, the man got out of the
van and fled, leaving the gun and the money behind.
Franks also advised Lilly-Freeman of her Miranda rights and interviewed
her at the police station. She told the same story as her sister. Lilly-Freeman stated she
and her sister had just left a gas station in Long Beach when they stopped to give a
Hispanic man some money. She claimed the man got inside the van, pointed a gun at
1 Lilly-Freeman’s child was also in the van, but the trial court excluded this
evidence.
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them, told Lilly to drive to a Pep Boys, and told her to rob the Pep Boys. She added
though that the man gave her the gun to rob the Pep Boys. After she committed the
robbery, she got back into the van and they drove until an officer stopped them.
An information charged Lilly-Freeman and Lilly with two counts of second
degree robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 211, 212.5, subd. (c)), and alleged Lilly-Freeman
personally used a firearm (Pen. Code, § 12022.53, subd. (b), and Lilly was armed with a
firearm (Pen. Code, § 12022, subd. (a)(1)).
Before trial, the prosecutor moved to admit Lilly’s and Lilly-Freeman’s
statements. The prosecutor argued it was not offering the statements for their truth.
Instead, the prosecutor asserted it was offering the statements for their untruthfulness.
The prosecutor claimed the statements were circumstantial evidence of a conspiracy and
preconceived plan to commit the robbery and thus demonstrated consciousness of guilt.
At the hearing on the motion, the trial court inquired whether the prosecutor
sought to introduce the statements not for their truth but instead for their falsity. The
prosecutor agreed.
Lilly’s defense counsel objected to admission of Lilly-Freeman’s
statements on federal and state due process grounds. Relying on Crawford v. Washington
(2004) 541 U.S. 36 (Crawford), Lilly suggested the prosecutor confused a confrontation
clause analysis with a hearsay analysis. Lilly argued Lilly-Freeman’s statements were
testimonial, as they were the result of a police interrogation, and thus to be admitted,
Lilly-Freeman must be unavailable to testify and Lilly must have had the prior
opportunity to cross-examine her. Lilly added that the possibility Lilly-Freeman’s
statements might be inconsistent with the prosecutor’s theory of the case does not make
her statements false. Lilly-Freeman’s defense counsel joined in Lilly’s arguments and
objected to admission of Lilly’s statements.
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The prosecutor responded the statements were not testimonial because they
were nonhearsay, i.e., they were being offered for their falsity and not for their truth. The
prosecutor added that the confrontation clause does not prohibit the use of testimonial
statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of the matter asserted.
The trial court ruled Lilly-Freeman’s and Lilly’s statements were
admissible. The court explained that the fact their statements were the result of police
interrogation does not make their statements testimonial as it appeared to the court that
Crawford and its progeny was concerned with “traditional hearsay statements.” It did not
appear to the court “testimonial statements” as defined by Crawford and its progeny
included statements being offered for a nonhearsay purpose. Based on Crawford, the
court opined the confrontation clause only required the exclusion of statements offered
for the truth of the matter asserted. The court reasoned: “It’s pretty clear that the
[prosecutor] is seeking to offer the statements made by the defendants to the police by the
mysterious Hispanic gentleman who orchestrated this robbery not for their truth, but to
demonstrate two things, first of all, the existence of a conspiracy, and secondly, to
demonstrate the consciousness of guilt by the alleged falsehood of those statements. I
don’t know that the possibility that the statements actually are true prohibits the
prosecution from pursuing that theory, and, further, I don’t find that the defendants are in
any way prejudiced by the inadmissibility [verbatim] of those statements because these
statements are entirely exculpatory.”
At trial, Franks testified that when he pulled over the van, he did not see
anyone flee the van. Lilly-Freeman argued she was guilty of the lesser included offense
of larceny and not robbery because De La Torre and Esparza were co-conspirators and
were not in fear. Lilly contended she was not guilty of robbery because she did not know
Lilly-Freeman intended to rob the Pep Boys.
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During closing argument, the prosecutor stated that after defense counsel
presented their closing arguments, the prosecutor would have an opportunity to present
rebuttal argument. The prosecutor stated: “[Lilly-Freeman’s defense counsel] is going to
get up here. I suspect we will hear more about his wife and kids. [Lilly’s defense
counsel] I suspect he will talk to you for about two hours. During those two hours I
suspect we are going to hear a lot of stories. Might get to hear about some family comic
book figures, might get to hear about magic tricks, might get to hear about Abe Lincoln,
might get to hear about his wife and kids, too. So we will have a lot of time to listen to
all of that. [¶] At the end, I’m going to get back up and I’m going to respond to the
arguments that they make. I promise to try to keep it as focused as possible. Not to drag
on. I will not go another hour or two after no matter how long they talk for. But during
their arguments, ask yourself is this reasonable and ask yourself is this being used to help
me determine the facts or is this being used to mislead me. And we will talk, I’m sure, a
lot about what counsel meant to be misleading. Keep that in mind as you’re listening to
these stories and you’re listening to the arguments.” The trial court overruled Lilly’s
defense counsel’s objection and denied his request for an admonition.
During rebuttal, the prosecutor stated: “Now, [Lilly’s defense counsel] got
up here and told you a story and said, my son said, Dad, I’m like a super hero. [Lilly’s
defense counsel] tried to show a false modesty for a second and said, I’m not a super
hero, but I can tell a lie. Well, he gets up here and he talks about the American justice
system and how it is the best in the world. What do we need it for? Just put everyone up
in front of [Lilly’s defense counsel]. Let him make the determination about what is right.
No, you are the ones that make the determination and his questions, no matter how
pointed they are, aren’t in evidence and they don’t suggest anything. And I will get into
some very significant details of what that means as we go along.” After a brief sidebar
discussion, the prosecutor continued: “The purpose of a lot of these arguments it’s what
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counsel does is very purposeful. It’s basically - - it’s meant to have you focus in on
certain little issues to get distracted from the big picture and that’s the purpose of it.” The
trial court again overruled Lilly’s defense counsel’s objection.
The jury convicted Lilly-Freeman and Lilly of both counts and found true
the firearm allegations. The trial court sentenced Lilly-Freeman to 12 years in prison.
The trial court sentenced Lilly to two years in prison.
DISCUSSION
I. Confrontation Clause
Lilly-Freeman and Lilly argue the trial court erred in admitting their
statements in violation of the Sixth Amendment’s confrontation clause as interpreted in
Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. 36. We disagree.
In Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. at page 59, the Supreme Court of the
United States held a testimonial statement from a witness who does not appear at trial is
inadmissible against the accused unless the witness is unavailable to testify and the
defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the witness. But this rule only
applies to testimonial statements that were introduced to establish the truth of the matter
asserted. (Ibid.; accord, Davis v. Washington (2006) 547 U.S. 813, 823 [confrontation
clause applies only to testimonial hearsay].) As Crawford acknowledges, when an
out-of-court statement is introduced not for the truth of the matter asserted but for some
other nonhearsay purpose, the confrontation clause is not implicated. (Crawford, supra,
541 U.S. at p. 59, fn. 9 [“The [Confrontation] Clause . . . does not bar the use of
testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of the matter
asserted”].)
In People v. Cage (2007) 40 Cal. 4th 965 (Cage), our California Supreme
Court noted Crawford is concerned only with out-of-court statements offered for their
truth. The Cage court stated: “Crawford made clear that there are no confrontation
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clause restrictions on the introduction of out-of-court statements for nonhearsay
purposes. As Crawford confirmed, ‘[t]he [Confrontation] Clause does not bar the use of
[out-of-court] statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of the matter
asserted.’ [Citations.]” (Id. at pp. 975, fn. 6, 985.) We review de novo the admissibility
of evidence under the Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause. (Lilly v. Virginia (1999)
527 U.S. 116, 136.)
Here, the trial court properly admitted Lilly-Freeman’s and Lilly’s
statements as their admission did not violate Lilly-Freeman’s and Lilly’s confrontation
rights as interpreted in Crawford. Crawford, Cage, and subsequent cases have made it
clear that a defendant’s confrontation clause rights are not implicated when evidence is
admitted for a nonhearsay purpose, i.e., evidence is offered not to prove the truth of the
matter asserted but for some other purpose.
In People v. Mitchell (2005) 131 Cal. App. 4th 1210, 1216-1217 (Mitchell),
police officers responded to a robbery call and their response was recorded. The trial
court allowed the prosecutor to present the tape as evidence at trial. (Id. at
pp. 1218-1219.) On appeal, defendant argued admission of the tape violated his
confrontation rights under Crawford. (Id. at p. 1220.) After explaining the majority of
the statements on the tape were those of the officers who were subject to
cross-examination, the court addressed the remaining statements. (Id. at p. 1224.) The
court stated the majority of those statements were not offered to prove the truth of the
matter asserted. (Ibid.) The court opined those statements were offered for a nonhearsay
purpose, i.e., to establish how the police pursuit developed and to describe the officers’
conduct. (Ibid.) The court opined: “Because the vast majority of the tape was not
offered to establish the truth of the matter asserted, much of the tape is not hearsay at all.
As nonhearsay, and therefore nontestimonial evidence, a great portion of the police
dispatch tape is not subject to the analysis in Crawford. The Court in Crawford noted the
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confrontation clause ‘does not bar the use of testimonial statements for purposes other
than establishing the truth of the matter asserted.’” (Id. at pp. 1224-1225, fns. omitted;
People v. Cooper (2007) 148 Cal. App. 4th 731, 744 (Cooper) [defendant’s videotaped
interview with law enforcement properly admitted not for truth of matter asserted but as
evidence of victim’s mental state].)
Like in Mitchell and Cooper, here Lilly-Freeman’s and Lilly’s statements
were not offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Their statements were offered for a
nonhearsay purpose. The prosecutor offered the statements because they were untruthful
and circumstantial evidence of a conspiracy and a preconceived plan to rob the Pep Boys.
Admission of the statements was proper and did not implicate Lilly-Freeman’s and
Lilly’s confrontation rights because they were admitted for a nonhearsay purpose.
In any event, admission of their statements was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. (People v. Livingston (2012) 53 Cal. 4th 1145, 1159.) Eyewitnesses
identified Lilly-Freeman as the woman with the gun and Lilly as the driver of the van.
And Franks did not see anyone flee the van when he initiated the traffic stop. When
officers searched the van, they found over $2,000 in cash, and Lilly-Freeman was hiding
a gun between her legs. Thus, there was overwhelming evidence of their guilt.
Lilly-Freeman and Lilly rely on Bullcoming v. New Mexico (2011) ___ U.S.
___ [131 S. Ct. 2705] (Bullcoming), Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (2009) 557 U.S. 305
(Melendez-Diaz), People v. Parrish (2007) 152 Cal. App. 4th 263 (Parrish), and U.S. v.
Meises (1st Cir. 2011) 645 F.3d 5 (Meises), to argue admission of their statements
violated their rights under the confrontation clause. Their reliance on those cases is
misplaced.
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In the two cases from the highest court in the land, the evidence was offered
for the truth of the matter asserted. (Bullcoming, supra, ___ U.S. ___ [131 S.Ct. at
p. 2717] [laboratory report admitted to prove defendant’s blood-alcohol level];
Melendez-Diaz, supra, 557 U.S. at p. 310 [certificates admitted to prove substance
defendants possessed was cocaine].) Parrish, supra, 152 Cal. App. 4th 263, 274-276, is
inapposite as that case involved the interplay between Crawford and Evidence Code
section 356, when the prosecutor moved to admit portions of defendant’s interview with
police after defendant introduced portions of the same interview. That is not the issue we
are faced with here. Finally, we are not bound by a lower federal court decision on
federal questions (People v. Gray (2005) 37 Cal. 4th 168, 226), and in Meises, supra, 645
F.3d at page 21, the evidence was offered for the truth of the matter asserted, i.e.,
a co-conspirator’s out-of-court statement defendant was involved in the drug deal. Thus,
Lilly-Freeman’s and Lilly’s confrontation rights were not infringed by admission of their
out-of-court statements to Franks.
II. Prosecutorial Misconduct
Lilly contends the prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct when she
denigrated her defense counsel. We disagree.
“‘“‘“A prosecutor’s . . . intemperate behavior violates the federal
Constitution when it comprises a pattern of conduct ‘so egregious that it infects the trial
with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due process.’”’ [Citation.]
Conduct by a prosecutor that does not render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair is
prosecutorial misconduct under state law only if it involves ‘“‘the use of deceptive or
reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the court or the jury.’”’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Ayala (2000) 23 Cal. 4th 225, 283-284.)
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“It is generally improper for the prosecutor to accuse defense counsel of
fabricating a defense [citations], or to imply that counsel is free to deceive the jury
[citations]. Such attacks on counsel’s credibility risk focusing the jury’s attention on
irrelevant matters and diverting the prosecution from its proper role of commenting on
the evidence and drawing reasonable inferences therefrom. [Citations.] [¶]
Nevertheless, the prosecutor has wide latitude in describing the deficiencies in opposing
counsel’s tactics and factual account. [Citations.] In so doing, the prosecutor may
highlight the discrepancies between counsel’s opening statement and the evidence.
[Citation.] Misconduct claims also have been rejected where the prosecutor anticipates
the flaws likely to appear in counsel’s closing argument based on evidence that was
introduced [citation], and where the prosecutor criticizes the defense theory of the case
because it lacks evidentiary support [citation].” (People v. Bemore (2000) 22 Cal. 4th
809, 846-847.) “When the prosecution denigrates defense counsel, there is a risk the jury
will shift its attention from the evidence to the alleged defense improprieties.
[Citations.]” (People v. Cash (2002) 28 Cal. 4th 703, 732-733.)
People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal. 4th 926 (Cunningham), in instructive.
In that case, the prosecutor stated about defense counsel: “‘They are extremely fine.
And what is their job? Their job is to create straw men. Their job is to put up smoke, red
herrings. And they have done a heck of a good job. And my job is to straighten that out
and show you where the truth lies. So let’s do that.’” (Id. at p. 1002.) The court cited to
its previous case, People v. Marquez (1992) 1 Cal. 4th 553, 575-576 (Marquez ), where
the court “determined that the prosecutor’s comments, that a ‘“heavy, heavy smokescreen
has been laid down [by the defense] to hide the truth from you,”’ constituted a proper
argument in response to the defense presented.” (Cunningham, supra, 25 Cal.4th at
p. 1002.) The court also cited to its previous case People v. Cummings (1993) 4 Cal. 4th
1233, 1302 (Cummings), where the court “concluded that a prosecutor’s argument
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accusing the defense of attempting to hide the truth, and his argument employing an ‘ink
from an octopus’ metaphor, would be understood as nothing more than urging the jury
not to be misled by the evidence.” (Cunningham, supra, 25 Cal.4th at pp. 1002-1003.)
The Cunningham court concluded there was not a reasonable likelihood the jury was
improperly influenced by the prosecutor’s remarks. (Id. at p. 1002.) The court concluded
the prosecutor’s remarks “would be understood by the jury as an admonition not to be
misled by the defense interpretation of the evidence, rather than as a personal attack on
defense counsel.” (Id. at p. 1003.)
Here, we agree the prosecutor’s comments suggesting defense counsel
would attempt to mislead the jury were improper. Although it is permissible for the
prosecutor to urge the jury to ask themselves whether defense counsel’s interpretation of
the evidence is reasonable and urge the jury not to be misled by the evidence, the
prosecutor cannot attack defense counsel personally by accusing defense counsel of
intentionally misleading the jury. For example, the prosecutor’s statement the jury
should evaluate defense counsel’s argument to determine whether it was reasonable and
whether it assisted the jury in determining the facts was permissible. But the prosecutor’s
statements defense counsel tried to mislead the jury with their arguments were improper.
Unlike Cunningham, Marquez, and Cummings, the prosecutor did not urge the jury not to
be misled by defense counsel’s interpretation of the evidence, but instead accused
defense counsel of intentionally misleading the jury. Those statements were improper.
Additionally, although Lilly did not complain about the statements, the
prosecutor also improperly ridiculed defense counsel. There was no need for the
prosecutor to personally ridicule defense counsel by mentioning defense counsel’s family
or questioning his level of sincerity. These comments did nothing to aid the jury in
evaluating the evidence.
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Although we agree the prosecutor’s comments were improper, we
nonetheless find they were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Livingston
(2012) 53 Cal. 4th 1145, 1159.) As we explain above, eyewitnesses identified Lilly as the
van’s driver, and Franks did not see anyone flee the van. When officers searched the van,
they found over $2,000 in cash. Therefore, there was overwhelming evidence of Lilly’s
guilt.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
O’LEARY, P. J.
WE CONCUR:
MOORE, J.
ARONSON, J.
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